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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Chhau'' dance}}
{{short description|Indian semi classical martial dance originating in East India}}
{{short description|Indian semi classical martial dance originating in East India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
[[File:Chhau Nritya (1).jpg|thumb|Chhau dance performing artists]]
[[File:Chhau Nritya (1).jpg|thumb|''Chhau'' performing artists]]
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[[File:Mayurbhanj Chau artistes performing with depiction of Krishna and gopi, Bhubaneswar.jpg|thumb|Mayurbhanj Chhau artists performing to a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] theme at [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]]]
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[[File:Chhau Dance of Purulia.ogv|thumb|A video of Chau dance in [[Purulia]], [[West Bengal]]]]
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'''Chhau dance''', also spelled '''Chhou dance''', is a semi classical [[India]]n dance with martial and folk traditions.{{Sfn|Williams|2004|pp=83-84, is a semi classical [[India]]n dance with martial, tribal and folk origins. The other major classical Indian dances are: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Odissi, Manipuri, Satriya, Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela}} It is found in three styles named after the location where they are performed, i.e. the ''Purulia Chhau'' of [[West Bengal]], the ''Seraikella Chhau'' of [[Jharkhand]] and the ''Mayurbhanj Chhau'' of [[Odisha]].


⚫
'''''Chhau''''', also spelled '''''Chhou''''', is a semi classical [[India]]n dance with martial and folk traditions.{{Sfn|Williams|2004|pp=83-84, is a semi-classical Indian dance with martial, tribal and folk origins. The other major classical Indian dances are: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Odissi, Manipuri, Satriya, Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela}} It is found in three styles named after the location where they are performed, i.e. the ''Purulia Chhau'' of [[West Bengal]], the ''Seraikella Chhau'' of [[Jharkhand]] and the ''Mayurbhanj Chhau'' of [[Odisha]].
The dance ranges from celebrating [[martial arts]], [[acrobatics]] and athletics performed in festive themes of a folk dance, to a structured dance with religious themes found in [[Shaivism]], [[Shaktism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. The costumes vary between the styles, with Purulia and Serakeilla using masks to identify the character.<ref name=unescochhau/> The stories enacted by Chhau dancers include those from the Hindu epics the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the [[Puranas]] and other Indian literature.<ref name=unescochhau/>{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109-110}}


The dance is traditionally an all males troupe, regionally celebrated particularly during spring every year, and may be a syncretic dance form that emerged from a fusion of classical Hindu dances and the traditions of ancient regional tribes.{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109-110}} The dance is amazing and brings together people from diverse socio-economic backgrounds in a festive and religious spirit.<ref name=unescochhau/>{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109-110}}
The dance ranges from celebrating [[martial arts]], [[acrobatics]] and athletics performed in festive themes of a folk dance, to a structured dance with religious themes found in [[Shaivism]], [[Shaktism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. The costumes vary between the styles, with Purulia and Serakeilla using masks to identify the character.<ref name=unescochhau/> The stories enacted by Chhau dancers include those from the Hindu epics the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the [[Puranas]] and other [[Indian literature]].<ref name=unescochhau/>{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109-110}}

The dance is traditionally an all males troupe, regionally celebrated particularly during spring every year, and may be a syncretic dance form that emerged from a fusion of classical Hindu dances and the traditions of ancient regional tribes.{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109-110}} The dance brings together people from diverse socio-economic backgrounds in a festive and religious spirit.<ref name=unescochhau/>{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109-110}}
⚫
[[File:Mayurbhanj Chau artistes performing with depiction of Krishna and gopi, Bhubaneswar.jpg|thumb|Mayurbhanj Chhau artists performing to a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] theme at [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]]]
⚫
[[File:Chhau Dance of Purulia.ogv|thumb|A video of Chau dance in [[Purulia]], [[West Bengal]]]]


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
Chhau is a folk dance of the [[Rarh region]] of Bengal. It may have been derived from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] ''Chāya'' (shadow, image or mask).{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109-110}}<ref name="Khokar1984p185">{{cite book|author=Mohan Khokar|title=Traditions of Indian classical dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prjnAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Clarion Books|pages=184–186|isbn=9780391032750}}</ref> Others link it to the Sanskrit root ''Chadma'' (disguise), yet others such as [[Sitakant Mahapatra]] suggest it is derived from ''Chhauni'' (military camp, armor, stealth) in Odia language.<ref name=bt>[[#Claus|Claus, p. 109]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://seraikela.nic.in/chhau/chhau_hss.htm#SARAIKELACHHAU|title=The Chhau|publisher=Seraikela-Kharsawan district official website|access-date=15 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410014517/http://seraikela.nic.in/chhau/chhau_hss.htm#SARAIKELACHHAU|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Chhau is a dance style originating from the regions of [[East India]].{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109}} It may have been derived from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] ''Chāya'' (shadow, image or mask).{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109-110}}<ref name="Khokar1984p185">{{cite book|author=Mohan Khokar|title=Traditions of Indian classical dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prjnAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Clarion Books|pages=184–186|isbn=9780391032750}}</ref> Others link it to the Sanskrit root ''Chadma'' (disguise), yet others such as [[Sitakant Mahapatra]] suggest it is derived from ''Chhauni'' (military camp, armour, stealth) in Odia language.<ref name=bt>[[#Claus|Claus, p. 109]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://seraikela.nic.in/chhau/chhau_hss.htm#SARAIKELACHHAU|title=The Chhau|publisher=Seraikela-Kharsawan district official website|access-date=15 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410014517/http://seraikela.nic.in/chhau/chhau_hss.htm#SARAIKELACHHAU|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Chhau dancer.jpg|thumb|A Chhau dancer in [[Baghmundi (community development block)|Bagmundi]], West Bengal in role of goddess Durga.]]
[[File:Chhau dancer.jpg|thumb|A Chhau dancer in [[Baghmundi (community development block)|Bagmundi]], West Bengal in role of goddess Durga.]]


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[[File:Durga with Lion - Mahisasuramardini - Chhau Dance - Royal Chhau Academy - Science City - Kolkata 2014-02-13 9127.JPG|thumb|A Shaktism themed costumes for Chhau dance (Durga with Lion, Purulia style Chhau).]]
[[File:Durga with Lion - Mahisasuramardini - Chhau Dance - Royal Chhau Academy - Science City - Kolkata 2014-02-13 9127.JPG|thumb|A Shaktism themed costumes for Chhau dance (Durga with Lion, Purulia style Chhau).]]
The Chhau dance is mainly performed during festivals in the region of [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]], especially the spring festival of [[Chaitra]] Parva and in which the whole community participates.<ref name="Khokar1984p185"/> The Purulia Chhau dance is celebrated during the Sun festival.<ref name=cl/>
The Chhau dance is mainly performed during festivals in the region of [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]], especially the spring festival of [[Chaitra]] Parva and in which the whole community participates.<ref name="Khokar1984p185"/> The Purulia Chhau dance is celebrated during the Sun festival.<ref name=cl/>
[[File:Chhau dance.jpg|thumb|left|Artists from Purulia district of West Bengal perform Chhau dance]]
[[File:Chhau dance.jpg|thumb|left|Artists from the Purulia district of West Bengal perform the Chhau dance]]
Masks form an integral part of Chhau dance in Purulia and Seraikella styles.<ref name=unescochhau/> The knowledge of dance, music and mask-making is transmitted orally.<ref>From: NOMINATION FILE NO. 00337 FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE REPRESENTATIVE LIST OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN 2010, UNESCO 2010</ref> The Chhau dance found in northern Odisha does not use mask during the dance, but they do when the artists first appear on the stage for introduction to the audience.{{Sfn| Claus|2003|p=110}}
Masks form an integral part of Chhau dance in Purulia and Seraikella styles.<ref name=unescochhau/> The knowledge of dance, music and mask-making is transmitted orally.<ref>From: NOMINATION FILE NO. 00337 FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE REPRESENTATIVE LIST OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN 2010, UNESCO 2010</ref> The Chhau dance found in northern Odisha does not use masks during the dance, but they do when the artists first appear on the stage for introduction to the audience.{{Sfn| Claus|2003|p=110}}


The two styles of Chhau dance that use masks, blend within it forms of both dance and martial practices employing mock combat techniques (called ''khel''), stylized gaits of birds and animals (called ''chalis'' and ''topkas'') and movements based on the chores of village housewives (called ''uflis'').<ref name=cl/> This form of the Chhau dance, states Mohan Khokar, has no ritual or ceremonial meaning, it is a form of community celebration and entertainment.<ref name="Khokar1984p185"/>
The two styles of Chhau dance that use masks, blend within it forms of both dance and martial practices employing mock combat techniques (called ''khel''), stylised gaits of birds and animals (called ''chalis'' and ''topkas'') and movements based on the chores of village housewives (called ''uflis'').<ref name=cl/> This form of the Chhau dance, states Mohan Khokar, has no ritual or ceremonial meaning, it is a form of community celebration and entertainment.<ref name="Khokar1984p185"/>


The dance is performed by male dancers, at night in an open space, called ''akhada'' or ''asar''. The dance is rhythmic and set to traditional folk music, played on the reed pipes ''mohuri'' and [[shehnai]].<ref name=unescochhau/> A variety of drums accompany the music ensemble including the [[dhol]] (a cylindrical drum), ''dhumsa'' (a large kettle drum) and ''kharka'' or ''chad-chadi''. The themes for these dances include local legends, folklore and episodes from the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and other abstract themes.<ref name=unescochhau>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00337 Chhau dance] UNESCO, Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</ref>
The dance is performed by male dancers, at night in an open space, called ''akhada'' or ''asar''. The dance is rhythmic and set to traditional folk music, played on the reed pipes ''mohuri'' and [[shehnai]].<ref name=unescochhau/> A variety of drums accompany the music ensemble including the [[dhol]] (a cylindrical drum), ''dhumsa'' (a large kettle drum) and ''kharka'' or ''chad-chadi''. The themes for these dances include local legends, folklore and episodes from the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and other abstract themes.<ref name=unescochhau>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00337 Chhau dance] UNESCO, Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</ref>
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== Three styles of Chhau ==
== Three styles of Chhau ==
[[File:Ileana Citaristi performing Mayurbhanj Chhau.gif|thumb|[[Ileana Citaristi]] performing Mayurbhanj Chhau (Shaivism theme).]]
[[File:Ileana Citaristi performing Mayurbhanj Chhau.gif|thumb|[[Ileana Citaristi]] performing Mayurbhanj Chhau (Shaivism theme).]]
The '''Seraikella Chhau''' developed in [[Seraikela]], when it was under the rule of Kalinga's [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati Rule]] the present day administrative headquarters of the [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] of [[Jharkhand]], the '''Purulia Chhau''' in [[Purulia district]] of [[West Bengal]] and the '''Mayurbhanj Chhau'''<ref>{{cite web|title=CHHAU DANCE OF MAYURBHANJ|url=http://mayurbhanj.nic.in/cult.htm|access-date=20 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316174339/http://mayurbhanj.nic.in/cult.htm|archive-date=16 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Mayurbhanj district]] of [[Odisha]]. The most prominent difference among the three subgenres is regarding the use of masks. While, the Seraikela and Purulia subgenres of Chhau use masks during the dance, the Mayurbhanj Chhau uses none.<ref name=cl>[[#Claus|Claus, p. 110]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html |title=Famous Folk Dance: "Chau" |publisher=[[Purulia district]] official website |access-date=15 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602171304/http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html |archive-date=2 June 2013 }}</ref>
The '''Seraikella Chhau''' developed in [[Seraikela]], when it was under the rule of Kalinga's [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati Rule]] the present day administrative headquarters of the [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] of [[Jharkhand]], the '''Purulia Chhau''' in [[Purulia district]] of [[West Bengal]] and the '''Mayurbhanj Chhau'''<ref name="mayur">{{Cite web |title=CHHAU DANCE OF MAYURBHANJ |url=http://mayurbhanj.nic.in/cult.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316174339/http://mayurbhanj.nic.in/cult.htm |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> in [[Mayurbhanj district]] of [[Odisha]]. The most prominent difference among the three subgenres is regarding the use of masks. While, the Seraikela and Purulia subgenres of Chhau use masks during the dance, the Mayurbhanj Chhau uses none.<ref name=cl>[[#Claus|Claus, p. 110]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html |title=Famous Folk Dance: "Chau" |publisher=[[Purulia district]] official website |access-date=15 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602171304/http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html |archive-date=2 June 2013 }}</ref>


The Seraikella Chhau's technique and repertoire were developed by the erstwhile nobility of this region who were both its performers and choreographers, and in the modern era people from all backgrounds dance it.<ref name=cl/> The Seraikella Chhau is performed with symbolic masks, and the acting establishes the role the actor is playing.<ref name=cl/><ref name=khokar1984p187/> The Purulia Chhau uses extensive masks shaped in the form of the character being played; for example, a lion character has a face mask of lion and body costumes too with the actor walking on all fours.<ref name=cl/> These masks are crafted by potters who make clay images of Hindu gods and goddesses and is primarily sourced from the [[Purulia district]] of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pani|first=Jiwan|title=World of Other Faces - Indian Masks|year=1986|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|pages=19–20}}</ref> In the Mayurbhanj Chhau is performed without masks and is technically similar to the Seraikella Chhau.<ref name=cl/><ref name=khokar1984p187>{{cite book|author=Mohan Khokar|title=Traditions of Indian classical dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prjnAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Clarion Books|pages=186–187|isbn=9780391032750}}</ref>
The Seraikella Chhau's technique and repertoire were developed by the erstwhile nobility of this region who were both its performers and choreographers, and in the modern era people from all backgrounds dance it.<ref name=cl/> The Seraikella Chhau is performed with symbolic masks, and the acting establishes the role the actor is playing.<ref name=cl/><ref name=khokar1984p187/> The Purulia Chhau uses extensive masks shaped in the form of the character being played; for example, a lion character has a face mask of lion and body costumes too with the actor walking on all fours.<ref name=cl/> These masks are crafted by potters who make clay images of Hindu gods and goddesses and is primarily sourced from the [[Purulia district]] of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pani|first=Jiwan|title=World of Other Faces - Indian Masks|year=1986|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|pages=19–20}}</ref> In the Mayurbhanj Chhau is performed without masks and is technically similar to the Seraikella Chhau.<ref name=cl/><ref name=khokar1984p187>{{cite book|author=Mohan Khokar|title=Traditions of Indian classical dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prjnAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Clarion Books|pages=186–187|isbn=9780391032750}}</ref>
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== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==
The [[Hindi film]] [[Barfi!]] has several scenes that features the Purulia Chhau in it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Film Review {{!}} Barfi!|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PYBk7vmKGxRJKZEQwBwNkN/Film-Review--Barfi.html|access-date=26 April 2013|newspaper=HT Mint|date=13 September 2012}}</ref>
*The [[Hindi film]] [[Barfi!]] has several scenes that features the Purulia Chhau in it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Film Review {{!}} Barfi!|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PYBk7vmKGxRJKZEQwBwNkN/Film-Review--Barfi.html|access-date=26 April 2013|newspaper=HT Mint|date=13 September 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Chhau Dance of Purulia - Documentary - EZCC.webm|thumb|thumbtime=36:53|right|Chhau Dance of Purulia - Documentary - EZCC]]
*[[Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre]], Kolkata, brings you the Documentary. The video is a documentary on the Purulia Chhau of West Bengal. The Chhau is a semi-classical dance form from Eastern India which has tribal and folk origins.


== Chhau mask ==
== Chhau mask ==
{{main|Chhau Mask}}
{{main|Chhau Mask}}
{{multiple image
{{multiple image
| align = right
| align = center
| total_width = 650
| total_width = 650
⚫
| title = <big>''Chhau masks and dancer of [[West Bengal]]''</big>


| image1 = Chhau dancer.jpg
| image1 = Chhau dancer.jpg
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|alt4 =
|alt4 =
|caption4 = Durga with Lion, Purulia style Chhau
|caption4 = Durga with Lion, Purulia style Chhau

⚫
| footer = <big>''Chhau masks and dancer of [[West Bengal]]''</big>
}}
}}
Purulia Chhau Dance is listed on [[UNESCO]]'s world heritage list of dances.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/indian-performing-arts/chhau-dance-of-purulia/|title=Chhau Dance: West Bengal's Performing Art Treasure |date=30 July 2015|work=Utsavpedia|access-date=12 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The main difference between the Purulia Chhau and Odisha Chhau is in the use of the mask. Purulia Chhau uses masks in dance, but Odisha does not have masks thereby adding facial expression with body movements and gestures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html|title=The Official Website of Purulia District|website=purulia.gov.in|access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref> Traditionally, the chhau dance is held during mid-march when one agricultural circle ends and a new circle begins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=85&Name=Chho|title=:::::: Daricha Foundation ::::::|website=www.daricha.org|access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref> Purulia Chhau dancers wear the earthy and theatrical mask which represent the mythological characters. After making the shape of mask with clay, it is coloured and decorated with Shola and other things.
Purulia Chhau Dance is listed on [[UNESCO]]'s world heritage list of dances.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/indian-performing-arts/chhau-dance-of-purulia/|title=Chhau Dance: West Bengal's Performing Art Treasure |date=30 July 2015|work=Utsavpedia|access-date=12 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The main difference between the Purulia Chhau and Mayurbhanj Chhau is in the use of the mask. Purulia Chhau uses masks in dance, but Mayurbhanj Chhau does not have masks thereby adding facial expression with body movements and gestures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html|title=The Official Website of Purulia District|website=purulia.gov.in|access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref> Traditionally, the chhau dance is held during mid-march when one agricultural circle ends and a new circle begins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=85&Name=Chho|title=:::::: Daricha Foundation ::::::|website=www.daricha.org|access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref> Purulia Chhau dancers wear the earthy and theatrical mask which represent the mythological characters. After making the shape of mask with clay, it is coloured and decorated with Shola and other things.


[[File:Chhau Mask of West Bengal in Indian Stamp.jpg|thumb|[[Chhau Mask]] of [[West Bengal]] in Indian Stamp, 2017]]
[[File:Chhau Mask of West Bengal in Indian Stamp.jpg|thumb|[[Chhau Mask]] of [[West Bengal]] in Indian Stamp, 2017]]
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[[File:Making Chau Mask.jpg|thumb|Chhau masks are being made in a household in Purulia]]
[[File:Making Chau Mask.jpg|thumb|Chhau masks are being made in a household in Purulia]]
These chhau masks are made by the artists by the '''''Sutradhar community'''''. The making of a mask goes through various stages. 8-10 layers of soft paper, immersed in diluted glue, are pasted one after another on the mould before the mud mould is dusted with fine ash powder. The facial features are made of clay. A special layer of mud and cloth is applied and the mask is then sun-dried. After this, the mould is polished and the second round of sun drying is done before separating the layers of cloth and paper from the mould. After finishing and drilling of holes for the nose and eyes, the mask is colored and decorated.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/mask-dances-bengal|title= Mask dances of Bengal|work=indianculture.gov.in|access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.mollisarts.com/chhau-folk-art-mask-craft.html|title=Faces behind the Chhau Mask|website= www.mollisarts.com|access-date=11 June 2022|language=en-US}}</ref>
These chhau masks are made by the artists by the '''''Sutradhar community'''''. The making of a mask goes through various stages. 8-10 layers of soft paper, immersed in diluted glue, are pasted one after another on the mould before the mud mould is dusted with fine ash powder. The facial features are made of clay. A special layer of mud and cloth is applied and the mask is then sun-dried. After this, the mould is polished and the second round of sun drying is done before separating the layers of cloth and paper from the mould. After finishing and drilling of holes for the nose and eyes, the mask is coloured and decorated.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/mask-dances-bengal|title= Mask dances of Bengal|work=indianculture.gov.in|access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.mollisarts.com/chhau-folk-art-mask-craft.html|title=Faces behind the Chhau Mask|website= www.mollisarts.com|access-date=11 June 2022|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
=== Award Winners ===
* [[Shashadhar Acharya]] - [[Padma Shri]] awardee and Chhau dancer.
* [[Ileana Citaristi]] - [[Padma Shri]] awardee and Odissi, Chhau dancer.
* [[Makar Dhwaja Darogha]] - [[Padma Shri]] awardee and Chhau dancer.
* [[Sudhendra Narayan Singh Deo|Rajkumar Sudhendra Narayan Singh Deo]] - [[Padma Shri]] awardee and Chhau dancer
* [[Gopal Prasad Dubey]] - [[Padma Shri]] awardee and Chhau dancer.
* [[Gambhir Singh Mura]] - [[Padma Shri]] awardee and tribal Chhau dancer.
* [[Shyama Charan Pati]] - [[Padma Shri]] awardee and Chhau dancer.
* [[Kedar Nath Sahoo]] - [[Padma Shri]] awardee and Chhau dancer.

=== Others ===
* [[Ananta Charan Sai Babu]] - Mayurbhanj Chhau dancer.
* [[Tushar Kalia]] - choreographer, dancer and actor.
* [[Sharon Lowen]] - Odissi, Manipuri and Chhau dancer.
* [[Isha Sharvani]] - dancer and actor.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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{{Dance in India}}
{{Dance in India}}
{{Bengali Hindu people}}
{{Bengali Hindu people}}

{{West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhau Dance}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhau Dance}}
[[Category:Dances of India]]
[[Category:Chhau]]
[[Category:Folk dances of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Folk dances of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian folk dances]]
[[Category:Odia culture]]
[[Category:Odia culture]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]

Latest revision as of 08:55, 9 December 2024

Chhau performing artists

Chhau, also spelled Chhou, is a semi classical Indian dance with martial and folk traditions.[1] It is found in three styles named after the location where they are performed, i.e. the Purulia Chhau of West Bengal, the Seraikella Chhau of Jharkhand and the Mayurbhanj Chhau of Odisha.

The dance ranges from celebrating martial arts, acrobatics and athletics performed in festive themes of a folk dance, to a structured dance with religious themes found in Shaivism, Shaktism and Vaishnavism. The costumes vary between the styles, with Purulia and Serakeilla using masks to identify the character.[2] The stories enacted by Chhau dancers include those from the Hindu epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the Puranas and other Indian literature.[2][3]

The dance is traditionally an all males troupe, regionally celebrated particularly during spring every year, and may be a syncretic dance form that emerged from a fusion of classical Hindu dances and the traditions of ancient regional tribes.[3] The dance brings together people from diverse socio-economic backgrounds in a festive and religious spirit.[2][3]

Mayurbhanj Chhau artists performing to a Vaishnavite theme at Bhubaneswar, Odisha
A video of Chau dance in Purulia, West Bengal

Etymology

[edit]

Chhau is a dance style originating from the regions of East India.[4] It may have been derived from Sanskrit Chāya (shadow, image or mask).[3][5] Others link it to the Sanskrit root Chadma (disguise), yet others such as Sitakant Mahapatra suggest it is derived from Chhauni (military camp, armour, stealth) in Odia language.[6][7]

A Chhau dancer in Bagmundi, West Bengal in role of goddess Durga.

Features of Chhau

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A Shaktism themed costumes for Chhau dance (Durga with Lion, Purulia style Chhau).

The Chhau dance is mainly performed during festivals in the region of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha, especially the spring festival of Chaitra Parva and in which the whole community participates.[5] The Purulia Chhau dance is celebrated during the Sun festival.[8]

Artists from the Purulia district of West Bengal perform the Chhau dance

Masks form an integral part of Chhau dance in Purulia and Seraikella styles.[2] The knowledge of dance, music and mask-making is transmitted orally.[9] The Chhau dance found in northern Odisha does not use masks during the dance, but they do when the artists first appear on the stage for introduction to the audience.[10]

The two styles of Chhau dance that use masks, blend within it forms of both dance and martial practices employing mock combat techniques (called khel), stylised gaits of birds and animals (called chalis and topkas) and movements based on the chores of village housewives (called uflis).[8] This form of the Chhau dance, states Mohan Khokar, has no ritual or ceremonial meaning, it is a form of community celebration and entertainment.[5]

The dance is performed by male dancers, at night in an open space, called akhada or asar. The dance is rhythmic and set to traditional folk music, played on the reed pipes mohuri and shehnai.[2] A variety of drums accompany the music ensemble including the dhol (a cylindrical drum), dhumsa (a large kettle drum) and kharka or chad-chadi. The themes for these dances include local legends, folklore and episodes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata and other abstract themes.[2]

The precursors of Chhau dance (especially Purulia style) were not only Paika and Natua, but Nachni dance also played an important role in giving Chhau its present identity. Chhau dance borrows the female gaits and movements from the Nachni dance almost exclusively (Bhattacharya, 1983, Chakravarti, 2001, Kishore, 1985). The female dance elements in Chhau introduced the aspects of Lasya Bhava from the Natya Shastra that brought elegance, sensuality, and beauty in the dance form, whereas, the virile male dance movement is attributed to the Shiva's tandava style of dance (Bose 1991).[11] There are different interpretations to tandava and lasya. I have above-mentioned the most commonly accepted definition of tandava and lasya above. Bose foregrounds the debate between the relation of lasya and tandava critically in his analysis of dance in Sanskrit texts. See Bose, Mandakranta.[12]

Three styles of Chhau

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Ileana Citaristi performing Mayurbhanj Chhau (Shaivism theme).

The Seraikella Chhau developed in Seraikela, when it was under the rule of Kalinga's Gajapati Rule the present day administrative headquarters of the Seraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand, the Purulia Chhau in Purulia district of West Bengal and the Mayurbhanj Chhau[13] in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. The most prominent difference among the three subgenres is regarding the use of masks. While, the Seraikela and Purulia subgenres of Chhau use masks during the dance, the Mayurbhanj Chhau uses none.[8][14]

The Seraikella Chhau's technique and repertoire were developed by the erstwhile nobility of this region who were both its performers and choreographers, and in the modern era people from all backgrounds dance it.[8] The Seraikella Chhau is performed with symbolic masks, and the acting establishes the role the actor is playing.[8][15] The Purulia Chhau uses extensive masks shaped in the form of the character being played; for example, a lion character has a face mask of lion and body costumes too with the actor walking on all fours.[8] These masks are crafted by potters who make clay images of Hindu gods and goddesses and is primarily sourced from the Purulia district of West Bengal.[16] In the Mayurbhanj Chhau is performed without masks and is technically similar to the Seraikella Chhau.[8][15]

Recognition

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In 2010, the Chhau dance was inscribed in the UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[17]

The Government of Odisha established the Government Chhau Dance Centre in 1960 in Seraikella and the Mayurbhanj Chhau Nritya Pratisthan at Baripada in 1962. These institutions engage in training involving local gurus, artists, patrons and representatives of Chhau institutions and sponsor performances. The Chaitra Parva festival, significant to the Chhau Dance, is also sponsored by the state government. The Sangeet Natak Akademi has established a National Centre for Chhau Dance at Baripada, Odisha.[18][19]

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Chhau Dance of Purulia - Documentary - EZCC
  • Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre, Kolkata, brings you the Documentary. The video is a documentary on the Purulia Chhau of West Bengal. The Chhau is a semi-classical dance form from Eastern India which has tribal and folk origins.

Chhau mask

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Main article: Chhau Mask
Chhau masks and dancer of West Bengal
A Chhau dancer in Bagmundi
chhau mask
mask and musical instrument of chhau dance
Durga with Lion, Purulia style Chhau

Purulia Chhau Dance is listed on UNESCO's world heritage list of dances.[21] The main difference between the Purulia Chhau and Mayurbhanj Chhau is in the use of the mask. Purulia Chhau uses masks in dance, but Mayurbhanj Chhau does not have masks thereby adding facial expression with body movements and gestures.[22] Traditionally, the chhau dance is held during mid-march when one agricultural circle ends and a new circle begins.[23] Purulia Chhau dancers wear the earthy and theatrical mask which represent the mythological characters. After making the shape of mask with clay, it is coloured and decorated with Shola and other things.

Chhau Mask of West Bengal in Indian Stamp, 2017

The Chhau mask of Purulia is registered under Geographical Indications.[24] As the basic difference of Purulia Chhau the mask is unique and traditional.

Chhau masks are being made in a household in Purulia

These chhau masks are made by the artists by the Sutradhar community. The making of a mask goes through various stages. 8-10 layers of soft paper, immersed in diluted glue, are pasted one after another on the mould before the mud mould is dusted with fine ash powder. The facial features are made of clay. A special layer of mud and cloth is applied and the mask is then sun-dried. After this, the mould is polished and the second round of sun drying is done before separating the layers of cloth and paper from the mould. After finishing and drilling of holes for the nose and eyes, the mask is coloured and decorated.[25][26]

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  • Chhau dance artist-female
    Chhau dance artist-female
  • Chhau dance artist-male
    Chhau dance artist-male
  • Chhau dance artist-male
    Chhau dance artist-male
  • Chhau dance artists
    Chhau dance artists
  • Chhau dance artist
    Chhau dance artist
  • Chhau dancers in a village of Jharkhand
    Chhau dancers in a village of Jharkhand
  • Chhau dancer with demon mask performing at night
    Chhau dancer with demon mask performing at night
  • A chhau dancer performing among the villagers in Jharkhand
    A chhau dancer performing among the villagers in Jharkhand
  • A Mayurbhanj Chhau music troupe performing
    A Mayurbhanj Chhau music troupe performing

References

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  1. ^ Williams 2004, pp. 83–84, is a semi-classical Indian dance with martial, tribal and folk origins. The other major classical Indian dances are: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Odissi, Manipuri, Satriya, Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Chhau dance UNESCO, Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
  3. ^ a b c d Claus 2003, pp. 109–110.
  4. ^ Claus 2003, pp. 109.
  5. ^ a b c Mohan Khokar (1984). Traditions of Indian classical dance. Clarion Books. pp. 184–186. ISBN 9780391032750.
  6. ^ Claus, p. 109
  7. ^ "The Chhau". Seraikela-Kharsawan district official website. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Claus, p. 110
  9. ^ From: NOMINATION FILE NO. 00337 FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE REPRESENTATIVE LIST OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN 2010, UNESCO 2010
  10. ^ Claus 2003, p. 110.
  11. ^ Kishore, Vikrant. From real to reel : folk dances of India in Bollywood cinema. Adelaide, S. Aust. ISBN 978-0-9925259-5-8. OCLC 894030959.
  12. ^ Movement and Mimesis: The Idea of Dance in the Sanskritic Tradition. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
  13. ^ "CHHAU DANCE OF MAYURBHANJ". Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  14. ^ "Famous Folk Dance: "Chau"". Purulia district official website. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
  15. ^ a b Mohan Khokar (1984). Traditions of Indian classical dance. Clarion Books. pp. 186–187. ISBN 9780391032750.
  16. ^ Pani, Jiwan (1986). World of Other Faces - Indian Masks. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 19–20.
  17. ^ http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00011 |title=Intangible Heritage Lists
  18. ^ "Chhau Centre, Baripada/Jamshedpur". Sangeet Natak Akademi. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  19. ^ "Chhau centre at Baripada finds favour with Union Ministry". The Hindu. 15 July 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  20. ^ "Film Review | Barfi!". HT Mint. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  21. ^ "Chhau Dance: West Bengal's Performing Art Treasure". Utsavpedia. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  22. ^ "The Official Website of Purulia District". purulia.gov.in. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  23. ^ ":::::: Daricha Foundation ::::::". www.daricha.org. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  24. ^ "Bengal handicrafts to get new fillip with GI tags". The Hindu. PTI. 16 August 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  25. ^ "Mask dances of Bengal". indianculture.gov.in. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  26. ^ "Faces behind the Chhau Mask". www.mollisarts.com. Retrieved 11 June 2022.

Further reading

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