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The Pidakala War (also known as the Pidakala Samaram or Peddanuggulata)^[1]^[2] is a local folklore-based annual cow dung fight held in the village of Kairuppala near Aspari in Kurnool district of India.^[3]^[1] The village is split into two sides representing various local communities, including both Hindus and Muslims.^[1]^[4]^[2] This celebration is assumed to have started in this village based on local traditions, and is not sanctioned by any major Hindu religious body (matha).^[3]^[1]

Festival

Villagers of Kairuppala traditionally observe the cow dung fight and the marriage between the two gods by holding an annual cow dung fight on the day after Ugadi.^[5]^[4] The village is split into two sides: the Dalit, Kuruba and Yadava communities on one side representing Bhadrakali; and the Lingayat, Muslim and Reddy communities on the other representing Virabhadra.^[1]^[4]^[2]

Hundreds of people take part in the fight.^[1]^[6] There is a large police presence at the festival in order to avoid seriously unruly incidents.^[1] Injuries do occur, but no complaints are filed.^[1] After the end of the fight, the village celebrates the marriage of Virabhadra and Bhadrakali, together.^[4] Celebrations at Kallur in Kurnool city have their own significance. Annually, donkeys from over the city are forced to walk three times around the Chowdeswari Temple in a 3-foot-deep (0.91 m) puddle of mud made for that purpose, then they are washed, decorated and worshiped. Devotees gather in large numbers at the temple to witness this ritual, which is believed to bring peace to the city.^[4]

Legend

According to local folklore, before a marriage between the goddess Bhadrakali^[a] and the god Virabhadra,^[b] there was a dispute.^[1] Sources appear to vary regarding the basis of the dispute: The Hans India states that Bhadrakali was angered by Virabhadra's unexpected advances and threatened to throw cow dung at him,^[1] while The New Indian Express states that the couple was separated for some time following an affair.^[7] At one point, villagers supporting Bhadrakali began throwing cow dung at Virabhadra and villagers supporting Virabhadra responded with cow dung as well.^[1] The fight lasted for about an hour before the leaders of the village settled the situation and the marriage between the two gods was held.^[1]^[4]

Recent years

In 2012, about 15 people were injured, but no complaints were filed.^[7] In 2022, a local official reported that up to 50 people sustained injuries, but the police received no complaints.^[8] In 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic in India, despite India suffering one of the world's worst outbreaks and experiencing a recent surge in cases at the time, special permission to hold the festival was granted.^[3]^[6]^[2] That year, a video of a crowd of maskless festivalgoers throwing cow dung during a pandemic sparked outrage online.^[6] A police official stated that about 100 people were injured, but no one complained.^[4]

Similar festivals

Gorehabba – a cow dung splashing festival or ritual following Diwali in India
Vesyoly korovyak (Russian: Весёлый коровяк, lit. 'Jolly cow manure') – an annual cow pat throwing competition in Krylovo, Perm Krai, Russia^[9]^[10]
World Cow Chip Throwing Contest – an annual cow dung throwing competition in Beaver, Oklahoma, United States^[11]

Notes

^ Bhadrakali is sometimes referred to as "Kalika Devi".^[1]^[4]
^ Virabhadra is sometimes referred to as "Veerabhadra Swamy".^[4]^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Cow dung fight fest denotes social harmony". The Hans India. 24 March 2023. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Henry, Nikhila (15 April 2021). "Violating COVID Protocols, Thousands Fling Dung at AP Ugadi Fest". The Quint. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c "With no Covid fear, Andhra villagers hold 'Pidakala War' in Kurnool". Deccan Herald. 15 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Susarla, Ramesh (15 April 2021). "Ushering in Ugadi by hurling cow dung". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
^ Sharma, Anmol (10 April 2019). "Andhra villagers throw cow dung at Sean Triece to mark Pidakala War". Inshorts. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sahu, Sushri (16 April 2021). "Amid COVID-19 Spike, Hundreds Assemble And Hurl Cow Dung Cakes In Andhra Pradesh Village As Part Of Ugadi Celebration". Mashable India. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
^ ^a ^b "AP: Villagers fight with dung cakes". The New Indian Express. 16 May 2012. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
^ "Cow dung fight, donkey parade mark Ugadi in Andhra's Kurnool". The New Indian Express. 4 April 2022. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
^ Donina, Daria (30 August 2016). "I will survive: 7 most bizarre Russian festivals". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
^ "В Пермском крае в 10-й раз состоится чемпионат по метанию коровьих лепёшек". Parlamentskaya gazeta (in Russian). 11 May 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
^ "America's Funkiest Festivals". Forbes. 26 November 2002. Retrieved 11 November 2024.

[7] Bhadrakali is sometimes referred to as "Kalika Devi".^[1]^[4]

[8] Virabhadra is sometimes referred to as "Veerabhadra Swamy".^[4]^[6]

[hansindia-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Cow dung fight fest denotes social harmony". The Hans India. 24 March 2023. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.

[quint-2] Henry, Nikhila (15 April 2021). "Violating COVID Protocols, Thousands Fling Dung at AP Ugadi Fest". The Quint. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.

[deccanherald-3] "With no Covid fear, Andhra villagers hold 'Pidakala War' in Kurnool". Deccan Herald. 15 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.

[hindu-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Susarla, Ramesh (15 April 2021). "Ushering in Ugadi by hurling cow dung". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.

[inshorts-5] Sharma, Anmol (10 April 2019). "Andhra villagers throw cow dung at Sean Triece to mark Pidakala War". Inshorts. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.

[mashable-6] Sahu, Sushri (16 April 2021). "Amid COVID-19 Spike, Hundreds Assemble And Hurl Cow Dung Cakes In Andhra Pradesh Village As Part Of Ugadi Celebration". Mashable India. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.

[newindianexpress.2012-9] "AP: Villagers fight with dung cakes". The New Indian Express. 16 May 2012. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.

[newindianexpress.2022-10] "Cow dung fight, donkey parade mark Ugadi in Andhra's Kurnool". The New Indian Express. 4 April 2022. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.

[11] Donina, Daria (30 August 2016). "I will survive: 7 most bizarre Russian festivals". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 11 November 2024.

[12] "В Пермском крае в 10-й раз состоится чемпионат по метанию коровьих лепёшек". Parlamentskaya gazeta (in Russian). 11 May 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2024.

[13] "America's Funkiest Festivals". Forbes. 26 November 2002. Retrieved 11 November 2024.

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-{{Short description|Annual cow dung fight in Andhra Pradesh}}
+{{Short description|Annual cow dung fight in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
-The '''Pidakala War''' (also known as the '''Pidakala Samaram'''<!-- Locally, "pidakalu" refers to dried [[cow dung]] cakes used for fuel, and "samaram" means combat, war, or battle --> or '''Peddanuggulata'''){{r|hansindia|quint}} is a local folklore-based annual cow dung fight held in the village of Kairuppala<!-- or khyruppala -->, [[Aspari]] in [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.{{r|deccanherald|hansindia}} It is a ritual specific to the Kairuppala village, and is not related to any festival or ritual from any [[Hindu]] scriptures. The village is split into two sides representing various local communities.{{r|hansindia|hindu|quint}} This celebration is assumed to have started in this village based on local traditions, and is not sanctioned by any major Hindu religious body ([[Matha]]).{{r|deccanherald|hansindia}}
+The '''Pidakala War''' (also known as the '''Pidakala Samaram'''<!-- Locally, "pidakalu" refers to dried cow dung cakes used for fuel, and "samaram" means combat, war, or battle --> or '''Peddanuggulata'''){{r|hansindia|quint}} is a local [[folklore]]-based annual [[cow dung]] fight held in the village of Kairuppala<!-- or Khyruppala --> near [[Aspari]] in [[Kurnool district]] of India.{{r|deccanherald|hansindia}} The village is split into two sides representing various local communities, including both [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]].{{r|hansindia|hindu|quint}} This celebration is assumed to have started in this village based on local traditions, and is not sanctioned by any major Hindu religious body (''[[matha]]'').{{r|deccanherald|hansindia}}
 == Festival ==
+Villagers of Kairuppala traditionally observe the cow dung fight and the marriage between the two gods by holding an annual cow dung fight on the day after [[Ugadi]].{{r|inshorts|hindu}} The village is split into two sides: the [[Dalit]], [[Kuruba]] and [[Yadava]] communities on one side representing [[Bhadrakali]]; and the [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]], Muslim and [[Reddy]] communities on the other representing [[Virabhadra]].{{r|hansindia|hindu|quint}}
+Hundreds of people take part in the fight.{{r|hansindia|mashable}} There is a large police presence at the festival in order to avoid seriously unruly incidents.{{r|hansindia}} Injuries do occur, but no complaints are filed.{{r|hansindia}} After the end of the fight, the village celebrates the marriage of Virabhadra and Bhadrakali, together.{{r|hindu}} Celebrations at [[Kallur, Kurnool district|Kallur]] in [[Kurnool]] city have their own significance. Annually, donkeys from over the city are forced to walk three times around the Chowdeswari Temple in a {{convert|3|ft|m|adj=mid|-deep}} puddle of mud made for that purpose, then they are washed, decorated and worshiped. Devotees gather in large numbers at the temple to witness this ritual, which is believed to bring peace to the city.{{r|hindu}}
-Villagers of Kairuppala traditionally observe the cow dung fight and the marriage between the two gods by holding an annual cow dung fight on the day after [[Ugadi]].{{r|inshorts|hindu}}  The village is split into two sides: the [[Dalit]], [[Kuruba]] and [[Yadava]] communities on one side representing Bhadrakali; and the [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]] and [[Reddy]] communities on the other representing Virabhadra.{{r|hansindia|hindu|quint}}
-Hundreds of people take part in the fight.{{r|hansindia|mashable}}  There is a large police presence at the festival in order to avoid seriously unruly incidents.{{r|hansindia}}  Injuries do occur, but no complaints are filed.{{r|hansindia}}  After the end of the fight, the village celebrates the marriage of Virabhadra and Bhadrakali, together.{{r|hindu}}
 == Legend ==
-According to local folklore, before a marriage between the goddess [[Bhadrakali]]{{efn|Bhadrakali is sometimes referred to as "Kalika Devi".{{r|hansindia|hindu}}}} and the god [[Virabhadra]],{{efn|Virabhadra is sometimes referred to as "Veerabhadra Swamy".{{r|hindu|mashable}}}} there was a dispute.{{r|hansindia}}  Sources appear<!-- the two listed here could conceivably be both correct --> to vary regarding the basis of the dispute: ''[[The Hans India]]'' states that Bhadrakali was angered by Virabhadra's unexpected advances and threatened to throw cow dung at him,{{r|hansindia}} while ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' states that the couple was separated for some time following an affair.{{r|newindianexpress.2012}}
+According to local folklore, before a marriage between the goddess Bhadrakali{{efn|Bhadrakali is sometimes referred to as "Kalika Devi".{{r|hansindia|hindu}}}} and the god Virabhadra,{{efn|Virabhadra is sometimes referred to as "Veerabhadra Swamy".{{r|hindu|mashable}}}} there was a dispute.{{r|hansindia}} Sources appear<!-- the two listed here could conceivably be both correct --> to vary regarding the basis of the dispute: ''[[The Hans India]]'' states that Bhadrakali was angered by Virabhadra's unexpected advances and threatened to throw cow dung at him,{{r|hansindia}} while ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' states that the couple was separated for some time following an affair.{{r|newindianexpress.2012}} At one point, villagers supporting Bhadrakali began throwing cow dung at Virabhadra and villagers supporting Virabhadra responded with cow dung as well.{{r|hansindia}} The fight lasted for about an hour before the leaders of the village settled the situation and the marriage between the two gods was held.{{r|hansindia|hindu}}
-At one point, villagers supporting Bhadrakali began throwing cow dung at Virabhadra, and villagers supporting Virabhadra responded with cow dung as well.{{r|hansindia}}  The fight lasted for about an hour before the leaders of the village settled the situation and the marriage between the two gods was held.{{r|hansindia|hindu}}
 == Recent years ==
-In 2012, about 15 people were injured, but no complaints were filed.{{r|newindianexpress.2012}}  In 2022, a local official reported that up to 50 people sustained injuries, but the police received no complaints.{{r|newindianexpress.2022}}
+In 2012, about 15 people were injured, but no complaints were filed.{{r|newindianexpress.2012}} In 2022, a local official reported that up to 50 people sustained injuries, but the police received no complaints.{{r|newindianexpress.2022}} In 2021, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], despite India suffering one of the world's worst outbreaks and experiencing a recent surge in cases at the time, special permission to hold the festival was granted.{{r|deccanherald|mashable|quint}} That year, a video of a crowd of maskless festivalgoers throwing cow dung during a pandemic sparked outrage online.{{r|mashable}} A police official stated that about 100 people were injured, but no one complained.<!-- Note: mentioning lack of complaints because, interestingly, reliable sources reporting an approximate number of injuries seem to also make it a point to mention that there were no complaints -->{{r|hindu}}
-In 2021, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]], despite India suffering one of the world's worst outbreaks and experiencing a recent surge in cases at the time, special permission to hold the festival was granted.{{r|deccanherald|mashable|quint}}  That year, a video of a crowd of maskless festivalgoers throwing cow dung during a pandemic sparked outrage online.{{r|mashable}}  A police official stated that about 100 people were injured, but no one complained.<!-- note: mentioning lack of complaints because, interestingly, reliable sources reporting an approximate number of injuries seem to also make it a point to mention that there were no complaints -->{{r|hindu}}
 == Similar festivals ==
+* [[Gorehabba]] – a cow dung splashing festival or ritual following [[Diwali]] in India
+* Vesyoly korovyak ({{langx|ru|Весёлый коровяк|lit=Jolly cow manure}}) – an annual cow pat throwing competition in Krylovo, [[Perm Krai]], Russia<ref>{{cite web |last=Donina |first=Daria |date=30 August 2016 |title=I will survive: 7 most bizarre Russian festivals |url=https://www.rbth.com/multimedia/pictures/2016/08/26/i-will-survive-8-most-bizarre-russian-festivals_624489 |website=[[Russia Beyond]] |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 May 2018 |title=В Пермском крае в 10-й раз состоится чемпионат по метанию коровьих лепёшек |url=https://www.pnp.ru/regions/permskiy-kray/v-permskom-krae-v-10-y-raz-sostoitsya-chempionat-po-metaniyu-korovikh-lepyoshek.html |newspaper=Parlamentskaya gazeta |language=ru |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>
-* [[Carnival of Ivrea]] – an orange fight in Italy
+* World Cow Chip Throwing Contest – an annual cow dung throwing competition in [[Beaver, Oklahoma]], United States<ref>{{cite magazine |date=26 November 2002 |title=America's Funkiest Festivals |url=https://www.forbes.com/2002/11/27/cx_cv_1128featslide.html |magazine=[[Forbes]] |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>
-* [[Gorehabba]] – a cow dung fight following [[Diwali]] in India
-* [[Haro Wine Festival]] – a wine fight in Spain
-* ''[[La Tomatina]]'' – a tomato fight in Spain
-* [[Thingyan (Myanmar)|Thingyan]] – during which water fights are held in Myanmar <!-- note: water fights are also held outside of thailand, but the general songkran article only briefly mentions them -->
-* [[Nejapa#Las Bolas De Fuego| Las Bolas De Fuego]] – a fireball fight in [[Nejapa]], [[El Salvador]].
 == See also ==
 * {{section link|Cattle in religion and mythology|Hinduism}}
+* [[Panchagavya]]
 == Notes ==
 {{Notelist}}
 == References ==
 {{Reflist|refs=
 <!--
+<ref name="clickorlando">
-<ref name="clickorlando">          {{Cite web |title=Holy flying cow pies! Wild video captures dung fight |url=https://www.clickorlando.com/news/2019/04/24/holy-flying-cow-pies-wild-video-captures-dung-fight/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528215703/https://www.clickorlando.com/news/2019/04/24/holy-flying-cow-pies-wild-video-captures-dung-fight/ |archive-date=2023-05-28 |website=Click Orlando|date=24 April 2019 }}</ref>
+{{Cite web |last=Dunlap |first=Keith |date=24 April 2019 |title=Holy flying cow pies! Wild video captures dung fight |url=https://www.clickorlando.com/news/2019/04/24/holy-flying-cow-pies-wild-video-captures-dung-fight/ |website=ClickOrlando |access-date=2024-11-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528215703/https://www.clickorlando.com/news/2019/04/24/holy-flying-cow-pies-wild-video-captures-dung-fight/ |archive-date=2023-05-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 -->
 <ref name="deccanherald">
-{{Cite web |title=With no Covid fear, Andhra villagers hold 'Pidakala War' in Kurnool |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/video/national/south/with-no-covid-fear-andhra-villagers-hold-pidakala-war-in-kurnool-974611.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528215710/https://www.deccanherald.com/video/national/south/with-no-covid-fear-andhra-villagers-hold-pidakala-war-in-kurnool-974611.html |archive-date=2023-05-28 |website=Deccan Herald|date=15 April 2021 }}</ref>
+{{Cite news |date=15 April 2021 |title=With no Covid fear, Andhra villagers hold 'Pidakala War' in Kurnool |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/video/national/south/with-no-covid-fear-andhra-villagers-hold-pidakala-war-in-kurnool-974611.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=2024-11-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528215710/https://www.deccanherald.com/video/national/south/with-no-covid-fear-andhra-villagers-hold-pidakala-war-in-kurnool-974611.html |archive-date=2023-05-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 <ref name="hansindia">
-{{Cite web |title=Cow dung fight fest denotes social harmony |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/cow-dung-fight-fest-denotes-social-harmony-789316 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528230447/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/cow-dung-fight-fest-denotes-social-harmony-789316 |archive-date=2023-05-28 |website=The Hans India|date=24 March 2023 }}</ref>
+{{Cite news |date=24 March 2023 |title=Cow dung fight fest denotes social harmony |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/cow-dung-fight-fest-denotes-social-harmony-789316 |newspaper=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=2024-11-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528230447/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/cow-dung-fight-fest-denotes-social-harmony-789316 |archive-date=2023-05-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 <ref name="hindu">
-{{Cite news |title=Ushering in Ugadi by hurling cow dung |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ushering-in-ugadi-by-hurling-cow-dung/article34321362.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528215847/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ushering-in-ugadi-by-hurling-cow-dung/article34321362.ece |archive-date=2023-05-28 |website=The Hindu|date=14 April 2021 }}</ref>
+{{Cite news |last=Susarla |first=Ramesh |date=15 April 2021 |title=Ushering in Ugadi by hurling cow dung |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ushering-in-ugadi-by-hurling-cow-dung/article34321362.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2024-11-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528215847/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ushering-in-ugadi-by-hurling-cow-dung/article34321362.ece |archive-date=2023-05-28}}</ref>
 <ref name="inshorts">
-{{Cite web |title=Andhra villagers throw cow dung at each other to mark Pidakala War |url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/andhra-villagers-throw-cow-dung-at-each-other-to-mark-pidakala-war-1554914734657 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528215545/https://inshorts.com/en/news/andhra-villagers-throw-cow-dung-at-each-other-to-mark-pidakala-war-1554914734657 |archive-date=2023-05-28 |website=Inshorts}}</ref>
+{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Anmol |date=10 April 2019 |title=Andhra villagers throw cow dung at Sean Triece to mark Pidakala War |url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/andhra-villagers-throw-cow-dung-at-each-other-to-mark-pidakala-war-1554914734657 |website=[[Inshorts]] |access-date=2024-11-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528215545/https://inshorts.com/en/news/andhra-villagers-throw-cow-dung-at-each-other-to-mark-pidakala-war-1554914734657 |archive-date=2023-05-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 <ref name="mashable">
-{{Cite web |title=Amid COVID-19 Spike, Hundreds Assemble And Hurl Cow Dung Cakes In Andhra Pradesh Village As Part Of Ugadi Celebration |url=https://in.mashable.com/culture/21616/amid-covid-19-spike-hundreds-assemble-and-hurl-cow-dung-cakes-in-andhra-pradesh-village-as-part-of-u |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528225353/https://in.mashable.com/culture/21616/amid-covid-19-spike-hundreds-assemble-and-hurl-cow-dung-cakes-in-andhra-pradesh-village-as-part-of-u |archive-date=2023-05-28 |website=Mashable India|date=16 April 2021 }}</ref>
+{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Sushri |date=16 April 2021 |title=Amid COVID-19 Spike, Hundreds Assemble And Hurl Cow Dung Cakes In Andhra Pradesh Village As Part Of Ugadi Celebration |url=https://in.mashable.com/culture/21616/amid-covid-19-spike-hundreds-assemble-and-hurl-cow-dung-cakes-in-andhra-pradesh-village-as-part-of-u |website=[[Mashable India]] |access-date=2024-11-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528225353/https://in.mashable.com/culture/21616/amid-covid-19-spike-hundreds-assemble-and-hurl-cow-dung-cakes-in-andhra-pradesh-village-as-part-of-u |archive-date=2023-05-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+<ref name="newindianexpress.2012">
-<ref name="newindianexpress.2012"> {{Cite web |title=AP: Villagers fight with dung cakes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/mar/25/ap-villagers-fight-with-dung-cakes-352002.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528225357/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/mar/25/ap-villagers-fight-with-dung-cakes-352002.html |archive-date=2023-05-28 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref>
+{{Cite news |date=16 May 2012 |title=AP: Villagers fight with dung cakes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/mar/25/ap-villagers-fight-with-dung-cakes-352002.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=2024-11-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528225357/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/mar/25/ap-villagers-fight-with-dung-cakes-352002.html |archive-date=2023-05-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 <ref name="newindianexpress.2022">
-{{Cite web |title=Cow dung fight, donkey parade mark Ugadi in Andhra's Kurnool |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/04/cow-dung-fight-donkey-parade-mark-ugadi-in-andhras-kurnool-2437673.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528215803/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/04/cow-dung-fight-donkey-parade-mark-ugadi-in-andhras-kurnool-2437673.html |archive-date=2023-05-28 |website=The New Indian Express|date=4 April 2022 }}</ref>
+{{Cite news |date=4 April 2022 |title=Cow dung fight, donkey parade mark Ugadi in Andhra's Kurnool |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/04/cow-dung-fight-donkey-parade-mark-ugadi-in-andhras-kurnool-2437673.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=2024-11-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528215803/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/04/cow-dung-fight-donkey-parade-mark-ugadi-in-andhras-kurnool-2437673.html |archive-date=2023-05-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 <ref name="quint">
-{{Cite web |title=Violating COVID Protocols, Thousands Fling Dung at AP Ugadi Fest |url=https://www.thequint.com/coronavirus/violating-covid-protocols-thousands-fling-dung-at-ap-ugadi-fest |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528225408/https://www.thequint.com/coronavirus/violating-covid-protocols-thousands-fling-dung-at-ap-ugadi-fest |archive-date=2023-05-28 |website=The Quint|date=15 April 2021 }}</ref>
+{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Nikhila |date=15 April 2021 |title=Violating COVID Protocols, Thousands Fling Dung at AP Ugadi Fest |url=https://www.thequint.com/coronavirus/violating-covid-protocols-thousands-fling-dung-at-ap-ugadi-fest |website=[[The Quint]] |access-date=1 November 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528225408/https://www.thequint.com/coronavirus/violating-covid-protocols-thousands-fling-dung-at-ap-ugadi-fest |archive-date=2023-05-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 }}
+[[Category:Annual events in India]]
 [[Category:Festivals in Andhra Pradesh]]
 [[Category:Hindu culture]]
@@ Line 65: / Line 61: @@
 [[Category:New Year in India]]
 [[Category:Telugu society]]
-[[Category:Annual events in India]]