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{{short description|1974–1979 communist political party in Ethiopia}}
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'''''Malerid''''' ([[Amharic]] acronym for 'Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Organization') or '''''Emelared''''' ('Ethiopian Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Organization') was a communist organization in [[Ethiopia]] active from 1974 to the late 1970s.<ref>Milkias, Paulos. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Iu9mnXhvSswC&pg=PA429 Ethiopia]''. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2011. p. 429</ref><ref>''[http://www.waset.org/journals/ijhss/v4/v4-1-9.pdf Ethiopian Opposition Political Parties and Rebel Fronts: Past and Present]''</ref><ref name="hol">Holcomb, Bonnie K., and Sisai Ibssa. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=WzSOAAAAMAAJ The Invention of Ethiopia]''. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1990. p. 373</ref><ref name="hal">Halliday, F., and M. Molyneux. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7phyAAAAMAAJ The Ethiopian revolution]''. 1983. p. 131</ref> According to Bahru Zewde, the organization was formed through the merger of a domestic faction and an exiled splinter-group of the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party]].<ref>Bahru Zewde. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=sE8wAQAAIAAJ A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855 - 1991]''. Oxford: Currey [u.a.], 2002. p. 245</ref> According to Christopher Clapham, Malerid could have been formed by EPRP members who wished to cooperate with the Derg.<ref name="clap"/> Andargachew Tiruneh, on the other hand, states that Malerid could have emerged as an off-shoot of the [[All-Ethiopian Socialist Movement]] (Meison) Youth League.<ref name="p1">Tiruneh, Andargachew. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ABbnAd0oWokC&pg=PA132 The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 : a Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian]''. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1995. p. 132</ref> [[Fred Halliday]] supports the theory that Malerid originated in Meison.<ref>Halliday, F., and M. Molyneux. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7phyAAAAMAAJ The Ethiopian revolution]''. 1983. p. 129</ref>
{{Infobox political party
| name = Ethiopian Marxist–Leninist Revolutionary Organization<br>Malered<br>Emelared
| colorcode = #FF0000
| national = [[Union of Ethiopian Marxist-Leninist Organizations|Imaledih]]
| founded = 1974
| dissolved = 1979
| merger = [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party|EPRP]]
| ideology = [[Communism]]<br>[[Marxism–Leninism]]
| country = Ethiopia
}}
The Ethiopian '''Marxist–Leninist Revolutionary Organization''' ([[Amharic]]: ማርክሳዊ ሌኒናዊ ሪቮሊሽናዊ ድርጅትን), commonly known by its [[Amharic]] acronyms '''Malered''' or '''Emelared''' ([[Amharic]]: ማሌሪድ), was a communist organization in [[Ethiopia]] active from 1974 to the late 1970s.<ref name="hol">Holcomb, Bonnie K., and Sisai Ibssa. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WzSOAAAAMAAJ The Invention of Ethiopia]''. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1990. p. 373</ref><ref name="hal">Halliday, F., and M. Molyneux. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7phyAAAAMAAJ The Ethiopian revolution]''. 1983. p. 131</ref>


==Formation==
⚫
Malerid was led by Gulilat.<ref name="hol"/> Politically, Malerid was close to Meison.<ref name="p1"/> Malerid gave support to the [[Derg]] military junta, and the group was represented in the Provisional Office for Mass Organizational Affairs (POMOA).<ref>Wubneh, Mulatu, and Yohannis Abate. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=L04wAQAAIAAJ Ethiopia: Transition and Development in the Horn of Africa]''. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1988. p. 57</ref> Malerid supported the entry of Seded (the new political organization formed by Derg militaries schooled in Marxism-Leninism) into POMOA.<ref name="clap2">Clapham Christopher. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LeszAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67 Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 67</ref> When the National Democratic Revolutionary Programme of Ethiopia was declared in April 1976, Malerid expressed its support to it and its willingness to join a common front with other groups supporting the revolution.<ref name="p178">Tiruneh, Andargachew. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ABbnAd0oWokC&pg=PA178 The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 : a Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian]''. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1995. p. 178</ref> In December 1976, Malerid published its own programme.<ref name="p1"/>
⚫
According to [[Bahru Zewde]], the organization was formed through the merger of a domestic faction and an exiled splinter group of the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party]] (EPRP).<ref>Bahru Zewde. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8wAQAAIAAJ A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855 - 1991]''. Oxford: Currey [u.a.], 2002. p. 245</ref> According to Christopher Clapham, Malered could have been formed by EPRP members who wished to cooperate with the [[Derg]] [[military junta]].<ref name="clap"/> Andargachew Tiruneh, on the other hand, states that Malered could have emerged as an offshoot of the [[All-Ethiopian Socialist Movement]] (Meison) Youth League.<ref name="p1">Tiruneh, Andargachew. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbnAd0oWokC&pg=PA132 The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 : a Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian]''. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1995. p. 132</ref> [[Fred Halliday]] supports the theory that Malered originated in Meison.<ref>Halliday, F., and M. Molyneux. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7phyAAAAMAAJ The Ethiopian revolution]''. 1983. p. 129</ref>


==Organization==
⚫
In 1977, Malerid took part in forming the Union of Ethiopian Marxist-Leninist Organizations together with four other groups (Meison, Seded, Echat and Woz Ader).<ref>Harjinder Singh. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6lWNdA89xC4C&pg=PA187 Agricultural Problems in Ethiopia]''. Delhi, India: Gian Pub. House, 1987. p. 187</ref> Malerid was the smallest of these five parties.<ref name="clap">Clapham Christopher. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LeszAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54 Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 54</ref>
⚫
Malered was led by Gulilat.<ref name="hol"/> Politically, Malered was close to Meison.<ref name="p1"/> Malered gave support to the [[Derg]] military junta, and the group was represented in the [[Provisional Office for Mass Organizational Affairs]] (POMOA).<ref>Wubneh, Mulatu, and Yohannis Abate. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=L04wAQAAIAAJ Ethiopia: Transition and Development in the Horn of Africa]''. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1988. p. 57</ref> Malered supported the entry of [[Seded]] (the new political organization formed by Derg militaries schooled in Marxism-Leninism) into POMOA.<ref name="clap2">Clapham Christopher. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LeszAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67 Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 67</ref> When the National Democratic Revolutionary Programme of Ethiopia was declared in April 1976, Malered expressed its support to it and its willingness to join a common front with other groups supporting the revolution.<ref name="p178">Tiruneh, Andargachew. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbnAd0oWokC&pg=PA178 The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 : a Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian]''. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1995. p. 178</ref> In December 1976, Malered published its own programme.<ref name="p1"/>


⚫
In 1977, Malered took part in forming the [[Union of Ethiopian Marxist-Leninist Organizations]] together with four other groups (Meison, Seded, [[Echat]] and [[Waz League]]).<ref>Harjinder Singh. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6lWNdA89xC4C&pg=PA187 Agricultural Problems in Ethiopia]''. Delhi, India: Gian Pub. House, 1987. p. 187</ref> Malered was the smallest of these five parties.<ref name="clap">Clapham Christopher. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LeszAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54 Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 54</ref>
⚫
After the split between the Derg and Meison, the Derg dissolved the alliance and began crushing the smaller leftist groups like Malerid.<ref>Milkias, Paulos. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hPVyAAAAMAAJ Haile Selassie, Western Education, and Political Revolution in Ethiopia]''. Youngstown, N.Y.: Cambria Press, 2006. p. 266</ref> Malerid was eliminated from POMOA.<ref>Lefort, René. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-6ByAAAAMAAJ Ethiopia, an Heretical Revolution?]'' London: Zed, 1983. p. 253</ref> As of July 1979, there were reports that member of Malered had been arrested. At the time, Malered was the sole civilian political groups still aligned with the Derg.<ref name="hal"/>

==Conclusion==
⚫
After the split between the Derg and Meison, the Derg would eventually begin crushing the smaller leftist groups like Malered.<ref>Milkias, Paulos. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hPVyAAAAMAAJ Haile Selassie, Western Education, and Political Revolution in Ethiopia]''. Youngstown, N.Y.: Cambria Press, 2006. p. 266</ref> Malered was eliminated from POMOA.<ref>Lefort, René. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-6ByAAAAMAAJ Ethiopia, an Heretical Revolution?]'' London: Zed, 1983. p. 253</ref> As of July 1979, there were reports that member of Malered had been arrested. At the time, Malered was the sole civilian political group still aligned with the Derg.<ref name="hal"/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethiopian Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Organization}}
[[Category:Communist parties in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Communist parties in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Factions of the Ethiopian Civil War]]

Latest revision as of 22:31, 8 December 2024

Ethiopian Marxist–Leninist Revolutionary Organization
Malered
Emelared
Founded1974
Dissolved1979
Merger ofEPRP
IdeologyCommunism
Marxism–Leninism
National affiliationImaledih

The Ethiopian Marxist–Leninist Revolutionary Organization (Amharic: ማርክሳዊ ሌኒናዊ ሪቮሊሽናዊ ድርጅትን), commonly known by its Amharic acronyms Malered or Emelared (Amharic: ማሌሪድ), was a communist organization in Ethiopia active from 1974 to the late 1970s.[1][2]

Formation

[edit]

According to Bahru Zewde, the organization was formed through the merger of a domestic faction and an exiled splinter group of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP).[3] According to Christopher Clapham, Malered could have been formed by EPRP members who wished to cooperate with the Derg military junta.[4] Andargachew Tiruneh, on the other hand, states that Malered could have emerged as an offshoot of the All-Ethiopian Socialist Movement (Meison) Youth League.[5] Fred Halliday supports the theory that Malered originated in Meison.[6]

Organization

[edit]

Malered was led by Gulilat.[1] Politically, Malered was close to Meison.[5] Malered gave support to the Derg military junta, and the group was represented in the Provisional Office for Mass Organizational Affairs (POMOA).[7] Malered supported the entry of Seded (the new political organization formed by Derg militaries schooled in Marxism-Leninism) into POMOA.[8] When the National Democratic Revolutionary Programme of Ethiopia was declared in April 1976, Malered expressed its support to it and its willingness to join a common front with other groups supporting the revolution.[9] In December 1976, Malered published its own programme.[5]

In 1977, Malered took part in forming the Union of Ethiopian Marxist-Leninist Organizations together with four other groups (Meison, Seded, Echat and Waz League).[10] Malered was the smallest of these five parties.[4]

Conclusion

[edit]

After the split between the Derg and Meison, the Derg would eventually begin crushing the smaller leftist groups like Malered.[11] Malered was eliminated from POMOA.[12] As of July 1979, there were reports that member of Malered had been arrested. At the time, Malered was the sole civilian political group still aligned with the Derg.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Holcomb, Bonnie K., and Sisai Ibssa. The Invention of Ethiopia. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1990. p. 373
  2. ^ a b Halliday, F., and M. Molyneux. The Ethiopian revolution. 1983. p. 131
  3. ^ Bahru Zewde. A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855 - 1991. Oxford: Currey [u.a.], 2002. p. 245
  4. ^ a b Clapham Christopher. Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 54
  5. ^ a b c Tiruneh, Andargachew. The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 : a Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1995. p. 132
  6. ^ Halliday, F., and M. Molyneux. The Ethiopian revolution. 1983. p. 129
  7. ^ Wubneh, Mulatu, and Yohannis Abate. Ethiopia: Transition and Development in the Horn of Africa. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1988. p. 57
  8. ^ Clapham Christopher. Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 67
  9. ^ Tiruneh, Andargachew. The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 : a Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1995. p. 178
  10. ^ Harjinder Singh. Agricultural Problems in Ethiopia. Delhi, India: Gian Pub. House, 1987. p. 187
  11. ^ Milkias, Paulos. Haile Selassie, Western Education, and Political Revolution in Ethiopia. Youngstown, N.Y.: Cambria Press, 2006. p. 266
  12. ^ Lefort, René. Ethiopia, an Heretical Revolution? London: Zed, 1983. p. 253
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