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{{short description|A collection of liturgical Christian denominations that are not members of traditional denominations}} |
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The '''Independent Sacramental Movement''' (ISM) refers to the extremely loose collection of orders, churches, jurisdictions, and freelance clergy made up of sacramental Christians (and, depending on how one draws boundaries, some Christo-Pagans and Thelemites) who are not part of the historic sacramental denominations. Many in the ISM owe their origins to schisms from Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, Anglican, and Orthodox churches, and generally claim to preserve the [[historical episcopate]] or [[apostolic succession]], though this claim would be seriously questioned, if not rejected, by the ecclesiastical authorities of Rome, Constantinople, Utrecht, and Canterbury. Utrecht and some jurisdictions within the Anglican Communion have engaged in ecumenical conversation with some groups which could be included in the ISM. Groups which are structurally similar but without claiming the apostolic succession may also be classed as part of the ISM. |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}} |
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The '''independent sacramental movement''' ('''ISM''') refers to a loose collection of individuals and [[Christian denomination]]s that are not part of the historic sacramental Christian denominations embodying [[catholicity]] (such as the [[Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], and [[Anglican Communion|Anglican churches]]) and yet continue to practice the historic sacramental rites independently.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Plummer|first=John|title=The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/11/1/115/95399/ReviewReview?redirectedFrom=PDF|access-date=March 1, 2021|journal=Nova Religio|date=August 2007 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=115–116 |publisher=Newt Books|doi=10.1525/nr.2007.11.1.115 |quote=One relatively underreported segment of the incredible spiritual mosaic which is Western religious life today is the large number of small independent churches of sacramental, Catholic style and practice. Mostly of Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, or Roman Catholic derivation and character, they emphasize the importance of the sacraments, and generally claim authentic apostolic succession.}}</ref> |
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The term was used in 2005 by John Plummer, in ''The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement'',<ref>{{cite book|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=Apocryphile Press|last=Plummer|first=John P.|title=The many paths of the independent sacramental movement: a national study of its liturgy, doctrine, and leadership|year=2006|edition=2nd|orig-year=2005|isbn=9780977146123}}</ref> and was used earlier, in 2002, by [[Richard Smoley]] in his ''Inner Christianity''.<ref>{{cite book|location=Boston, MA|publisher=Shambhala|last=Smoley|first=Richard|title=Inner Christianity: a guide to the esoteric tradition|year=2002|isbn=9781570628108|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/innerchristianit00rich}}</ref> |
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Groups within the ISM (often known as [[Independent Catholic]], [[Old Catholic]], [[Liberal Catholic]], Autocephalous Orthodox, Free Sacramental, etc) tend to share a number of characteristics: small groups and/or solitary clergy, centrality of the sacramental life (especially the Eucharist), a mediatory priesthood mostly composed of volunteers, ordination potentially available to a significant percentage of the membership, and experimentation in theology, liturgy, and/or church structure. |
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==Terminology== |
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The term was popularised by John Plummer in his book "The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement", although it was earlier used by Richard Smoley in "Inner Christianity," and perhaps first used in the mid-1970s by a short-lived cooperative organization called the Synod of Independent Sacramental Churches. ISM groups range from the broadly inclusive (including marriage of same-sex couples and the ordination of women) to the socially conservative; also from the traditionally orthodox to the esoteric, although the term is most commonly employed to refer to the liberal end of the spectrum. While the term "Independent Sacramental" originated as an [[etic]] description, it has been used increasingly as an [[emic]] self-description by members of some of these churches and groups. |
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The movement's name is an expansion of an earlier term: the Independent Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican Movement, which was used extensively during many years when many of these groups cooperated, although they were not in formal communion with one another. The majority of these groups' holy orders and sequences of apostolic succession are derived through mutually-common sources, especially [[Arnold Harris Mathew]], [[Aftimios Ofiesh]], [[Carlos Duarte Costa]], and [[Joseph René Vilatte]]. It remains difficult to define the ISM as an entity and to distinguish it from the closely related [[Independent Catholic]] movement; the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, seemingly to refer to the same reality.<ref name="Jarvis 2018"/>{{rp|152}} |
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== Characteristics == |
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==Literature== |
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Many denominations within the movement originated from [[schism]]s with the historic sacramental Christian denominations, and they claim to have preserved the [[Historical episcopate|historic episcopate]] or [[apostolic succession]],<ref name=":0" /> though such claims are frequently disputed or rejected outright by the historic churches of [[Holy See|Rome]], [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Constantinople]], the [[Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)|Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches]], and the [[Church of England]].<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000806_dominus-iesus_en.html Paragraph 17] of ''[[Dominus Iesus]]''</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Universalist Orthodox Church celebrates inclusion|url=https://www.toledoblade.com/news/religion/2019/07/01/the-forgotten-faith-Universalist-Orthodox-Church-celebrates-inclusion/stories/20190629004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717194934/https://www.toledoblade.com/news/religion/2019/07/01/the-forgotten-faith-Universalist-Orthodox-Church-celebrates-inclusion/stories/20190629004|archive-date=July 17, 2019|access-date=February 15, 2021|website=The Blade|language=en|quote=It would fall to her, then, she decided. She sought a bishop to ordain her in the Independent Sacramental Movement, a network of self-sustaining faith communities that operate outside the structures of mainstream churches, but that retain the same apostolic succession of these same mainstream churches. As with the Rev. Bingle, the mainstream church hierarchies generally do not recognize the ordinations of clergy in the Independent Sacramental Movement, even though the lineages of these clergy – who ordained whom ordained whom ordained whom – can be traced back to the same foundational ministers.}}</ref><ref name="Jarvis 2018"/>{{rp|202-208}} |
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*Smoley, Richard. ''Inner Christianity.'' Shambhala, 2002. |
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*Bp. †Joe Payyapilly, ''The Apostolic Succession into the 21st Century'', OWLi Publishing, 2009; Associated Content Society, 2009. |
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*Bishops †Babeckis, James & †Chapman, B. A., ''One True Doctrine'', BCH Distribution, 1994 |
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Groups within the independent sacramental movement are alternatively known as [[Independent Catholicism|Independent Catholic]], "Old Catholic" (though not to be confused with the [[Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)|Union of Utrecht of Old Catholic Churches]]), [[Liberal Catholic Church|Liberal Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church#Churches not in communion with other churches|Autocephalous Orthodox]], Free Sacramental, or, sometimes pejoratively, as micro-churches, parallel churches, or ''[[Episcopus vagans|episcopi vagantes]]'' in the case of their bishops.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Independent episcopal churches - Les églises épiscopales et autonomes|url=https://ecumenism.net/denom/independent.php|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=ecumenism.net}}</ref><ref name="Jarvis 2018">{{cite book|title=God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB|first=Edward|last=Jarvis|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|year=2018|publisher=The Apocryphile Press|isbn=978-1-949643-02-2|location=Berkeley CA}}</ref>{{rp|152}} |
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* [http://mathewcenter.blogspot.com/ Arnold Harris Mathew Center for the Study of the Independent Sacramental Movement] |
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== See also == |
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* [http://www.independentmovement.us/ Independent Movement Database] |
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* [[Continuing church]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=Apocryphile Press|editor-last=Bate|editor-first=Alistair|title=A Strange vocation: independent bishops tell their stories|year=2009|isbn=9781933993751}} |
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*{{cite book|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=Apocryphile Press|last=Houston|first=Siobhán|title=Priests, gnostics & magicians: European roots of esoteric independent Catholicism|year=2009|isbn=9781933993683}} |
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*{{cite book|title=God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB|first=Edward|last=Jarvis|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|year=2018|publisher=The Apocryphile Press|isbn=978-1-949643-02-2|location=Berkeley CA}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Sede Vacante: The Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc|first=Edward|last=Jarvis|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|year=2018|publisher=The Apocryphile Press|location=Berkeley CA|isbn=9781949643022}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Carlos Duarte Costa: Testament of a Socialist Bishop|first=Edward|last=Jarvis|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|year=2019|publisher=The Apocryphile Press|location=Berkeley CA|isbn=9781949643237}} |
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*{{cite book|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=Apocryphile Press|last=Jones|first=Rob Angus|title=Independent sacramental bishops: ordination, authority, lineage, and validity|year=2010|isbn=9781933993836}} |
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*{{cite book|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=Apocryphile Press|last=Plummer|first=John P.|title=Living mysteries: a practical handbook for the independent priest|year=2010|edition=3rd|isbn=9781933993935}} |
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*{{cite book|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=Apocryphile Press|last1=Plummer|first1=John P.|last2=Mabry|first2=John R.|title=Who are the independent Catholics?: an introduction to the independent and Old Catholic churches|year=2006|isbn=9781933993003}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia|location=Detroit|publisher=Apogee Books|encyclopedia=Independent bishops : an international directory|editor1-last=Ward|editor1-first=Gary L.|editor2-last=Persson|editor2-first=Bertil|editor3-last=Bain|editor3-first=Alan|year=1990|isbn=155888307X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpXjAAAAMAAJ|title=Independent Bishops}} |
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* [https://www.independentsacramental.org Independent Sacramental] |
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{{christianity-stub}} |
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[[Category:Christian movements]] |
[[Category:Christian movements]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:03, 9 December 2024
The independent sacramental movement (ISM) refers to a loose collection of individuals and Christian denominations that are not part of the historic sacramental Christian denominations embodying catholicity (such as the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, and Anglican churches) and yet continue to practice the historic sacramental rites independently.[1]
The term was used in 2005 by John Plummer, in The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement,[2] and was used earlier, in 2002, by Richard Smoley in his Inner Christianity.[3]
Terminology
[edit]The movement's name is an expansion of an earlier term: the Independent Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican Movement, which was used extensively during many years when many of these groups cooperated, although they were not in formal communion with one another. The majority of these groups' holy orders and sequences of apostolic succession are derived through mutually-common sources, especially Arnold Harris Mathew, Aftimios Ofiesh, Carlos Duarte Costa, and Joseph René Vilatte. It remains difficult to define the ISM as an entity and to distinguish it from the closely related Independent Catholic movement; the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, seemingly to refer to the same reality.[4]: 152
Characteristics
[edit]Many denominations within the movement originated from schisms with the historic sacramental Christian denominations, and they claim to have preserved the historic episcopate or apostolic succession,[1] though such claims are frequently disputed or rejected outright by the historic churches of Rome, Constantinople, the Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches, and the Church of England.[5][6][4]: 202–208
Groups within the independent sacramental movement are alternatively known as Independent Catholic, "Old Catholic" (though not to be confused with the Union of Utrecht of Old Catholic Churches), Liberal Catholic, Autocephalous Orthodox, Free Sacramental, or, sometimes pejoratively, as micro-churches, parallel churches, or episcopi vagantes in the case of their bishops.[7][4]: 152
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Plummer, John (August 2007). "The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement". Nova Religio. 11 (1). Newt Books: 115–116. doi:10.1525/nr.2007.11.1.115. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
One relatively underreported segment of the incredible spiritual mosaic which is Western religious life today is the large number of small independent churches of sacramental, Catholic style and practice. Mostly of Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, or Roman Catholic derivation and character, they emphasize the importance of the sacraments, and generally claim authentic apostolic succession.
- ^ Plummer, John P. (2006) [2005]. The many paths of the independent sacramental movement: a national study of its liturgy, doctrine, and leadership (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9780977146123.
- ^ Smoley, Richard (2002). Inner Christianity: a guide to the esoteric tradition. Boston, MA: Shambhala. ISBN 9781570628108.
- ^ a b c Jarvis, Edward (2018). God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 978-1-949643-02-2.
- ^ Paragraph 17 of Dominus Iesus
- ^ "Universalist Orthodox Church celebrates inclusion". The Blade. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
It would fall to her, then, she decided. She sought a bishop to ordain her in the Independent Sacramental Movement, a network of self-sustaining faith communities that operate outside the structures of mainstream churches, but that retain the same apostolic succession of these same mainstream churches. As with the Rev. Bingle, the mainstream church hierarchies generally do not recognize the ordinations of clergy in the Independent Sacramental Movement, even though the lineages of these clergy – who ordained whom ordained whom ordained whom – can be traced back to the same foundational ministers.
- ^ "Independent episcopal churches - Les églises épiscopales et autonomes". ecumenism.net. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
Further reading
[edit]- Bate, Alistair, ed. (2009). A Strange vocation: independent bishops tell their stories. Berkeley, CA: Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781933993751.
- Houston, Siobhán (2009). Priests, gnostics & magicians: European roots of esoteric independent Catholicism. Berkeley, CA: Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781933993683.
- Jarvis, Edward (2018). God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 978-1-949643-02-2.
- Jarvis, Edward (2018). Sede Vacante: The Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781949643022.
- Jarvis, Edward (2019). Carlos Duarte Costa: Testament of a Socialist Bishop. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781949643237.
- Jones, Rob Angus (2010). Independent sacramental bishops: ordination, authority, lineage, and validity. Berkeley, CA: Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781933993836.
- Plummer, John P. (2004). The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 0-9771461-2-X.
- Plummer, John P. (2010). Living mysteries: a practical handbook for the independent priest (3rd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781933993935.
- Plummer, John P.; Mabry, John R. (2006). Who are the independent Catholics?: an introduction to the independent and Old Catholic churches. Berkeley, CA: Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781933993003.
- Ward, Gary L.; Persson, Bertil; Bain, Alan, eds. (1990). "Independent Bishops". Independent bishops : an international directory. Detroit: Apogee Books. ISBN 155888307X.