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{{Hatnote|This article is about [[tram]]s sharing tracks with main-line railways. "Tram-train" can also refer to a train of two or more coupled trams operating on a regular tramway.}}
{{Hatnote|This article is about [[tram]]s sharing tracks with main-line railways. "Tram-train" can also refer to a train of two or more coupled trams operating on a regular tramway.}}
{{Redirect|Train-tram|the Siemens-Duewag train-tram|RegioSprinter}}
{{Redirect|Train-tram|the Siemens-Duewag train-tram|RegioSprinter}}
{{multiple image
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[[File:Heilbronn Bahnhofsvorplatz Stadtbahn01 2002-09-08.jpg|thumb|''[[Heilbronn Stadtbahn|Stadtbahn]]'' [[street running]], in [[Heilbronn]]]]
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[[File:Avg-898-00.jpg|thumb|''Stadtbahn'' on main-line railway]]
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[[File:RBK 703 and KGV 603 Kassel Königsplatz.jpg|thumb|[[Kassel RegioTram]] dual voltage DC/AC [[Alstom Citadis|Alstom RegioCitadis]] next to a [[Trams in Kassel|KVG]] [[Bombardier Flexity Classic]] tram at Königsplatz]]
| image1 = Heilbronn Bahnhofsvorplatz Stadtbahn01 2002-09-08.jpg
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[[File:RBK 755 tram-train approaching Wolfhagen.JPG|thumb|[[Kassel RegioTram]] dual mode diesel/electric [[Alstom Citadis|Alstom RegioCitadis]] approaching [[Wolfhagen]] using diesel power, on main-line railway]]
| alt1 = A tram-train on street
[[File:Nordhausen DUO TramTrain.jpg|thumb|A [[Trams in Nordhausen|Nordhausen]] "DUO" [[Combino]] on the track linking the urban tramway, where it is electrically powered via overhead wires, and the HSB ([[Harzer Schmalspurbahn]]) rural railway, where it is powered by an onboard diesel engine]]
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| caption1 = ''[[Heilbronn Stadtbahn|Stadtbahn]]'' [[street running]], in [[Heilbronn]]
[[File:Baden_Josefsplatz.jpg|thumb|250px|Vienna ''Badner Bahn'' tram-trains at the terminal station in [[Baden bei Wien|Baden]] class 100 (high floor) and 400 (low floor) trainsets]]
| image2 = Avg-898-00.jpg
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[[File:Zwickau TrainTram.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Zwickau Model]]'' has main-line lightweight diesel tram-trains running through urban streets.]]
| alt2 = A tram-train on railway

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| caption2 = ''Stadtbahn'' on main-line railway
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A '''tram-train''' is a type of [[light rail]] vehicle that meets the standards of a light rail system (usually an urban street running [[tram]]way), but which also meets national mainline standards permitting operation alongside mainline [[trains]]. This allows services that can utilise both existing urban light rail systems and mainline railway networks & stations. It combines the urban accessibility of a tram or light rail with a mainline train's greater speed in the suburbs.<ref name="connections">{{cite web |title=Tram-train: Making new connections |url=http://www.tautonline.com/tram-train-making-new-connections/ |website=tautonline.com |publisher=[[Tramways & Urban Transit]]|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>
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}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 420
| image1 = RBK 703 and KGV 603 Kassel Königsplatz.jpg
| alt1 = A tram-train on street
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| caption1 = [[Kassel RegioTram]] dual voltage DC/AC [[Alstom Citadis|Alstom RegioCitadis]] next to a [[Trams in Kassel|KVG]] [[Bombardier Flexity Classic]] tram at Königsplatz
| image2 = RBK 755 tram-train approaching Wolfhagen.JPG
| alt2 = A tram-train on railway
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| caption2 = [[Kassel RegioTram]] dual mode diesel/electric [[Alstom Citadis|Alstom RegioCitadis]] approaching [[Wolfhagen]] using diesel power, on main-line railway
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}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 420
| image1 = I09 054 Bf Nordhausen xxx, EVT 202.jpg
| alt1 = A tram-train on street
| caption1 = A "DUO" [[Combino]] on the [[Trams in Nordhausen|Nordhausen]] urban tramway, where it is electrically powered via overhead wires.
| image2 = Harzquerbahn Merkwürdige Zugkreuzung - geo.hlipp.de -1016.jpg
| alt2 = A tram-train at a railway station
| caption2 = A "DUO" [[Combino]] at Ilfeld station on the [[Harzer Schmalspurbahn|HSB]] rural railway, where it is powered by an onboard diesel engine.
| footer =
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 420
| image1 = Řím, Porta Maggiore, úzkorozchodná elektrická jednotka.jpg
| alt1 = A tram-train on street
| caption1 = A [[Rome–Giardinetti railway|tram-train in Rome]], Italy
| image2 = Sasstram.jpg
| alt2 = A tram-train on street
| caption2 = A [[Metrosassari|tram-train in Sassari]], Italy
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}}
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A '''[[tram]]-train''' is a type of [[light rail]] vehicle that both meets the standards of a light rail system, and also national mainline standards. Tramcars are adapted to be capable of running on streets like an urban tramway but also be permitted operation alongside mainline [[trains]]. This allows services that can utilise both existing urban light rail systems and mainline railway networks and stations. It combines the urban accessibility of a tram or light rail with a mainline train's greater speed in the suburbs.<ref name="connections">{{cite web |title=Tram-train: Making new connections |url=http://www.tautonline.com/tram-train-making-new-connections/ |website=tautonline.com |publisher=[[Tramways & Urban Transit]]|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>


The modern tram-train concept was pioneered by the German city of [[Karlsruhe]] in the late 1980s,<ref name="lessons">{{cite web |title=Uk tram-train: Learning lessons |url=http://www.tautonline.com/uk-tram-train-learning-lessons/ |website=tautonline.com |publisher=[[Tramways & Urban Transit]]|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> resulting in the creation of the [[Karlsruhe Stadtbahn]]. This concept is often referred to as the [[Karlsruhe model]],<ref name="connections"/> and it has since been adopted in other cities such as [[Mulhouse tramway|Mulhouse]] in France<ref name="connections"/> and in [[Kassel RegioTram|Kassel]], [[Trams in Nordhausen|Nordhausen]] and [[Saarbrücken]] in Germany.<ref name="lessons"/>
The modern tram-train concept was pioneered by the German city of [[Karlsruhe]] in the late 1980s,<ref name="lessons">{{cite web |title=Uk tram-train: Learning lessons |url=http://www.tautonline.com/uk-tram-train-learning-lessons/ |website=tautonline.com |publisher=[[Tramways & Urban Transit]]|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> resulting in the creation of the [[Karlsruhe Stadtbahn]]. This concept is often referred to as the [[Karlsruhe model]],<ref name="connections"/> and it has since been adopted in other cities such as [[Mulhouse tramway|Mulhouse]] in France<ref name="connections"/> and in [[Kassel RegioTram|Kassel]], [[Trams in Nordhausen|Nordhausen]] and [[Saarbrücken]] in Germany.<ref name="lessons"/>


An inversion of the concept is a '''train-tram'''; a mainline train adapted to run on-street in an urban tramway, also known as the [[Zwickau Model]].
An inversion of the concept is a '''train-tram''' – a mainline train adapted to run on-street in an urban tramway, also known as the [[Zwickau Model]].


==Technology==
==Technology==
The tram-train often is a type of [[interurban]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/de/ks/kassel.htm|title=UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Germany > Hessen > Kassel Tram / Straßenbahn}}</ref> i.e. they link separate towns or cities. according to George W. Hilton and John F. Due's definition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilton |first1=George Woodman |last2=Due |first2=John Fitzgerald |title=The Electric Interurban Railways in America |date=2000 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=Stanford University Press |at= Original preface, 1960 page ix}}</ref>
The tram-train often is a type of [[interurban]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/de/ks/kassel.htm|title=UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Germany > Hessen > Kassel Tram / Straßenbahn}}</ref>&nbsp;— that is, they link separate towns or cities, according to George W. Hilton and John F. Due's definition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilton |first1=George Woodman |last2=Due |first2=John Fitzgerald |title=The Electric Interurban Railways in America |date=2000 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=Stanford University Press |at= Original preface, 1960 page ix}}</ref>


Most tram-trains are [[standard gauge]], which facilitates sharing track with main-line trains. Exceptions include [[Alicante Tram]] and [[Trams in Nordhausen|Nordhausen]], which are [[metre gauge]].
Most tram-trains are [[Standard-gauge railway|standard gauge]], which facilitates sharing track with main-line trains. Exceptions include [[Alicante Tram]] and [[Trams in Nordhausen|Nordhausen]], which are [[Metre-gauge railway|metre gauge]].


Tram-train vehicles are dual-equipped to suit the needs of both tram and train operating modes, with support for multiple electrification voltages if required and safety equipment such as [[train stop]]s and other railway signalling equipment. The Karlsruhe and [[Saarbrücken]] systems use "[[Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung|PZB]]" or "Indusi" [[automatic train protection]], so that if the driver passes a signal at stop the emergency brakes are applied.
Tram-train vehicles are dual-equipped to suit the needs of both tram and train operating modes, with support for multiple electrification voltages if required and safety equipment such as [[train stop]]s and other railway signalling equipment. The Karlsruhe and [[Saarbrücken]] systems use "[[Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung|PZB]]" or "Indusi" [[automatic train protection]], so that if the driver passes a signal at a stop the emergency brakes are applied.


==History==
==History==
The idea is not new; in the early 20th century, [[interurban streetcar]] lines often operated on dedicated rights-of-way between towns, while running on street trackage in town. The first interurban to emerge in the United States was the Newark and Granville Street Railway in [[Ohio]], which opened in 1889. In 1924, in [[Trams in Hobart|Hobart]], Australia, sharing of tracks between trams and trains was proposed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23715670 |title=TRAMS AND TRAINS. |newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]] |location=Hobart, Tasmania |date=12 February 1924 |access-date=21 April 2012 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
The idea is not new; in the early 20th century, [[interurban streetcar]] lines often operated on dedicated rights-of-way between towns, while running on street trackage in town. The first interurban to emerge in the United States was the Newark and Granville Street Railway in [[Ohio]], which opened in 1889. In 1924, in [[Trams in Hobart|Hobart]], Australia, sharing of tracks between trams and trains was proposed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23715670 |title=TRAMS AND TRAINS. |newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]] |location=Hobart, Tasmania |date=12 February 1924 |access-date=21 April 2012 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


The difference between modern tram-trains and the older interurbans and radial railways is that tram-trains are built to meet mainline railway standards, rather than ignoring them. An exception is the United States' [[River Line (New Jersey Transit)|River Line]] in [[New Jersey]] which runs along freight tracks with time separation: passenger trains run by day, and freight by night.
The difference between modern tram-trains and the older interurban and radial railways is that tram-trains are built to meet mainline railway standards, rather than ignoring them. An exception is the United States' [[River Line (New Jersey Transit)|River Line]] in [[New Jersey]], which runs along freight tracks with time separation; passenger trains run by day, and freight by night.


== Existing systems ==
== Existing systems ==
Line 40: Line 76:


* [[Gmunden]]: [[Gmunden Tramway|Traunsee Tram]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stern-verkehr.at/portfolio/traunseetram/ |title = TRAUNSEETRAM - Stern & Hafferl Verkehr}}</ref>
* [[Gmunden]]: [[Gmunden Tramway|Traunsee Tram]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stern-verkehr.at/portfolio/traunseetram/ |title = TRAUNSEETRAM - Stern & Hafferl Verkehr}}</ref>
* [[Vienna]]: [[Badner Bahn]]
* [[Vienna]] - [[Baden bei Wien]]: [[Badner Bahn]]


==== Denmark ====
==== Denmark ====
Line 53: Line 89:
* [[Nantes]]: [[Nantes tram-train]] (2011)
* [[Nantes]]: [[Nantes tram-train]] (2011)
* [[Île-de-France]] (Paris region):
* [[Île-de-France]] (Paris region):
**[[Île-de-France tramway Line 4|Tramway Line 4]] (2006)
** [[Île-de-France tramway Line 4|Tramway Line 4]] (2006)
** [[Île-de-France tramway Line 11 Express|Tramway Line 11 Express]] (2017)
** [[Île-de-France tramway Line 11 Express|Tramway Line 11 Express]] (2017)
** [[Île-de-France tramway Line 12 Express|Tramway Line 12 Express]] (2023)
** [[Île-de-France tramway Line 13 Express|Tramway Line 13 Express]] (2022)


==== Germany ====
==== Germany ====


* [[Chemnitz]]: [[Trams in Chemnitz|Chemnitz Tramway]]
* [[Chemnitz]]: [[City-Bahn Chemnitz]]
* [[Karlsruhe]]: [[Stadtbahn Karlsruhe]]
* [[Karlsruhe]]: [[Stadtbahn Karlsruhe]]
* [[Kassel]]: [[Kassel RegioTram]] (2006)
* [[Kassel]]: [[Kassel RegioTram]] (2006)
Line 69: Line 107:


==== Italy ====
==== Italy ====
* [[Rome]]: [[Rome–Giardinetti railway]]

* [[Sassari]]: [[Metrosassari]]
* [[Sassari]]: [[Metrosassari]]

==== Netherlands ====

* [[The Hague]]-[[Rotterdam]]: [[RandstadRail]]


==== Portugal ====
==== Portugal ====


* [[Porto]]:
* [[Porto]]:
**[[Porto Metro]] Line B/Bx (opening 2005)
** [[Porto Metro]] Line B/Bx (opening 2005)
**Porto Metro Line C (opening 2005)
** Porto Metro Line C (opening 2005)


==== Spain ====
==== Spain ====
Line 82: Line 124:
* [[Alicante]]: [[Alicante Tram]] (2007)
* [[Alicante]]: [[Alicante Tram]] (2007)
* [[Mallorca]]: [[Mallorca rail network]]
* [[Mallorca]]: [[Mallorca rail network]]
* [[Cádiz]]: [[Cádiz Bay tram-train]] (opening 2022)
* [[Cádiz]]: [[Cádiz Bay tram-train]] (2022)


==== United Kingdom ====
==== United Kingdom ====


===== England =====
⚫
*[[Sheffield]] - [[Rotherham]]: [[Sheffield Supertram]] (2018)

⚫
*[[Cardiff]]: [[South Wales Metro]] (2023)
⚫
* [[Sheffield]] - [[Rotherham]]: [[South Yorkshire Supertram]] (2018)

===== Wales =====

⚫
* [[Cardiff]] & [[South Wales Valleys]]: [[South Wales Metro]] (2024)


===North America===
===North America===
⚫
*[[New Jersey]]: [[River Line (NJ Transit)|River Line]] – [[diesel multiple unit]]s using main line tracks between [[Trenton, New Jersey]] and [[Camden, New Jersey]] in a time-sharing agreement with the freight companies.
*[[Puebla (city)|Puebla]], [[Mexico]]: [[Puebla-Cholula Tourist Train]]
*[[Puebla (city)|Puebla]], [[Mexico]]: [[Puebla-Cholula Tourist Train]] (2017-2021; trains now sold to [[Tren Interoceánico]])
*[[San Diego]], [[California]]: [[San Diego Trolley]]


==Proposed systems==
==Proposed systems==
Line 99: Line 148:
===Asia===
===Asia===
* [[Haifa–Nazareth railway|Haifa–Nazareth]], [[State of Israel|Israel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162298992.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629120537/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162298992.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-06-29|title=Tram-Train for Haifa-Nazareth.(Transit News)}}</ref>
* [[Haifa–Nazareth railway|Haifa–Nazareth]], [[State of Israel|Israel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162298992.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629120537/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162298992.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-06-29|title=Tram-Train for Haifa-Nazareth.(Transit News)}}</ref>
* [[Keelung railway station|Keelung Light Rail Transit]] ([[Nangang station|Nangang]]-[[Keelung railway station|Keelung]]) [[Taiwan]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* [[Keelung railway station|Keelung Light Rail Transit]] ([[Nangang station|Nangang]]-[[Keelung railway station|Keelung]]), [[Taiwan]]{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}


===Europe===
===Europe===
Line 105: Line 154:
* [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]]
* [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]]
* [[Cardiff]], United Kingdom. Wales & Borders franchise: South Wales Valley Lines (2022 - 2023) - rolling stock currently under construction.
* [[Cardiff]], United Kingdom. Wales & Borders franchise: South Wales Valley Lines (2022 - 2023) - rolling stock currently under construction.
* [[Debrecen]], Hungary <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tram-trains may also run between Debrecen and Oradea in the future |url=https://www.debrecen.hu/en/local/news/tram-trains-may-also-run-between-debrecen-and-oradea-in-the-future |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.debrecen.hu |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Erlangen]], Germany – an extension of [[Straßenbahn Nürnberg]] not initially planned to use mainline rail tracks but proposed to do so in the future. The planned line to [[Herzogenaurach]] replicates a former mainline rail line
* [[Erlangen]], Germany – an extension of [[Straßenbahn Nürnberg]] not initially planned to use mainline rail tracks but proposed to do so in the future. The planned line to [[Herzogenaurach]] replicates a former mainline rail line
* [[Trams in Gorzów Wielkopolski|Gorzów Wielkopolski]], Poland
* [[Greater Manchester]], United Kingdom. Proposed extensions to the [[Manchester Metrolink]] network.<ref name="connections"/><ref name="stalybridge">{{cite web|url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/news/metrolink-heads-to-stalybridge-and-middleton-in-2040-expansion/ |title=Metrolink heads to Stalybridge and Middleton in 2040 expansion|date=7 January 2019|author=Place North West|access-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301044640/https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/news/metrolink-heads-to-stalybridge-and-middleton-in-2040-expansion/|archive-date=1 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Greater Manchester]], United Kingdom. Proposed extensions to the [[Manchester Metrolink]] network.<ref name="connections"/><ref name="stalybridge">{{cite web|url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/news/metrolink-heads-to-stalybridge-and-middleton-in-2040-expansion/ |title=Metrolink heads to Stalybridge and Middleton in 2040 expansion|date=7 January 2019|author=Place North West|access-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301044640/https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/news/metrolink-heads-to-stalybridge-and-middleton-in-2040-expansion/|archive-date=1 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Grenoble]], France
* [[Grenoble]], France
* [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]], Netherlands
* [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]], Netherlands
* [[île de France]] (Paris region), France. The system is called ''Tram Express'' by the transport authority [[Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France|STIF]]: 1 line already exists (Tramway Line 11 Express) and 2&nbsp;lines are scheduled (Tramway Lines 12 Express and 13 Express). The light train rolling stock will only roll on national rail network in western line (''[[Île-de-France tramway Line 13 Express|Line 13 Express]]'') a short section of 3.6&nbsp;km (2.2&nbsp;mi) is an urban tram section of the 19&nbsp;km (11.8&nbsp;mi) line. The southern line (''[[Île-de-France tramway Line 12 Express|Line 12 Express]]'') is a 20&nbsp;km (12.4&nbsp;mi) line, 10&nbsp;km will be ''tram'' section and the 10&nbsp;km another will roll on national rail network.
* [[Kiel]], Germany
* [[Kiel]], Germany
* [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
* [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
Line 116: Line 166:
* [[Liberec]] — [[Jablonec nad Nisou]], [[Czech Republic]]
* [[Liberec]] — [[Jablonec nad Nisou]], [[Czech Republic]]
* [[Linköping]], Sweden
* [[Linköping]], Sweden
* [[Linz]], Austria (in planning phase)
* [[Manresa]], Spain
* [[Manresa]], Spain
* [[Metro Mondego]], [[Coimbra]], Portugal
* [[Metro Mondego]], [[Coimbra]], Portugal
* [[RijnGouweLijn]], Netherlands
* [[RijnGouweLijn]], Netherlands
* [[Metro de Sevilla]]. Seville has one metro line and one tram line that are not connected, but the long-term intention is to link the metro and tram systems.
* [[Metro de Sevilla]]. Seville has one metro line and one tram line that are not connected, but the long-term intention is to link the metro and tram systems.
* [[Oradea]], Romania - The first romanian tram-train will be in Oradea, featuring several lines, and connecting the city to the villages near, like Borș, Băile Felix or Sântandrei. The tram-train in Oradea is in planning phase, some parts of the project already accepted by the local government.
* [[Sevastopol]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Agency Strategic Initiative|url=https://idea.asi.ru/attachments/6/99/943a5f-804a-4e4f-9271-f0422b44dbd6/%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AC_-_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%96%D0%94_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_-_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92.%D0%92__%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%98_.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Sevastopol]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Agency Strategic Initiative|url=https://idea.asi.ru/attachments/6/99/943a5f-804a-4e4f-9271-f0422b44dbd6/%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AC_-_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%96%D0%94_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_-_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92.%D0%92__%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%98_.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Strasbourg]], France
* [[Strasbourg]], France
Line 126: Line 178:
* [[Tramways in Wrocław|Wrocław]], Poland (2005) — [[600VDC|600 V DC]]/[[3kVDC|3 kV DC]]
* [[Tramways in Wrocław|Wrocław]], Poland (2005) — [[600VDC|600 V DC]]/[[3kVDC|3 kV DC]]
* [[Riga]], [[Latvia]]
* [[Riga]], [[Latvia]]
* [[Tampere]], Finland
* [[Turku]], Finland
* [[Turku]], Finland
* [[West Midlands conurbation]], United Kingdom. Proposed extensions to the [[West Midlands Metro]].
* [[West Midlands conurbation]], United Kingdom. Proposed extensions to the [[West Midlands Metro]].


===Oceania===
===Oceania===
* [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]] – On June 5, 2008, the [[Government of South Australia]] announced plans for train-tram operation on the [[Adelaide Metro]]'s [[Outer Harbor railway line|Outer Harbor]]/[[Grange railway line|Grange]] train lines and [[Glenelg tram line|City West-Glenelg]] tramline extension as part of a 10-year A$2 billion public transport upgrade.<ref>[http://www.adelaidemetro.com.au/general/pdfs/OMPbudget.pdf Adelaidemetro.com.au<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721062628/http://www.adelaidemetro.com.au/general/pdfs/OMPbudget.pdf |date=July 21, 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]] – On June 5, 2008, the [[Government of South Australia]] announced plans for train-tram operation on the [[Adelaide Metro]]'s [[Outer Harbor and Port Dock lines|Outer Harbor]]/[[Grange line|Grange]] train lines and [[Glenelg tram line|City West-Glenelg]] tramline extension as part of a 10-year A$2 billion public transport upgrade.<ref>[http://www.adelaidemetro.com.au/general/pdfs/OMPbudget.pdf Adelaidemetro.com.au<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721062628/http://www.adelaidemetro.com.au/general/pdfs/OMPbudget.pdf |date=July 21, 2008 }}</ref>
*[[Hobart]] [[Tasmania]]


===South America===
===South America===
* [[RegioTram|Bogotá Commuter Rail (RegioTram)]], [[Colombia]]
* [[RegioTram|Bogotá Commuter Rail (RegioTram)]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Cali]], [[Colombia]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/cali/el-tren-tranvia-ya-tiene-la-firma-para-arrancar-209212| title = El tren tranvía ya tiene la firma para arrancar - Cali - Colombia - ELTIEMPO.COM}} </ref>
* [[Cali]], [[Colombia]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/cali/el-tren-tranvia-ya-tiene-la-firma-para-arrancar-209212| title = El tren tranvía ya tiene la firma para arrancar - Cali - Colombia - ELTIEMPO.COM}}</ref>


==Vehicles==
==Vehicles==
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* [[Stadler Citylink]]
* [[Stadler Citylink]]


== Train-Tram ==
== Train-tram ==
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[[File:Zwickau TrainTram.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Zwickau Model]]'' has main-line lightweight diesel tram-trains running through urban streets.]]


=== Europe ===
=== Europe ===


* [[Zwickau]]: [[Trams in Zwickau]] [[Trams in Nordhausen|–]] on-board [[Diesel generator]] (light-weight [[RegioSprinter]] diesel [[railbuses]] that also operate on street tramway)
* [[Zwickau]]: [[Trams in Zwickau]] [[Trams in Nordhausen|–]] on-board [[diesel generator]] (light-weight [[RegioSprinter]] diesel [[railbuses]] that also operate on street tramway)


=== North America ===
=== North America ===
*[[Austin, Texas]]: [[Capital MetroRail]] – [[commuter rail]] that shares more commonality with train-tram operation, with downtown [[street running]] and usage of mainline track. Uses [[diesel multiple unit]]s.
*[[Austin, Texas]]: [[Capital MetroRail]] – [[commuter rail]] that shares more commonality with train-tram operation, with downtown [[street running]] and usage of mainline track. Uses [[diesel multiple unit]]s.
⚫
*[[New Jersey]]: [[River Line (New Jersey Transit)|River Line]] – [[diesel multiple unit]]s using main line tracks between [[Trenton, New Jersey]] and [[Camden, New Jersey]] in a time-sharing agreement with the freight companies.


== See also ==
== See also ==
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* [https://www.ihs.com/products/janes-urban-transport-systems.html (Jane's) Urban Transit Systems]
* [https://www.ihs.com/products/janes-urban-transport-systems.html (Jane's) Urban Transit Systems]


{{Trams}}
{{Public transport}}
{{Public transport}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Latest revision as of 06:05, 9 December 2024

This article is about trams sharing tracks with main-line railways. "Tram-train" can also refer to a train of two or more coupled trams operating on a regular tramway.
"Train-tram" redirects here. For the Siemens-Duewag train-tram, see RegioSprinter.
A tram-train on street
Stadtbahn street running, in Heilbronn
A tram-train on railway
Stadtbahn on main-line railway
A tram-train on street
Kassel RegioTram dual voltage DC/AC Alstom RegioCitadis next to a KVG Bombardier Flexity Classic tram at Königsplatz
A tram-train on railway
Kassel RegioTram dual mode diesel/electric Alstom RegioCitadis approaching Wolfhagen using diesel power, on main-line railway
A tram-train on street
A "DUO" Combino on the Nordhausen urban tramway, where it is electrically powered via overhead wires.
A tram-train at a railway station
A "DUO" Combino at Ilfeld station on the HSB rural railway, where it is powered by an onboard diesel engine.
A tram-train on street
A tram-train in Rome, Italy
A tram-train on street
A tram-train in Sassari, Italy

A tram-train is a type of light rail vehicle that both meets the standards of a light rail system, and also national mainline standards. Tramcars are adapted to be capable of running on streets like an urban tramway but also be permitted operation alongside mainline trains. This allows services that can utilise both existing urban light rail systems and mainline railway networks and stations. It combines the urban accessibility of a tram or light rail with a mainline train's greater speed in the suburbs.[1]

The modern tram-train concept was pioneered by the German city of Karlsruhe in the late 1980s,[2] resulting in the creation of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn. This concept is often referred to as the Karlsruhe model,[1] and it has since been adopted in other cities such as Mulhouse in France[1] and in Kassel, Nordhausen and Saarbrücken in Germany.[2]

An inversion of the concept is a train-tram – a mainline train adapted to run on-street in an urban tramway, also known as the Zwickau Model.

Technology

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The tram-train often is a type of interurban[3] — that is, they link separate towns or cities, according to George W. Hilton and John F. Due's definition.[4]

Most tram-trains are standard gauge, which facilitates sharing track with main-line trains. Exceptions include Alicante Tram and Nordhausen, which are metre gauge.

Tram-train vehicles are dual-equipped to suit the needs of both tram and train operating modes, with support for multiple electrification voltages if required and safety equipment such as train stops and other railway signalling equipment. The Karlsruhe and Saarbrücken systems use "PZB" or "Indusi" automatic train protection, so that if the driver passes a signal at a stop the emergency brakes are applied.

History

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The idea is not new; in the early 20th century, interurban streetcar lines often operated on dedicated rights-of-way between towns, while running on street trackage in town. The first interurban to emerge in the United States was the Newark and Granville Street Railway in Ohio, which opened in 1889. In 1924, in Hobart, Australia, sharing of tracks between trams and trains was proposed.[5]

The difference between modern tram-trains and the older interurban and radial railways is that tram-trains are built to meet mainline railway standards, rather than ignoring them. An exception is the United States' River Line in New Jersey, which runs along freight tracks with time separation; passenger trains run by day, and freight by night.

Existing systems

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Asia

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Japan

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Europe

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Austria

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Denmark

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France

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Germany

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Hungary

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Italy

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Netherlands

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Portugal

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Spain

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United Kingdom

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England
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Wales
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North America

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Proposed systems

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Africa

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  • The October 6th Tram system (The O6T), Cairo, Egypt

Asia

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Europe

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Oceania

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South America

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Vehicles

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Models of tram designed for tram-train operation include:

Train-tram

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The Zwickau Model has main-line lightweight diesel tram-trains running through urban streets.

Europe

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North America

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d "Tram-train: Making new connections". tautonline.com. Tramways & Urban Transit. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Uk tram-train: Learning lessons". tautonline.com. Tramways & Urban Transit. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  3. ^ "UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Germany > Hessen > Kassel Tram / Straßenbahn".
  4. ^ Hilton, George Woodman; Due, John Fitzgerald (2000) [1960]. The Electric Interurban Railways in America. Stanford University Press. Original preface, 1960 page ix.
  5. ^ "TRAMS AND TRAINS". The Mercury. Hobart, Tasmania. 12 February 1924. p. 6. Retrieved 21 April 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  6. ^ "TRAUNSEETRAM - Stern & Hafferl Verkehr".
  7. ^ "Aarhus tram-train project gets the go-ahead". Railway Gazette International. 10 May 2012.
  8. ^ Haydock, David (April 2011). "France's first real tram train". Today's Railways. Platform 5 Publishing Ltd. pp. 37–40.
  9. ^ "Tram-Train for Haifa-Nazareth.(Transit News)". Archived from the original on 2014-06-29.
  10. ^ "Tram-trains may also run between Debrecen and Oradea in the future". www.debrecen.hu. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
  11. ^ Place North West (7 January 2019). "Metrolink heads to Stalybridge and Middleton in 2040 expansion". Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  12. ^ "Planovane-modernizacie-elektrickovych-trati-MET-a-Integrovany-dopravny-system-IDS" (PDF).
  13. ^ "Agency Strategic Initiative" (PDF).
  14. ^ "Jöhet a Szeged-Szabadka tram-train, megjelent a tender – Szegedi hírek". Szeged365 (in Hungarian). 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  15. ^ "Szeged-Makó elővárosi közösségi közlekedés vizsgálata - Döntéselőkészítő Tanulmány (Közlekedés - Pro-Urbe - V-Plan - Uvaterv - Unitef)". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2012-12-22.
  16. ^ Adelaidemetro.com.au Archived July 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "El tren tranvía ya tiene la firma para arrancar - Cali - Colombia - ELTIEMPO.COM".
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