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{{short description|1974–1979 communist political party in Ethiopia}} |
{{short description|1974–1979 communist political party in Ethiopia}} |
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{{Infobox political party |
{{Infobox political party |
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| name = Ethiopian Marxist–Leninist Revolutionary Organization<br>Malered<br>Emelared |
| name = Ethiopian Marxist–Leninist Revolutionary Organization<br>Malered<br>Emelared |
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| colorcode = #FF0000 |
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| logo = |
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| logo_alt = |
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| founded = 1974 |
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| leader = |
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| president = |
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| ideology = [[Communism]]<br>[[Marxism–Leninism]] |
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| chairperson = |
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| secretary = |
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| general_secretary = |
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| first_secretary = |
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| secretary_general = |
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| presidium = |
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| governing_body = |
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| standing_committee = |
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| spokesperson = |
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| founder = |
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| founded = 1974 |
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| headquarters = |
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| ideology = [[Marxist–Leninism]] |
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| international = |
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| website = |
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The ''' |
The Ethiopian '''Marxist–Leninist Revolutionary Organization''' ([[Amharic]]: ማርክሳዊ ሌኒናዊ ሪቮሊሽናዊ ድርጅትን), commonly known by its [[Amharic]] acronyms '''Malered''' or '''Emelared''' ([[Amharic]]: ማሌሪድ), was a communist organization in [[Ethiopia]] active from 1974 to the late 1970s.<ref name="hol">Holcomb, Bonnie K., and Sisai Ibssa. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WzSOAAAAMAAJ The Invention of Ethiopia]''. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1990. p. 373</ref><ref name="hal">Halliday, F., and M. Molyneux. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7phyAAAAMAAJ The Ethiopian revolution]''. 1983. p. 131</ref> |
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==Formation== |
==Formation== |
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According to Bahru Zewde, the organization was formed through the merger of a domestic faction and an exiled splinter group of the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party]] (EPRP).<ref>Bahru Zewde. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8wAQAAIAAJ A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855 - 1991]''. Oxford: Currey [u.a.], 2002. p. 245</ref> According to Christopher Clapham, Malered could have been formed by EPRP members who wished to cooperate with the [[Derg]] [[military junta]].<ref name="clap"/> Andargachew Tiruneh, on the other hand, states that Malered could have emerged as an offshoot of the [[All-Ethiopian Socialist Movement]] (Meison) Youth League.<ref name="p1">Tiruneh, Andargachew. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbnAd0oWokC&pg=PA132 The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 : a Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian]''. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1995. p. 132</ref> [[Fred Halliday]] supports the theory that Malered originated in Meison.<ref>Halliday, F., and M. Molyneux. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7phyAAAAMAAJ The Ethiopian revolution]''. 1983. p. 129</ref> |
According to [[Bahru Zewde]], the organization was formed through the merger of a domestic faction and an exiled splinter group of the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party]] (EPRP).<ref>Bahru Zewde. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8wAQAAIAAJ A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855 - 1991]''. Oxford: Currey [u.a.], 2002. p. 245</ref> According to Christopher Clapham, Malered could have been formed by EPRP members who wished to cooperate with the [[Derg]] [[military junta]].<ref name="clap"/> Andargachew Tiruneh, on the other hand, states that Malered could have emerged as an offshoot of the [[All-Ethiopian Socialist Movement]] (Meison) Youth League.<ref name="p1">Tiruneh, Andargachew. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbnAd0oWokC&pg=PA132 The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 : a Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian]''. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1995. p. 132</ref> [[Fred Halliday]] supports the theory that Malered originated in Meison.<ref>Halliday, F., and M. Molyneux. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7phyAAAAMAAJ The Ethiopian revolution]''. 1983. p. 129</ref> |
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==Organization== |
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==The organization== |
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Malered was led by Gulilat.<ref name="hol"/> Politically, Malered was close to Meison.<ref name="p1"/> Malered gave support to the [[Derg]] military junta, and the group was represented in the [[Provisional Office for Mass Organizational Affairs]] (POMOA).<ref>Wubneh, Mulatu, and Yohannis Abate. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=L04wAQAAIAAJ Ethiopia: Transition and Development in the Horn of Africa]''. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1988. p. 57</ref> Malered supported the entry of [[Seded]] (the new political organization formed by Derg militaries schooled in Marxism-Leninism) into POMOA.<ref name="clap2">Clapham Christopher. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LeszAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67 Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 67</ref> When the National Democratic Revolutionary Programme of Ethiopia was declared in April 1976, Malered expressed its support to it and its willingness to join a common front with other groups supporting the revolution.<ref name="p178">Tiruneh, Andargachew. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbnAd0oWokC&pg=PA178 The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 : a Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian]''. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1995. p. 178</ref> In December 1976, Malered published its own programme.<ref name="p1"/> |
Malered was led by Gulilat.<ref name="hol"/> Politically, Malered was close to Meison.<ref name="p1"/> Malered gave support to the [[Derg]] military junta, and the group was represented in the [[Provisional Office for Mass Organizational Affairs]] (POMOA).<ref>Wubneh, Mulatu, and Yohannis Abate. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=L04wAQAAIAAJ Ethiopia: Transition and Development in the Horn of Africa]''. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1988. p. 57</ref> Malered supported the entry of [[Seded]] (the new political organization formed by Derg militaries schooled in Marxism-Leninism) into POMOA.<ref name="clap2">Clapham Christopher. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LeszAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67 Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 67</ref> When the National Democratic Revolutionary Programme of Ethiopia was declared in April 1976, Malered expressed its support to it and its willingness to join a common front with other groups supporting the revolution.<ref name="p178">Tiruneh, Andargachew. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbnAd0oWokC&pg=PA178 The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 : a Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian]''. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1995. p. 178</ref> In December 1976, Malered published its own programme.<ref name="p1"/> |
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In 1977, Malered took part in forming the [[Union of Ethiopian Marxist-Leninist Organizations]] together with four other groups (Meison, Seded, [[Echat]] and [[Waz League]]).<ref>Harjinder Singh. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6lWNdA89xC4C&pg=PA187 Agricultural Problems in Ethiopia]''. Delhi, India: Gian Pub. House, 1987. p. 187</ref> Malered was the smallest of these five parties.<ref name="clap">Clapham Christopher. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LeszAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54 Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 54</ref> |
In 1977, Malered took part in forming the [[Union of Ethiopian Marxist-Leninist Organizations]] together with four other groups (Meison, Seded, [[Echat]] and [[Waz League]]).<ref>Harjinder Singh. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6lWNdA89xC4C&pg=PA187 Agricultural Problems in Ethiopia]''. Delhi, India: Gian Pub. House, 1987. p. 187</ref> Malered was the smallest of these five parties.<ref name="clap">Clapham Christopher. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LeszAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54 Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 54</ref> |
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==Conclusion== |
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==Events that led to its end== |
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After the split between the Derg and Meison, the Derg would eventually begin crushing the smaller leftist groups like Malered.<ref>Milkias, Paulos. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hPVyAAAAMAAJ Haile Selassie, Western Education, and Political Revolution in Ethiopia]''. Youngstown, N.Y.: Cambria Press, 2006. p. 266</ref> Malered was eliminated from POMOA.<ref>Lefort, René. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-6ByAAAAMAAJ Ethiopia, an Heretical Revolution?]'' London: Zed, 1983. p. 253</ref> As of July 1979, there were reports that member of Malered had been arrested. At the time, Malered was the sole civilian political group still aligned with the Derg.<ref name="hal"/> |
After the split between the Derg and Meison, the Derg would eventually begin crushing the smaller leftist groups like Malered.<ref>Milkias, Paulos. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hPVyAAAAMAAJ Haile Selassie, Western Education, and Political Revolution in Ethiopia]''. Youngstown, N.Y.: Cambria Press, 2006. p. 266</ref> Malered was eliminated from POMOA.<ref>Lefort, René. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-6ByAAAAMAAJ Ethiopia, an Heretical Revolution?]'' London: Zed, 1983. p. 253</ref> As of July 1979, there were reports that member of Malered had been arrested. At the time, Malered was the sole civilian political group still aligned with the Derg.<ref name="hal"/> |
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Latest revision as of 22:31, 8 December 2024
Ethiopian Marxist–Leninist Revolutionary Organization Malered Emelared | |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1974 |
| Dissolved | 1979 |
| Merger of | EPRP |
| Ideology | Communism Marxism–Leninism |
| National affiliation | Imaledih |
The Ethiopian Marxist–Leninist Revolutionary Organization (Amharic: ማርክሳዊ ሌኒናዊ ሪቮሊሽናዊ ድርጅትን), commonly known by its Amharic acronyms Malered or Emelared (Amharic: ማሌሪድ), was a communist organization in Ethiopia active from 1974 to the late 1970s.[1][2]
Formation
[edit]According to Bahru Zewde, the organization was formed through the merger of a domestic faction and an exiled splinter group of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP).[3] According to Christopher Clapham, Malered could have been formed by EPRP members who wished to cooperate with the Derg military junta.[4] Andargachew Tiruneh, on the other hand, states that Malered could have emerged as an offshoot of the All-Ethiopian Socialist Movement (Meison) Youth League.[5] Fred Halliday supports the theory that Malered originated in Meison.[6]
Organization
[edit]Malered was led by Gulilat.[1] Politically, Malered was close to Meison.[5] Malered gave support to the Derg military junta, and the group was represented in the Provisional Office for Mass Organizational Affairs (POMOA).[7] Malered supported the entry of Seded (the new political organization formed by Derg militaries schooled in Marxism-Leninism) into POMOA.[8] When the National Democratic Revolutionary Programme of Ethiopia was declared in April 1976, Malered expressed its support to it and its willingness to join a common front with other groups supporting the revolution.[9] In December 1976, Malered published its own programme.[5]
In 1977, Malered took part in forming the Union of Ethiopian Marxist-Leninist Organizations together with four other groups (Meison, Seded, Echat and Waz League).[10] Malered was the smallest of these five parties.[4]
Conclusion
[edit]After the split between the Derg and Meison, the Derg would eventually begin crushing the smaller leftist groups like Malered.[11] Malered was eliminated from POMOA.[12] As of July 1979, there were reports that member of Malered had been arrested. At the time, Malered was the sole civilian political group still aligned with the Derg.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Holcomb, Bonnie K., and Sisai Ibssa. The Invention of Ethiopia. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1990. p. 373
- ^ a b Halliday, F., and M. Molyneux. The Ethiopian revolution. 1983. p. 131
- ^ Bahru Zewde. A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855 - 1991. Oxford: Currey [u.a.], 2002. p. 245
- ^ a b Clapham Christopher. Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 54
- ^ a b c Tiruneh, Andargachew. The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 : a Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1995. p. 132
- ^ Halliday, F., and M. Molyneux. The Ethiopian revolution. 1983. p. 129
- ^ Wubneh, Mulatu, and Yohannis Abate. Ethiopia: Transition and Development in the Horn of Africa. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1988. p. 57
- ^ Clapham Christopher. Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 67
- ^ Tiruneh, Andargachew. The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 : a Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1995. p. 178
- ^ Harjinder Singh. Agricultural Problems in Ethiopia. Delhi, India: Gian Pub. House, 1987. p. 187
- ^ Milkias, Paulos. Haile Selassie, Western Education, and Political Revolution in Ethiopia. Youngstown, N.Y.: Cambria Press, 2006. p. 266
- ^ Lefort, René. Ethiopia, an Heretical Revolution? London: Zed, 1983. p. 253