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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Sarzana
| name = Sarzana
Line 7: Line 8:
| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| image_shield = Sarzana-Stemma.png
| image_shield = Sarzana-Stemma.svg
| image_flag = Sarzana-Bandiera.svg
| shield_alt =
| shield_alt =
| image_map =
| image_map =
Line 20: Line 22:
| frazioni = Marinella di Sarzana, Falcinello, Sarzanello, San Lazzaro
| frazioni = Marinella di Sarzana, Falcinello, Sarzanello, San Lazzaro
| mayor_party =
| mayor_party =
| mayor = Alessio Cavarra (from 2013)
| mayor = Cristina Ponzanelli
| area_footnotes =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 34
| area_total_km2 = 34
| population_footnotes =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 21978
| population_total = 22104
| population_as_of = 30 November 2010
| population_as_of = 31 December 2016
| pop_density_footnotes =
| pop_density_footnotes =
| population_demonym = Sarzanesi
| population_demonym = Sarzanesi
Line 33: Line 35:
| twin1_country =
| twin1_country =
| saint = [[St. Andrew]]
| saint = [[St. Andrew]]
| day = November 30
| day = 30 November
| postal_code = 19038
| postal_code = 19038
| area_code = 0187
| area_code = 0187
Line 39: Line 41:
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}

'''Sarzana''' ({{IPA-it|sarˈdzaːna}}) is a [[town]], ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) and former short-lived Catholic bishopric in the [[Province of La Spezia]], of [[Liguria]] region, northwestern [[Italy]], {{convert|15|km|mi|0}} east of [[Spezia]], on the [[railway]] to [[Pisa]], at the point where the railway to [[Parma]] diverges to the north. In 2010 it had a population of 21,978.
'''Sarzana''' ({{IPA|it|sarˈdzaːna|lang}}, {{IPA-egl|sarˈzana|lang}}; {{langx|lij|Sarzann-a}})<ref>{{cite book|title=Dizionario Genovese-Italiano e Italiano-Genovese|place=Genoa|last=Frisoni|first=Gaetano|author-link=:it:Gaetano Frisoni|year=1910|publisher=Nuova Editrice Genovese|language=it}}</ref> is a [[town]], ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) and former short-lived Catholic bishopric in the [[Province of La Spezia]], [[Liguria]], Italy. It is {{convert|15|km|mi|0}} east of [[La Spezia]], on the [[Rail transport|railway]] to [[Pisa]], at the point where the railway to [[Parma]] diverges to the north.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Sarzana |volume=24 |page=224 |inline=1}}</ref> In 2010, it had a population of 21,978.


== History ==
== History ==
The position of Sarzana, at the entrance to the valley of the [[Magra]] (ancient ''Macra''), the boundary between [[Etruria]] and Liguria in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, gave it [[military]] importance in the [[Middle Ages]]. The first mention of the city is found in 983 in a diploma of [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]]; in 1202 the episcopal see was transferred from the ancient [[Luni, Italy|Luni]], {{convert|5|km|mi|0}} southeast, to Sarzana.
The position of Sarzana, at the entrance to the valley of the [[Magra]] (ancient ''Macra''), the boundary between [[Etruria]] and Liguria in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, gave it [[military]] importance in the [[Middle Ages]]. The first mention of the city is found in 983 in a diploma of [[Otto the Great|Otto I]]; in 1202 the episcopal see was transferred from the ancient [[Luni, Italy|Luni]], {{convert|5|km|mi|0}} southeast, to Sarzana.<ref name=EB1911 />


Sarzana, owing to its position, changed masters more than once, belonging first to [[Pisa]], then to [[Florence]], then to the [[Bank of Saint George|Banco di S. Giorgio]] of [[Genoa]] and from 1572 to dogal Genoa itself.
Sarzana, owing to its position, changed masters more than once, belonging first to [[Pisa]], then to [[Florence]], then to the [[Bank of Saint George|Banco di S. Giorgio]] of [[Genoa]] and from 1572 to dogal Genoa itself.<ref name=EB1911 />


[[File:Fortezza di Sarzana.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The fortress of Sarzana]]
[[File:Fortezza di Sarzana.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The fortress of Sarzana.]]These changes left in Sarzana a conspicuous fortress, which remains a focus of attraction for people interested in military history and specifically in the history of fortifications (see [[Star fortress]]).<ref>Harris, J., [http://www.fsgfort.com/FortArt/Fort37Art1.htm "Sarzana and Sarzanello - Transitional Design and Renaissance Designers"], ''Fort'' ([[Fortress Study Group]]), No. 37, 2009, pp. 50-78</ref>
A [[Fortress of Sarzanello|fortress]] to protect the town stood since at least the tenth century; it was built in its current shape under orders from [[Lorenzo de' Medici]]. In 1814 it was assigned to the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], the frontier between Liguria and Tuscany being now made to run between it and [[Carrara]].<ref name=EB1911 />


In 1921 Sarzana was the scene of fights (''{{ILL|Fatti di Sarzana|it}}'') between the population and Mussolini's Fascist squads. During them, a small group of Carabinieri and, later, simple citizens opposed and pushed back some 300 armed Fascists who had come to devastate the town, resulting in 18 dead and about 30 injured.<ref name=bosworth173>Bosworth, ''Mussolini's Italy'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tm6uVwH03hAC&pg=PA173 p. 173]</ref>
In 1814 it was assigned to the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], the frontier between Liguria and Tuscany being now made to run between it and [[Carrara]].


During the German occupation of Italy in [[World War II]], Sarzana was a centre of [[Italian resistance movement|partisan resistance]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = La Fortezza – Comune di Sarzana|url = http://old.comune.sarzana.sp.it/en/city/history/Sarzanello_Fortress.htm|website = old.comune.sarzana.sp.it|access-date = 22 July 2015|first = Francesco|last = Tacconi}}</ref>
In 1921 Sarzana was the scene of fights (Italian: ''Fatti di Sarzana'') between the population and Mussolini's Fascist squads. During them, a small group of Carabinieri and, later, simple citizens opposed and pushed back some 300 armed Fascists who had come to devastate the town, resulting in eighteen dead and about thirty injured.<ref name=bosworth173>Bosworth, ''Mussolini's Italy'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tm6uVwH03hAC&pg=PA173 p. 173]</ref>
During the German occupation of Italy in [[World War II]], Sarzana was a centre of [[Italian resistance in World War II|partisan resistance]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = La Fortezza - Comune di Sarzana|url = http://old.comune.sarzana.sp.it/en/city/history/Sarzanello_Fortress.htm|website = old.comune.sarzana.sp.it|accessdate = 2015-07-22|first = Francesco|last = Tacconi}}</ref>


== Ecclesiastical History ==
== Ecclesiastical history ==
The '''Diocese of Sarzana''' was established on 1975.08.04, on territory reassigned from the suppressed [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Luni–Sarzana]]. It was immediately joined in [[personal union]] (''aeque principaliter'') with the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Brugnato|bishopric of Brugnato]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of La Spezia|diocese of La Spezia]] from 1975.08.04 until their merger in 1986.09.30.
The '''Diocese of Sarzana''' was established on 4 August 1975, on territory reassigned from the suppressed [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Luni|Roman Catholic Diocese of Luni–Sarzana]]. It was immediately joined in [[personal union]] (''aeque principaliter'') with the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Brugnato|bishopric of Brugnato]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of La Spezia|diocese of La Spezia]] from 4 August 1975 until their merger on 30 September 1986.


On 1986.09.30 it was suppressed, its territory and titles being merged into the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of La Spezia–Sarzana–Brugnato|Diocese of La Spezia–Sarzana–Brugnato]], to which the bishop was appointed.
On 30 September 1986 it was suppressed, its territory and titles being merged into the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of La Spezia-Sarzana-Brugnato|Diocese of La Spezia–Sarzana–Brugnato]], to which the bishop was appointed.


Its only incumbent as suffragan Bishop of Sarzana was
Its only incumbent as suffragan Bishop of Sarzana was
Siro Silvestri (1975.09.03 – 1986.09.30), also last Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Brugnato|Brugnato]] (Italy) (1975.09.03 – 1986.09.30) and last Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of La Spezia|La Spezia]] (Italy) (1975.09.03 – 1986.09.30); previously Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Foligno|Foligno]] (Italy) (1955.07.21 – 1975.09.03); later first Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of La Spezia–Sarzana–Brugnato|La Spezia–Sarzana–Brugnato]] (Italy) (1986.09.30 – resigned 1989.12.07), died 1997.06.14.
* Siro Silvestri (1975.09.03 – 1986.09.30), also last Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Brugnato|Brugnato]] (Italy) (1975.09.03 – 1986.09.30) and last Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of La Spezia|La Spezia]] (Italy) (1975.09.03 – 1986.09.30); previously Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Foligno|Foligno]] (Italy) (1955.07.21 – 1975.09.03); later first Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of La Spezia-Sarzana-Brugnato|La Spezia–Sarzana–Brugnato]] (Italy) (1986.09.30 – resigned 1989.12.07), died 1997.06.14.


== Main sights ==
== Main sights ==
* the former [[Sarzana Cathedral]]: a white marble [[gothic architecture|Gothic]]-style church built 1355–1474. It houses two elaborately sculptured altars of the latter period.
* the former [[Sarzana Cathedral]]: a white marble [[gothic architecture|Gothic]]-style church built 1355–1474. It houses two elaborately sculptured altars of the latter period.<ref name=EB1911 />
* [[Citadel of Sarzana]]; former citadel built by Pisans, was demolished and re-erected by [[Lorenzo de' Medici]].
* [[Citadel of Sarzana]]; fortress initially built by Pisans, was demolished and re-erected by [[Lorenzo de' Medici]].
* [[Castle of Sarzana]]: located on the hill of Sarzanello, at the site of fortress from as early as emperor [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]]. The castle was rebuilt or enlarged by the [[condottieri|condottiero]] [[Castruccio Castracani]], and later became the residence of the bishops of Luni.
* [[Castle of Sarzana]]: located on the hill of Sarzanello, at the site of fortress from as early as emperor [[Otto the Great|Otto I]]. The castle was rebuilt or enlarged by the ''[[condottiero]]'' [[Castruccio Castracani degli Antelminelli|Castruccio Castracani]], and later became the residence of the bishops of Luni.
* ''[[Pieve di Sant'Andrea, Sarzana|Pieve of Sant'Andrea]]'': 10th-11th century parish church, and rebuilt in 1579, and has 16th-century portal. It houses 14th-15th century marble statuary, a ''Vocation of Saints'' by [[Domenico Fiasella]], and a dodecagonal baptismal font.
* ''[[Pieve di Sant'Andrea, Sarzana|Pieve of Sant'Andrea]]'': 10th–11th century parish church, and rebuilt in 1579, and has 16-century portal. It houses 14th–15th century marble statuary, a ''Vocation of Saints'' by [[Domenico Fiasella]], and a dodecagonal baptismal font.
* ''[[San Francesco, Sarzana|San Francesco]]'': documented from 1238 and, according to tradition, founded by [[St Francis of Assisi|St Francis]] himself. It houses the funerary monument (1328) of Castruccio Castracani's son, by [[Giovanni di Balduccio]]; the tomb of bishop [[Bernabò Malaspina]]; and a frescoed lunette attributed to [[Priamo della Quercia]].
* ''[[San Francesco, Sarzana|San Francesco]]'': documented from 1238 and, according to tradition, founded by [[Francis of Assisi|Saint Francis]] himself. It houses the funerary monument (1328) of Castruccio Castracani's son, by [[Giovanni di Balduccio]]; the tomb of bishop [[Bernabò Malaspina]]; and a frescoed lunette attributed to [[Priamo della Quercia]].
* ''[[Palazzo del Capitano, Sarzana|Palazzo del Capitano]]'': designed by [[Giuliano da Maiano]] (1472), but now entirely altered.
* ''[[Palazzo del Capitano, Sarzana|Palazzo del Capitano]]'': designed by [[Giuliano da Maiano]] (1472),<ref name=EB1911 /> but now entirely altered.


== Notable locals ==
== Notable locals ==
Sarzana was the birthplace of Tommaso Parentucelli, the future [[Pope Nicholas V]], in 1397 a son of local doctor Bartolomeo Parentucelli.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2000 |title=Niccolò V |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia dei Papi |publisher=Institute of the Italian Encyclopaedia Treccani |location=Rome |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/niccolo-v_(Enciclopedia-dei-Papi)/ |access-date=8 December 2024 |last=Miglio |first=Massimo |language=it}}</ref> A branch of the Cadolingi di Borgonuovo family, Lords of [[Fucecchio]] in [[Tuscany]] from the 10th century onwards, which had acquired the name of Buonaparte, had settled near Sarzana before 1264.<ref name=EB1911 /> In 1512, a member of the family (Francesco Buonaparte, who died in 1540) permanently took up residence in [[Ajaccio]],<ref name=EB1911 /> becoming the founder of the [[Corsica]]n line of Buonapartes and hence a direct forebear of Sebastiano Nicola Buonaparte. He in turn was the great-grandfather of the emperor [[Napoleon I]] (who was born in 1769 in Corsica).<ref>{{cite web |date=2010 |title=La famiglia di Napoleone Bonaparte |url=http://www.italiadiscovery.it/news/liguria/la_spezia/sarzana/la_famiglia_di_napoleone_bonaparte/1268.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127144013/http://www.italiadiscovery.it/news/liguria/la_spezia/sarzana/la_famiglia_di_napoleone_bonaparte/1268.php |archive-date=27 January 2010 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=Italiadiscovery |language=it}}</ref>
* Sarzana was the birthplace of [[Tommaso Parentucelli]], the future [[Pope Nicholas V]], in 1397 as son of local doctor Bartolomeo Parentucelli.
* A branch of the Cadolingi di Borgonuovo family, Lords of [[Fucecchio]] in [[Tuscany]] from the 10th century onwards, which had acquired the name of Buonaparte, had settled near Sarzana before 1264. In 1512 a member of the family (Francesco Buonaparte, who died in 1540) permanently took up residence in [[Ajaccio]], becoming the founder of the [[Corsica]]n line of Buonapartes and hence a direct forebear of Sebastiano Nicola Buonaparte. He in turn was the great-grandfather of the emperor [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]] (who was born in Corsica in 1769).


== International relations ==
== International relations ==
{{see also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}


===Twin towns — sister cities===
=== Twin towns – sister cities ===
Sarzana is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
Sarzana is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
* {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Villefranche de Rouergue]]''', [[France]]
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Villefranche-de-Rouergue]], France
* {{flagicon|HUN}} '''[[Eger]]''', [[Hungary]]
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Eger]], Hungary


== Climate ==
== Climate ==
The [[Köppen Climate Classification]] subtype for this climate is "[[Mediterranean climate#Warm-summer Mediterranean climate|Csb]]"(Mediterranean Climate).<ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=52161&cityname=Sarzana%2C+Liguria%2C+Italy&units= Climate Summary for Sarzana, Italy]</ref>
The [[Köppen climate classification]] subtype for this climate is "[[Mediterranean climate#hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Csa]]" (Mediterranean climate).<ref>{{Weatherbase
|id = 52161
|place = Sarzana, Italy
|type = summary
|accessdate = 17 March 2024 }}</ref> The annual average temperature is {{Convert|15.42|C|1}}, the hottest month in August is {{Convert|24.23|C|1}}, and the coldest month is {{Convert|7.72|C|1}} in January. The annual precipitation is {{Convert|950.01|mm|2}}, of which November is the wettest with {{Convert|136.73|mm|2}}, while July is the driest with only {{Convert|21.45|mm|2}}.


{{Weather box|location = Sarzana (1971–2000, extremes 1970–present)
{{Weather box
|location = Sarzana (1991–2020, extremes 1970–present)
|metric first = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|single line = Yes
Line 93: Line 99:
|Apr record high C = 26.2
|Apr record high C = 26.2
|May record high C = 32.4
|May record high C = 32.4
|Jun record high C = 34.8
|Jun record high C = 37.0
|Jul record high C = 36.4
|Jul record high C = 36.6
|Aug record high C = 38.2
|Aug record high C = 38.2
|Sep record high C = 34.2
|Sep record high C = 34.2
|Oct record high C = 29.0
|Oct record high C = 29.4
|Nov record high C = 24.4
|Nov record high C = 24.4
|Dec record high C = 19.2
|Dec record high C = 19.2
|year record high C = 38.2
|year record high C = 38.2
|Jan high C = 11.3
|Jan high C = 11.3
|Feb high C = 12.3
|Feb high C = 12.1
|Mar high C = 14.6
|Mar high C = 15.0
|Apr high C = 17.1
|Apr high C = 18.0
|May high C = 21.7
|May high C = 22.2
|Jun high C = 25.2
|Jun high C = 26.2
|Jul high C = 28.7
|Jul high C = 29.0
|Aug high C = 28.8
|Aug high C = 29.5
|Sep high C = 24.9
|Sep high C = 25.3
|Oct high C = 20.2
|Oct high C = 20.5
|Nov high C = 15.0
|Nov high C = 15.8
|Dec high C = 12.1
|Dec high C = 12.4
|year high C = 19.3
|year high C = 19.8
|Jan mean C = 7.3
|Jan mean C = 7.7
|Feb mean C = 8.0
|Feb mean C = 8.0
|Mar mean C = 10.1
|Mar mean C = 10.7
|Apr mean C = 12.6
|Apr mean C = 13.6
|May mean C = 16.8
|May mean C = 17.6
|Jun mean C = 20.2
|Jun mean C = 21.3
|Jul mean C = 23.2
|Jul mean C = 23.9
|Aug mean C = 23.4
|Aug mean C = 24.2
|Sep mean C = 19.8
|Sep mean C = 20.3
|Oct mean C = 15.7
|Oct mean C = 16.5
|Nov mean C = 11.0
|Nov mean C = 12.3
|Dec mean C = 8.2
|Dec mean C = 8.9
|year mean C = 14.7
|year mean C = 15.4
|Jan low C = 3.3
|Jan low C = 4.0
|Feb low C = 3.7
|Feb low C = 4.0
|Mar low C = 5.6
|Mar low C = 6.5
|Apr low C = 8.1
|Apr low C = 9.2
|May low C = 11.9
|May low C = 13.0
|Jun low C = 15.2
|Jun low C = 16.5
|Jul low C = 17.8
|Jul low C = 18.8
|Aug low C = 17.9
|Aug low C = 19.0
|Sep low C = 14.8
|Sep low C = 15.4
|Oct low C = 11.3
|Oct low C = 12.4
|Nov low C = 7.0
|Nov low C = 8.7
|Dec low C = 4.4
|Dec low C = 5.2
|year low C = 10.1
|year low C = 11.1
|Jan record low C = -9.0
|Jan record low C = -9.0
|Feb record low C = -5.0
|Feb record low C = -5.0
Line 154: Line 160:
|year record low C = -9.0
|year record low C = -9.0
|precipitation colour = green
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 116.0
|Jan precipitation mm = 80.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 91.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 72.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 79.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 79.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 100.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 75.0
|May precipitation mm = 74.1
|May precipitation mm = 57.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 62.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 52.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 25.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 21.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 50.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 34.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 101.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 98.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 157.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 134.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 134.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 136.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 112.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 109.3
|year precipitation mm = 1106.4
|year precipitation mm = 950.01
|Jan humidity = 73
|Feb humidity = 69
|Mar humidity = 68
|Apr humidity = 72
|May humidity = 72
|Jun humidity = 71
|Jul humidity = 69
|Aug humidity = 70
|Sep humidity = 71
|Oct humidity = 74
|Nov humidity = 74
|Dec humidity = 73
|year humidity = 71
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 9.4
|Jan precipitation days = 6.97
|Feb precipitation days = 7.5
|Feb precipitation days = 6.33
|Mar precipitation days = 7.5
|Mar precipitation days = 6.82
|Apr precipitation days = 9.2
|Apr precipitation days = 6.59
|May precipitation days = 7.6
|May precipitation days = 5.57
|Jun precipitation days = 5.7
|Jun precipitation days = 4.75
|Jul precipitation days = 2.9
|Jul precipitation days = 2.14
|Aug precipitation days = 4.2
|Aug precipitation days = 3.19
|Sep precipitation days = 6.4
|Sep precipitation days = 5.86
|Oct precipitation days = 10.0
|Oct precipitation days = 9.00
|Nov precipitation days = 8.8
|Nov precipitation days = 9.34
|Dec precipitation days = 8.7
|Dec precipitation days = 9.30
|year precipitation days = 87.9
|year precipitation days = 75.86
|humidity colour = green
|source 1 = [[Servizio Meteorologico]]<ref name=SM>{{cite web
|Jan humidity = 71.8
| url = http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClim2/pdf/(125)Sarzana%20Luni.pdf
|Feb humidity = 70.2
| title = Sarzana/Luni (SP)
|Mar humidity = 68.7
| work = Atlante climatico
|Apr humidity = 68.8
| publisher = Servizio Meteorologico
|May humidity = 68.5
| accessdate = February 24, 2016}}</ref><ref name=extremes>{{cite web
|Jun humidity = 68.7
| url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/sarzana-luni/
|Jul humidity = 66.8
| title = Sarzana Luni: Record mensili dal 1970
|Aug humidity = 67.2
| publisher = Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare
| language = Italian
|Sep humidity = 69.1
|Oct humidity = 73.9
| accessdate = February 24, 2016}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[NOAA]] (humidity, 1961–1990)<ref name = NOAA>
|Nov humidity = 74.6
|Dec humidity = 72.8
{{cite web
|year humidity = 70.1
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/IY/16125.TXT
|Jan dew point C = 1.3
| title = Sarzana/Luni Climate Normals 1961–1990
|Feb dew point C = 1.2
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|Mar dew point C = 3.4
| accessdate = February 24, 2016}}</ref>
|Apr dew point C = 6.2
|May dew point C = 10.6
|Jun dew point C = 13.9
|Jul dew point C = 16.1
|Aug dew point C = 16.3
|Sep dew point C = 13.3
|Oct dew point C = 10.8
|Nov dew point C = 6.3
|Dec dew point C = 2.5
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (Dew Point 1981-2010)<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/SarzanaLuni_16125.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Sarzana
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = February 3, 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240317091352/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/SarzanaLuni_16125.csv
|archive-date = 2024-03-17}}</ref><ref name="CLino81">{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Italy/WMO_Normals_CliNo81-10.xls
|format=XLS
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010 — Sarzana-16125
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = March 2, 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240317065214/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Italy/WMO_Normals_CliNo81-10.xls
|archive-date = 2024-03-17}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Servizio Meteorologico]]<ref name=SM>{{cite web
|url = http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClim2/pdf/(125)Sarzana%20Luni.pdf
|title = Sarzana/Luni (SP)
|work = Atlante climatico
|publisher = Servizio Meteorologico
|access-date = 24 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=extremes>{{cite web
|url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/sarzana-luni/
|title = Sarzana Luni: Record mensili dal 1970
|publisher = Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare
|language = it
|access-date = 24 February 2016
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240317093354/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/sarzana-luni/
|archive-date = 2024-03-17}}</ref>
}}
}}

== See also ==
*[[Oratory of San Girolamo, Sarzana]]
*[[Crucifix by Mastro Guglielmo|Crucifix]] by [[Mastro Guglielmo]]


== References ==
== References ==
* {{EB1911}}
* [http://www.cattedraledisarzana.it/ Cathedral of Sarzana]
* [http://www.cattedraledisarzana.it/ Cathedral of Sarzana]
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
* Bosworth, R. J. B. (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tm6uVwH03hAC Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915-1945]'', London: Penguin Books, {{ISBN|978-0-14-303856-6}}
* Bosworth, R. J. B. (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tm6uVwH03hAC Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915–1945]'', London: Penguin Books, {{ISBN|978-0-14-303856-6}}
{{commons|Sarzana}}


==Sources and external links==
== Sources and external links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Sarzana}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/sarz0.htm GCatholic ]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/sarz0.htm GCatholic: Diocese of Sarzana, Italy]


<BR>
<br />
{{Province of La Spezia}}
{{Province of La Spezia}}

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Cities and towns in Liguria]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Liguria]]

Latest revision as of 22:42, 8 December 2024

Sarzana
Comune
Città di Sarzana
Flag of Sarzana
Flag
Coat of arms of Sarzana
Coat of arms
Location of Sarzana
Map
Sarzana is located in Italy
Sarzana
Sarzana
Location of Sarzana in Italy
Sarzana is located in Liguria
Sarzana
Sarzana
Sarzana (Liguria)
Coordinates: 44°07′N 09°58′E / 44.117°N 9.967°E / 44.117; 9.967
CountryItaly
RegionLiguria
ProvinceLa Spezia (SP)
FrazioniMarinella di Sarzana, Falcinello, Sarzanello, San Lazzaro
Government
 • MayorCristina Ponzanelli
Area
[1]
 • Total
34 km2 (13 sq mi)
Elevation
21 m (69 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2016)[2]
 • Total
22,104
 • Density650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
DemonymSarzanesi
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
19038
Dialing code0187
Patron saintSt. Andrew
Saint day30 November
WebsiteOfficial website

Sarzana (Italian: [sarˈdzaːna], Emilian: [sarˈzana]; Ligurian: Sarzann-a)[3] is a town, comune (municipality) and former short-lived Catholic bishopric in the Province of La Spezia, Liguria, Italy. It is 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of La Spezia, on the railway to Pisa, at the point where the railway to Parma diverges to the north.[4] In 2010, it had a population of 21,978.

History

[edit]

The position of Sarzana, at the entrance to the valley of the Magra (ancient Macra), the boundary between Etruria and Liguria in Roman times, gave it military importance in the Middle Ages. The first mention of the city is found in 983 in a diploma of Otto I; in 1202 the episcopal see was transferred from the ancient Luni, 5 kilometres (3 mi) southeast, to Sarzana.[4]

Sarzana, owing to its position, changed masters more than once, belonging first to Pisa, then to Florence, then to the Banco di S. Giorgio of Genoa and from 1572 to dogal Genoa itself.[4]

The fortress of Sarzana

A fortress to protect the town stood since at least the tenth century; it was built in its current shape under orders from Lorenzo de' Medici. In 1814 it was assigned to the Kingdom of Sardinia, the frontier between Liguria and Tuscany being now made to run between it and Carrara.[4]

In 1921 Sarzana was the scene of fights (Fatti di Sarzana [it]) between the population and Mussolini's Fascist squads. During them, a small group of Carabinieri and, later, simple citizens opposed and pushed back some 300 armed Fascists who had come to devastate the town, resulting in 18 dead and about 30 injured.[5]

During the German occupation of Italy in World War II, Sarzana was a centre of partisan resistance.[6]

Ecclesiastical history

[edit]

The Diocese of Sarzana was established on 4 August 1975, on territory reassigned from the suppressed Roman Catholic Diocese of Luni–Sarzana. It was immediately joined in personal union (aeque principaliter) with the bishopric of Brugnato and diocese of La Spezia from 4 August 1975 until their merger on 30 September 1986.

On 30 September 1986 it was suppressed, its territory and titles being merged into the Diocese of La Spezia–Sarzana–Brugnato, to which the bishop was appointed.

Its only incumbent as suffragan Bishop of Sarzana was

  • Siro Silvestri (1975.09.03 – 1986.09.30), also last Bishop of Brugnato (Italy) (1975.09.03 – 1986.09.30) and last Bishop of La Spezia (Italy) (1975.09.03 – 1986.09.30); previously Bishop of Foligno (Italy) (1955.07.21 – 1975.09.03); later first Bishop of La Spezia–Sarzana–Brugnato (Italy) (1986.09.30 – resigned 1989.12.07), died 1997.06.14.

Main sights

[edit]

Notable locals

[edit]

Sarzana was the birthplace of Tommaso Parentucelli, the future Pope Nicholas V, in 1397 a son of local doctor Bartolomeo Parentucelli.[7] A branch of the Cadolingi di Borgonuovo family, Lords of Fucecchio in Tuscany from the 10th century onwards, which had acquired the name of Buonaparte, had settled near Sarzana before 1264.[4] In 1512, a member of the family (Francesco Buonaparte, who died in 1540) permanently took up residence in Ajaccio,[4] becoming the founder of the Corsican line of Buonapartes and hence a direct forebear of Sebastiano Nicola Buonaparte. He in turn was the great-grandfather of the emperor Napoleon I (who was born in 1769 in Corsica).[8]

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

Sarzana is twinned with:

Climate

[edit]

The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is "Csa" (Mediterranean climate).[9] The annual average temperature is 15.42 °C (59.8 °F), the hottest month in August is 24.23 °C (75.6 °F), and the coldest month is 7.72 °C (45.9 °F) in January. The annual precipitation is 950.01 millimetres (37.40 in), of which November is the wettest with 136.73 millimetres (5.38 in), while July is the driest with only 21.45 millimetres (0.84 in).

Climate data for Sarzana (1991–2020, extremes 1970–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.0
(75.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		37.0
(98.6) 		36.6
(97.9) 		38.2
(100.8) 		34.2
(93.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		19.2
(66.6) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.3
(52.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		29.0
(84.2) 		29.5
(85.1) 		25.3
(77.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		15.8
(60.4) 		12.4
(54.3) 		19.8
(67.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		13.6
(56.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		21.3
(70.3) 		23.9
(75.0) 		24.2
(75.6) 		20.3
(68.5) 		16.5
(61.7) 		12.3
(54.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		15.4
(59.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2) 		4.0
(39.2) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		8.7
(47.7) 		5.2
(41.4) 		11.1
(52.0)
Record low °C (°F) −9.0
(15.8) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.8
(46.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		7.6
(45.7) 		6.0
(42.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−9.0
(15.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 80.3
(3.16) 		72.1
(2.84) 		79.4
(3.13) 		75.0
(2.95) 		57.2
(2.25) 		52.9
(2.08) 		21.5
(0.85) 		34.0
(1.34) 		98.0
(3.86) 		134.0
(5.28) 		136.7
(5.38) 		109.3
(4.30) 		950.01
(37.40)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.97 6.33 6.82 6.59 5.57 4.75 2.14 3.19 5.86 9.00 9.34 9.30 75.86
Average relative humidity (%) 71.8 70.2 68.7 68.8 68.5 68.7 66.8 67.2 69.1 73.9 74.6 72.8 70.1
Average dew point °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3) 		1.2
(34.2) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.2
(43.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		13.9
(57.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		13.3
(55.9) 		10.8
(51.4) 		6.3
(43.3) 		2.5
(36.5) 		8.5
(47.3)
Source 1: NOAA (Dew Point 1981-2010)[10][11]
Source 2: Servizio Meteorologico[12][13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  3. ^ Frisoni, Gaetano [in Italian] (1910). Dizionario Genovese-Italiano e Italiano-Genovese (in Italian). Genoa: Nuova Editrice Genovese.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sarzana". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 224.
  5. ^ Bosworth, Mussolini's Italy, p. 173
  6. ^ Tacconi, Francesco. "La Fortezza – Comune di Sarzana". old.comune.sarzana.sp.it. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  7. ^ Miglio, Massimo (2000). "Niccolò V". Enciclopedia dei Papi (in Italian). Rome: Institute of the Italian Encyclopaedia Treccani. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  8. ^ "La famiglia di Napoleone Bonaparte". Italiadiscovery (in Italian). 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  9. ^ "Sarzana, Italy: Monthly - Weather Averages Summary". Weatherbase. CantyMedia. 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  10. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Sarzana". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  11. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010 — Sarzana-16125". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (XLS) on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  12. ^ "Sarzana/Luni (SP)" (PDF). Atlante climatico. Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  13. ^ "Sarzana Luni: Record mensili dal 1970" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
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