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{{Short description|Part of a flower}}
#REDIRECT [[Carpel]]
[[File:Mature flower diagram.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Diagram of a blooming flower showing the position of the style]]

In [[botany]], the '''style''' of an [[Flowering plant|angiosperm flower]] is an organ of variable length that connects the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] to the [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=VanDerZanden |first=Ann Marie |date=2019-01-07 |title=Reproductive plant parts |url=https://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/techniques/reproductive-plant-parts |journal=Ag - Community Horticulture/Landscape |language=en}}</ref> The style does not contain ovules; these are limited to the region of the [[gynoecium]] (female organs of the flower) called the "ovary".

== Structure ==
The style is a narrow extension of the ovary, usually pointing upwards, connecting the ovary to the [[Stigma (botany)|stigmatic papillae]]. It may be absent in some plants; in this case, it is referred to as a [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]] stigma. Styles generally resemble more or less long tubes. The style can be open (with few cells occupying the central part, or even none), featuring a central canal that may be filled with [[mucilage]]. Alternatively, the style can be closed (completely filled with cells). Most plants with [[Gynoecium|syncarpous pistils]] ([[Monocotyledon|monocotyledons]] and some [[Eudicots|eudicotys]]) have open styles, whereas many eudicots and grasses have closed (solid) styles containing specialized secretory tissues, which connect the stigma to the center of the ovary. These tissues form a nutrient-rich cord for the growth of the pollen tube.{{sfn|Rudall|2007}}

When the [[pistil]] consists of several [[carpels]], each of them may have a distinct ''stylodium'' (sometimes seen as a pseudo-style<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sokoloff |first=Dmitry D. |last2=Remizowa |first2=Margarita V. |last3=Linder |first3=H. Peter |last4=Rudall |first4=Paula J. |date=2009 |title=Morphology and development of the gynoecium in Centrolepidaceae: The most remarkable range of variation in Poales |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/27898/11/Sokoloff_AJB_2009_V.pdf |journal=American Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=96 |issue=11 |pages=1925–1940 |doi=10.3732/ajb.0900074 |issn=0002-9122}}</ref>) or share a common style. In [[Iris (plant)|Iris]] and other species of the ''[[Iridaceae]]'' family, the style divides into three "petaloid branches" (resembling petals), sometimes also called stylodiums,{{sfn|Rudall|2007}} almost at the origin of the style and is called "tribrachiate". These are strips of tissue emerging from the perianth tube above the sepal. The stigma is a ridge or edge on the lower surface of the branch, near the tip of the lobes.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 July 2015 |language=en |publisher=herbs2000.com |title=''The Anatomy of Irises'' |url=http://www.herbs2000.com/flowers/i_anatomy.htm}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref> Branched styles also appear in the genera ''[[Dietes]]'', [[Iris (plant)|''Pardanthopsis'']], and in most species of the genus ''[[Moraea]]''.<ref name="klaus2">{{cite book |editor-first1 =Klaus |editor-last1 = Kubitzki | first1= H. | last1=Huber | first2 = P.J. | last2 = Rudall |first3 = P.S. | last3 = Stevens | first4 = T. |last4 = Stützel |date=2013 |isbn=978-3-662-03533-7 |language=en |page=305 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |title=Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons : Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales and Ericales |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSfrCAAAQBAJ}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

In ''[[Crocus]]'' species, the style is branched into three "branches," forming a tube.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Michael | last1 = Hickey |first2=Clive |last2 = King |date=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-33700-7 |language=en |page=562 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |title=100 Families of Flowering Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDh7fz9uToMC}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Plants of the genus ''[[Hesperantha]]'' have a spread-out branched style. The style can also be lobed rather than branched. Plants of the genus ''[[Gladiolus]]'' have a bilobed style. In the genera ''[[Freesia]]'', ''[[Lapeirousia]]'', ''[[Romulea]]'', ''[[Savannosiphon]]'', and ''[[Watsonia (plant)|Watsonia]]'', the style has bifurcated and curved branches.<ref name="klaus3">{{cite book |editor-first1 =Klaus |editor-last1 = Kubitzki | first1= H. | last1=Huber | first2 = P.J. | last2 = Rudall |first3 = P.S. | last3 = Stevens | first4 = T. |last4 = Stützel |date=2013 |isbn=978-3-662-03533-7 |language=en |page=305 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |title=Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons : Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales and Ericales |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSfrCAAAQBAJ}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="klaus4">{{cite book |editor-first1 =Klaus |editor-last1 = Kubitzki | first1= H. | last1=Huber | first2 = P.J. | last2 = Rudall |first3 = P.S. | last3 = Stevens | first4 = T. |last4 = Stützel |date=2013 |isbn=978-3-662-03533-7 |language=en |page=305 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |title=Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons : Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales and Ericales |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSfrCAAAQBAJ}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
{{Multiple image
| header =
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 700
| image3 = Saffron stigmas Crocus speciosus corrected cropped.jpg
| width3 = 216
| caption3 = {{center|The feathery stigma of [[Iris versicolor]] (''Crocus speciosus'') has three branches corresponding to the three carpels.}}
| image2 = Iris missouriensis (3624887687).jpg
| width2 = 320
| caption2 = {{center|Flower of [[Iris missouriensis]] showing the light blue branched style above the drooping petal.}}
| image1 = Iris versicolor 3.jpg
| width1 = 320
| caption1 = {{center|Flower of the [[Iris versicolor]] showing three overlapping two-lipped structures, an upper petaloid branching, and a lower tepal, enclosing a stamen.}}
}}


=== Attachment to the ovary===
{{multiple image
| header = Style position
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 100
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Gynoecium morphology style position terminal.png
| caption1 = Terminal (apical)
| image2 = Gynoecium morphology style position lateral.png
| caption2 = Lateral
| image3 = Gynoecium morphology style position gynobasic.png
| caption3 = Gynobasic
}}
May be terminal (apical), subapical, lateral, gynobasic, or {{notatypo|subgynobasic}}. Terminal (apical) style position refers to attachment at the apex of the ovary and is the most common pattern. In the subapical pattern, the style arises to the side slightly below the apex. A lateral style arises from the side of the ovary and is found in [[Rosaceae]]. The gynobasic style arises from the base of the ovary, or between the ovary lobes and is characteristic of [[Boraginaceae]]. {{notatypo|Subgynobasic}} styles characterise ''[[Allium]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Simpson|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC&pg=PA378 Style position p.&nbsp;378]}}</ref>

=== Pollination ===

Pollen tubes grow the length of the style to reach the [[ovule]]s, and in some cases [[Self-incompatibility in plants|self-incompatibility reactions]] in the style prevent full growth of the pollen tubes. In some species, including ''[[Gasteria]]'' at least, the pollen tube is directed to the [[Ovule#Integuments, micropyle and chalaza|micropyle]] of the ovule by the style.<ref name=biology>Christophe Clement, Ettore Pacini, Jean-Claude Audran (Editors) {{Googlebooks|TOXwCAAAQBAJ|Anther and Pollen: From Biology to Biotechnology|page=151}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book | last=Rudall | first=P.J. | title=Anatomy of Flowering Plants: An Introduction to Structure and Development | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-139-45948-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO8HOKyabgC | access-date=2024-05-06}}
* {{cite book |last=Simpson|first=Michael G.|title=Plant Systematics|year=2011|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-051404-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC}}

[[Category:Plant reproduction]]
[[Category:Plant morphology]]

Latest revision as of 08:34, 9 December 2024

Diagram of a blooming flower showing the position of the style

In botany, the style of an angiosperm flower is an organ of variable length that connects the ovary to the stigma.[1] The style does not contain ovules; these are limited to the region of the gynoecium (female organs of the flower) called the "ovary".

Structure

[edit]

The style is a narrow extension of the ovary, usually pointing upwards, connecting the ovary to the stigmatic papillae. It may be absent in some plants; in this case, it is referred to as a sessile stigma. Styles generally resemble more or less long tubes. The style can be open (with few cells occupying the central part, or even none), featuring a central canal that may be filled with mucilage. Alternatively, the style can be closed (completely filled with cells). Most plants with syncarpous pistils (monocotyledons and some eudicotys) have open styles, whereas many eudicots and grasses have closed (solid) styles containing specialized secretory tissues, which connect the stigma to the center of the ovary. These tissues form a nutrient-rich cord for the growth of the pollen tube.[2]

When the pistil consists of several carpels, each of them may have a distinct stylodium (sometimes seen as a pseudo-style[3]) or share a common style. In Iris and other species of the Iridaceae family, the style divides into three "petaloid branches" (resembling petals), sometimes also called stylodiums,[2] almost at the origin of the style and is called "tribrachiate". These are strips of tissue emerging from the perianth tube above the sepal. The stigma is a ridge or edge on the lower surface of the branch, near the tip of the lobes.[4] Branched styles also appear in the genera Dietes, Pardanthopsis, and in most species of the genus Moraea.[5]

In Crocus species, the style is branched into three "branches," forming a tube.[6] Plants of the genus Hesperantha have a spread-out branched style. The style can also be lobed rather than branched. Plants of the genus Gladiolus have a bilobed style. In the genera Freesia, Lapeirousia, Romulea, Savannosiphon, and Watsonia, the style has bifurcated and curved branches.[7][8]

Flower of the Iris versicolor showing three overlapping two-lipped structures, an upper petaloid branching, and a lower tepal, enclosing a stamen.
Flower of Iris missouriensis showing the light blue branched style above the drooping petal.
The feathery stigma of Iris versicolor (Crocus speciosus) has three branches corresponding to the three carpels.


Attachment to the ovary

[edit]
Style position
Terminal (apical)
Lateral
Gynobasic

May be terminal (apical), subapical, lateral, gynobasic, or subgynobasic. Terminal (apical) style position refers to attachment at the apex of the ovary and is the most common pattern. In the subapical pattern, the style arises to the side slightly below the apex. A lateral style arises from the side of the ovary and is found in Rosaceae. The gynobasic style arises from the base of the ovary, or between the ovary lobes and is characteristic of Boraginaceae. Subgynobasic styles characterise Allium.[9]

Pollination

[edit]

Pollen tubes grow the length of the style to reach the ovules, and in some cases self-incompatibility reactions in the style prevent full growth of the pollen tubes. In some species, including Gasteria at least, the pollen tube is directed to the micropyle of the ovule by the style.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ VanDerZanden, Ann Marie (2019-01-07). "Reproductive plant parts". Ag - Community Horticulture/Landscape.
  2. ^ a b Rudall 2007.
  3. ^ Sokoloff, Dmitry D.; Remizowa, Margarita V.; Linder, H. Peter; Rudall, Paula J. (2009). "Morphology and development of the gynoecium in Centrolepidaceae: The most remarkable range of variation in Poales" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 96 (11): 1925–1940. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900074. ISSN 0002-9122.
  4. ^ "The Anatomy of Irises". herbs2000.com. Retrieved 27 July 2015..
  5. ^ Huber, H.; Rudall, P.J.; Stevens, P.S.; Stützel, T. (2013). Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons : Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales and Ericales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 305. ISBN 978-3-662-03533-7.
  6. ^ Hickey, Michael; King, Clive (1988). 100 Families of Flowering Plants. Cambridge University Press. p. 562. ISBN 978-0-521-33700-7.
  7. ^ Huber, H.; Rudall, P.J.; Stevens, P.S.; Stützel, T. (2013). Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons : Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales and Ericales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 305. ISBN 978-3-662-03533-7.
  8. ^ Huber, H.; Rudall, P.J.; Stevens, P.S.; Stützel, T. (2013). Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons : Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales and Ericales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 305. ISBN 978-3-662-03533-7.
  9. ^ Simpson 2011, Style position p. 378
  10. ^ Christophe Clement, Ettore Pacini, Jean-Claude Audran (Editors) Anther and Pollen: From Biology to Biotechnology, p. 151, at Google Books

Sources

[edit]
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