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The rigging of a square rigger in London.

Standing rigging on a fore-and-aft rigged sailboat.
Key: 1. Forestay 2. Shroud 3. (Spreaders) 4. Backstay 5. Inner forestay 6. Sidestay 7. (Boom) 8. Running backstays

Rigging comprises the system of ropes, cables and chains, which support and control a sailing ship or sail boat's masts and sails. Standing rigging is the fixed rigging that supports masts including shrouds and stays. Running rigging is rigging which adjusts the position of the vessel's sails and spars including halyards, braces, sheets and vangs.^[1]

Etymology

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition "rigging" derives from Anglo-Saxon wrigan or wringing, "to clothe". The same source points out that "rigging" a sailing vessel refers to putting all the components in place to allow it to function, including the masts, spars, sails and the rigging.^[2]

History

Theophrastus in his History of Plants^[3] (c. 300 BCE) states that the rigging on King Antigonus' fleet was made from papyrus reed.^[4]

Types of rigging

Rigging is divided into two classes, standing, which supports the mast (and bowsprit), and running, which controls the orientation of the sails and their degree of reefing. Configurations differ for each type of rigging, between fore-and-aft rigged vessels and square-rigged vessels.

Standing

Standing rigging is cordage which is fixed in position. Standing rigging is almost always between a mast and the deck, using tension to hold the mast firmly in place. Due to its role, standing rigging is now most commonly made of steel cable. It was historically made of the same materials as running rigging, only coated in tar for added strength and protection from the elements.^[5]

Fore-and-aft rigged vessels

Most fore-and-aft rigged vessels have the following types of standing rigging: a forestay, a backstay, and upper and lower shrouds (side stays). Less common rigging configurations are diamond stays and jumpers. Both of these are used to keep a thin mast in column especially under the load of a large down wind sail or in strong wind. Rigging parts include swageless terminals, swage terminals, shackle toggle terminals and fail-safe wire rigging insulators.^[6]

Square-rigged vessels

Whereas 20th-century square-rigged vessels were constructed of steel with steel standing rigging, prior vessels used wood masts with hemp-fiber standing rigging. As rigs became taller by the end of the 19th century, masts relied more heavily on successive spars, stepped one atop the other to form the whole, from bottom to top: the lower mast, top mast, and topgallant mast. This construction relies heavily on support by a complex array of stays and shrouds. Each stay in either the fore-and-aft or athwartships direction has a corresponding one in the opposite direction providing counter-tension. Fore-and-aft the system of tensioning start with the stays that are anchored in front of each mast. Shrouds are tensioned by pairs of deadeyes, circular blocks that have the large-diameter line run around them, whilst multiple holes allow smaller line—lanyards—to pass multiple times between the two and thereby allow tensioning of the shroud. In addition to overlapping the mast below, the top mast and topgallant mast are supported laterally by shrouds that pass around either a platform, called a "top", or cross-wise beams, called "crosstrees". Each additional mast segment is supported fore and aft by a series of stays that lead forward. These lines are countered in tension by backstays, which are secured along the sides of the vessel behind the shrouds.^[7]

Running

Running rigging is the cordage used to control the shape and position of the sails. Materials have evolved from the use of Manilla rope to synthetic fibers, which include dacron, nylon and kevlar.^[8] Running rigging varies between fore-and-aft rigged vessels and square-rigged vessels. They have common functions between them for supporting, shaping and orienting sails, which employ different mechanisms. For supporting sails, halyards (sometimes haulyards), are used to raise sails and control luff tension. On gaff-rigged vessels, topping lifts hold the yards across the top of the sail aloft. Sail shape is usually controlled by lines that pull at the corners of the sail, including the outhaul at the clew and the downhaul at the tack on fore-and-aft rigs. The orientation of sails to the wind is controlled primarily by sheets,^[8] but also by braces, which position the yard arms with respect to the wind on square-rigged vessels.^[7]

References

^ "Definition of rigging in English: rigging". en.oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. 2017. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-02. The system of ropes or chains employed to support a ship's masts (standing rigging) and to control or set the yards and sails (running rigging).
^ Hannay, David (1911). "Rigging" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 338–341.
^ Theophrastus (1916) [c. 300 BCE]. Enquiry into plants and minor works on odours and weather signs. Loeb Classical Library, 70. Translated by Hort, A. F. London; New York: W. Heinemann; G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-674-99077-7. OCLC 685104.
^ Thompson, Edward Maunde (1911). "Papyrus" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 743–745.
^ Ward, Aaron (1884). Text-book of Seamanship: The Equipping and Handling of Vessels Under Sail Or Steam. For the Use of the United States Naval Academy. D. Van Nostrand. p. 673.
^ Westerhuis, Rene (2013). Skipper's Mast and Rigging Guide. Adlard Coles Nautical. London: Bloomsbury. p. 5. ISBN 9781472901491.
^ ^a ^b zu Mondfeld, Wolfram (2005). Historic Ship Models. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 352. ISBN 9781402721861.
^ ^a ^b Howard, Jim; Doane, Charles J. (2000). Handbook of Offshore Cruising: The Dream and Reality of Modern Ocean Cruising. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 468. ISBN 9781574090932.

External links

[Oxford-1] "Definition of rigging in English: rigging". en.oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. 2017. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-02. The system of ropes or chains employed to support a ship's masts (standing rigging) and to control or set the yards and sails (running rigging).

[Britannica-2] Hannay, David (1911). "Rigging" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 338–341.

[3] Theophrastus (1916) [c. 300 BCE]. Enquiry into plants and minor works on odours and weather signs. Loeb Classical Library, 70. Translated by Hort, A. F. London; New York: W. Heinemann; G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-674-99077-7. OCLC 685104.

[Thompson-1911-4] Thompson, Edward Maunde (1911). "Papyrus" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 743–745.

[Ward-5] Ward, Aaron (1884). Text-book of Seamanship: The Equipping and Handling of Vessels Under Sail Or Steam. For the Use of the United States Naval Academy. D. Van Nostrand. p. 673.

[Skipper-6] Westerhuis, Rene (2013). Skipper's Mast and Rigging Guide. Adlard Coles Nautical. London: Bloomsbury. p. 5. ISBN 9781472901491.

[Wolfram-7] zu Mondfeld, Wolfram (2005). Historic Ship Models. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 352. ISBN 9781402721861.

[HowardDoane-8] Howard, Jim; Doane, Charles J. (2000). Handbook of Offshore Cruising: The Dream and Reality of Modern Ocean Cruising. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 468. ISBN 9781574090932.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Ropes, cables and chains which support masts of sailing ships}}
 {{Other uses}}
 [[File:SquareRigging.jpg|thumb|The rigging of a [[square rig]]ger in [[London]].]]
-[[File:Schema-Stehendes-Gut.png|thumb|Standing rigging on a fore-and-aft rigged sailboat.<br>
+[[File:Schema-Stehendes-Gut.png|thumb|Standing rigging on a fore-and-aft rigged sailboat.<br />
 Key:
 . Forestay
@@ Line 11: / Line 12: @@
 . (Boom)
 . Running backstays]]
+[[File:Bermuda rigged sloop at Convict Bay ca 1879.jpg|thumb|[[Bermuda rig]]ged sloop at Convict Bay, [[Bermuda]], circa 1879]]
 [[File:Barkskibs staende rigning2.png|thumb|Standing rigging on a square-rigged vessel.]]
-[[File:Yacht mainsail downhaul, sheet, horse.jpg|thumb|Running rigging on a sailing yacht: main and jib sheets, vang.]]
+[[File:Yacht-mainsheet-jibsheet-vang-downhaul-jib halyard.jpg|thumb|Running rigging on a sailing yacht:<br />1. Main sheet 2. Jib sheet 3. Boom vang 4. Downhaul 5. Jib halyard]]
-'''Rigging''' comprises the system of ropes, cables and chains, which support a [[sailing ship]] or [[sail boat]]'s masts—''standing rigging'', including [[Shroud (sailing)|shrouds]] and [[Stays (nautical)|stays]]—and which adjust the position of the vessel's sails and spars to which they are attached—the ''running rigging'', including [[halyard]]s, [[Braces (sailing)|braces]], [[Sheet (sailing)|sheets]], [[vang]]s and [[halliard]]s.<ref name = Oxford>
+'''Rigging''' comprises the system of ropes, cables and chains, which support and control a [[sailing ship]] or [[sail boat]]'s masts and sails.  ''Standing rigging'' is the fixed rigging that supports masts including [[Shroud (sailing)|shrouds]] and [[Stays (nautical)|stays]].  ''Running rigging'' is rigging which adjusts the position of the vessel's sails and spars including [[halyard]]s, [[Braces (sailing)|braces]], [[Sheet (sailing)|sheets]] and [[Gaff vang|vang]]s.<ref name = Oxford>
 {{cite web
  | url = https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/rigging
+ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160929101046/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/rigging
+ | url-status = dead
+ | archive-date = September 29, 2016
  | title = Definition of rigging in English: rigging
- | last = Editors
- | first =
  | date = 2017
  | website = en.oxforddictionaries.com
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | access-date = 2017-01-02
+ | ref = {{harvid|Oxford|2017}}
  | quote = The system of ropes or chains employed to support a ship's masts (standing rigging) and to control or set the yards and sails (running rigging).}}</ref>
 ==Etymology==
 According to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] "rigging" derives from [[Anglo-Saxon language|Anglo-Saxon]] ''wrigan'' or ''wringing'', "to clothe". The same source points out that "rigging" a sailing vessel refers to putting all the components in place to allow it to function, including the masts, spars, sails and the rigging.<ref name = Britannica>
-{{cite encyclopedia
+{{cite EB1911
- | title = Rigging
+ | wstitle = Rigging
- | first = Hugh
+ | first = David
- | last = Chisholm
+ | last = Hannay
- | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|The Encyclopedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information]]
  | volume = 23
- | edition = 11
+ | pages = 338–341
+}}</ref>
- | pages = 338-341
- | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi7aPlUGQ6sC&pg=PA339&lpg=PA339&dq=Rigging+encyclopedia+britannica&source=bl&ots=Dl19sJVtu6&sig=Y0ECZzvgmZmzqVsLSeCvkRIy_rw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1po7qvaTRAhVBSCYKHR3EDLEQ6AEIMDAE#v=onepage&q=Rigging%20encyclopedia%20britannica&f=false
+==History==
- | publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica Company
+[[Theophrastus]] in his ''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)|History of Plants]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Theophrastus |author-link=Theophrastus |year=1916 |orig-date=c. 300 BCE |title=Enquiry into plants and minor works on odours and weather signs |translator-last=Hort |translator-first=A. F. |publisher=W. Heinemann; G.P. Putnam's Sons |volume=<!--Vol. 1: Enquiry into plants, books I-V; Vol. 2: books VI-IX, Treatise on odours, Concerning weather signs--> |location=London; New York |series=Loeb Classical Library, 70 |isbn=978-0-674-99077-7 |oclc=685104 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/theophrastusiien00theo}}</ref> ({{c.}} 300 BCE) states that the rigging on [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|King Antigonus]]' fleet was made from [[papyrus reed]].<ref name="Thompson-1911">{{Cite EB1911 |last=Thompson |first=Edward Maunde |wstitle=Papyrus |volume=20 |pages=743–745}}</ref>
- | date = 1911
- | access-date = 2017-01-02 }}</ref>
 ==Types of rigging==
-Rigging is divided into two classes, ''standing'', which supports the mast (and bowsprit), and ''running'', which controls the orientation of the sails and their degree of reefing. Configurations differ for each type of rigging, between ''fore-and-aft rigged'' vessels and ''square-rigged'' vessels.
+Rigging is divided into two classes, ''[[standing rigging|standing]]'', which supports the mast (and bowsprit), and ''running'', which controls the orientation of the sails and their degree of [[reefing]]. Configurations differ for each type of rigging, between ''[[fore-and-aft rig]]ged'' vessels and ''[[square-rig]]ged'' vessels.
 ===Standing===
 {{Main|Standing rigging}}
@@ Line 48: / Line 52: @@
  | last = Ward
  | first = Aaron
- | author-link =
  | title = Text-book of Seamanship: The Equipping and Handling of Vessels Under Sail Or Steam. For the Use of the United States Naval Academy
  | publisher = D. Van Nostrand
  | date = 1884
- | location =
  | pages = 673
+ | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cS_QAAAAMAAJ&q=standing+rigging&pg=PA96 }}</ref>
- | language =
- | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cS_QAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA96&dq=standing+rigging&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiTlbmK7qXRAhUB2SYKHQl1C-gQ6AEIRjAI#v=onepage&q=standing%20rigging&f=false }}</ref>
 ====Fore-and-aft rigged vessels====
+{{Main| Fore-and-aft rig}}
 Most fore-and-aft rigged vessels have the following types of standing rigging:
 a [[forestay]], a [[backstay]], and upper and lower [[Shroud (sailing)|shrouds]] (side stays).
@@ Line 70: / Line 73: @@
  | location = London
  | page = 5
- | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oRV8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5&dq=standing+rigging&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirw6_J0KTRAhUM4iYKHUZBDvsQ6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=standing%20rigging&f=false
+ | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oRV8AAAAQBAJ&q=standing+rigging&pg=PA5
  | isbn = 9781472901491 }}</ref>
 ====Square-rigged vessels====
+{{Main|Square rig}}
-Whereas 20th-Century square-rigged vessels were constructed of steel with steel standing rigging, prior vessels used wood masts with hemp-fiber standing rigging. As rigs became taller by the end of the 19th Century, masts relied more heavily on successive spars, stepped one atop the other to form the whole, from bottom to top: the ''lower mast'', ''top mast'', and ''topgallant mast''. This construction relied heavily on support by a complex array of stays and shrouds. Each stay in either the fore-and-aft or athwartships direction had a corresponding one in the opposite direction providing counter-tension. Fore-and-aft the system of tensioning started with the stays that were anchored at in front each mast. Shrouds were tensioned by pairs [[deadeye]]s, circular blocks that had the large-diameter line run around them, whilst multiple holes allowed smaller line—''lanyard''—to pass multiple times between the two and thereby allow tensioning of the shroud. In addition to overlapping the mast below, the top mast and topgallant mast were supported laterally by shrouds that passed around either a platform, called a "[[Top (sailing ship)|top]]", or cross-wise beams, called "[[crosstrees]]". Each additional mast segment is supported fore and aft by a series of stays that led forward. These lines were countered in tension by backstays, which were secured along the sides of the vessel behind the shrouds.<ref name = Wolfram>
+Whereas 20th-century square-rigged vessels were constructed of steel with steel standing rigging, prior vessels used wood masts with hemp-fiber standing rigging. As rigs became taller by the end of the 19th century, masts relied more heavily on successive spars, stepped one atop the other to form the whole, from bottom to top: the ''lower mast'', ''top mast'', and ''topgallant mast''. This construction relies heavily on support by a complex array of stays and shrouds. Each stay in either the fore-and-aft or athwartships direction has a corresponding one in the opposite direction providing counter-tension. Fore-and-aft the system of tensioning start with the stays that are anchored in front of each mast. Shrouds are tensioned by pairs of [[deadeye]]s, circular blocks that have the large-diameter line run around them, whilst multiple holes allow smaller line—''lanyards''—to pass multiple times between the two and thereby allow tensioning of the shroud. In addition to overlapping the mast below, the top mast and topgallant mast are supported laterally by shrouds that pass around either a platform, called a "[[Top (sailing ship)|top]]", or cross-wise beams, called "[[crosstrees]]". Each additional mast segment is supported fore and aft by a series of stays that lead forward. These lines are countered in tension by backstays, which are secured along the sides of the vessel behind the shrouds.<ref name = Wolfram>
 {{cite book
  | last = zu Mondfeld
@@ Line 81: / Line 85: @@
  | publisher = Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.
  | date = 2005
- | location =
  | pages = 352
- | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5nrXLkfLBGcC&pg=PA270&dq=standing+rigging&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirw6_J0KTRAhUM4iYKHUZBDvsQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=standing%20rigging&f=false
+ | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5nrXLkfLBGcC&q=standing+rigging&pg=PA270
  | isbn = 9781402721861 }}</ref>
@@ Line 90: / Line 93: @@
 [[Running rigging]] is the cordage used to control the shape and position of the sails. Materials have evolved from the use of [[Manilla rope]] to synthetic fibers, which include [[dacron]], [[nylon]] and [[kevlar]].<ref name=HowardDoane>
 {{cite book
- | last = Howard
+ | last1 = Howard
- | first = Jim
+ | first1 = Jim
  | last2 = Doane
  | first2 = Charles J.
@@ Line 97: / Line 100: @@
  | publisher = Sheridan House, Inc.
  | date = 2000
- | location =
  | pages = 468
+ | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NB4uFQuUlnEC&q=running+rigging&pg=PA63
- | language =
+ | isbn = 9781574090932 }}</ref> Running rigging varies between ''fore-and-aft rigged'' vessels and ''square-rigged'' vessels. They have common functions between them for supporting, shaping and orienting sails, which employ different mechanisms. For supporting sails,  [[halyard]]s (sometimes haulyards), are used to raise sails and control luff tension. On [[gaff-rig]]ged vessels, [[topping lift]]s hold the yards across the top of the sail aloft. Sail shape is usually controlled by lines that pull at the corners of the sail, including the [[outhaul]] at the [[clew]] and the [[downhaul]] at the [[Tack (sailing)|tack]] on fore-and-aft rigs. The orientation of sails to the wind is controlled primarily by [[Sheet (sailing)|sheet]]s,<ref name=HowardDoane/> but also by [[Brace (sailing)|braces]], which position the [[yard arms]] with respect to the wind on square-rigged vessels.<ref name="Wolfram"/>
- | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NB4uFQuUlnEC&pg=PA63&dq=running+rigging&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX3uDN8qXRAhXDLSYKHRLDBp0Q6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=running%20rigging&f=false
- | isbn = 9781574090932 }}</ref> Running rigging varies between ''fore-and-aft rigged'' vessels and ''square-rigged'' vessels. They have common functions between them for supporting, shaping and orienting sails, which employ different mechanisms. For supporting sails,  [[halyard]]s (sometimes haulyards), are used to raise sails and control luff tension. On [[gaff-rig]]ed vessels, [[topping lift]]s hold the yards across the top of the sail aloft. Sail shape is usually controlled by lines that pull at the corners of the sail, including the [[downhaul]] at the [[clew]] and the [[outhaul]] at the [[tack]] on fore-and-aft rigs. The orientation of sails to the wind is controlled primarily by [[Sheet (sailing)|sheet]]s,<ref name=HowardDoane/> but also by [[Brace (sailing)|braces]], which position the [[yard arms]] with respect to the wind on square-rigged vessels.<ref name = Wolfram>
-{{cite book
- | last = zu Mondfeld
- | first = Wolfram
- | title = Historic Ship Models
- | publisher = Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.
- | date = 2005
- | location =
- | pages = 352
- | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5nrXLkfLBGcC&pg=PA270&dq=standing+rigging&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirw6_J0KTRAhUM4iYKHUZBDvsQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=standing%20rigging&f=false
- | isbn = 9781402721861 }}</ref>
 ==See also==
-* [[Full rigged ship]]
+* [[Full-rigged ship]]
+* [[Bermuda rig]]
 * [[Lateen rig]]
+* [[Junk rig]]
 * [[Shipbuilding]]
 * [[Superstructure (ship)|Superstructure]]
 == References ==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist}}
 == Further reading ==
 * {{cite book |title=Seamanship in the Age of Sail |last= Harland |first= John |others=Illus. by Mark Myers |year= 1984 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Md |isbn=0-87021-955-3 |oclc=11036800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Jd_o6_s90C}}
-* {{cite book |title=The Masting and Rigging of English Ships of War, 1625–1860 |last= Lees |first= James |authorlink=James Lees |year= 1984 |edition=revised |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Md |isbn=0-87021-948-0 |oclc=11908132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0YF0TUlE2wC}}
+* {{cite book |title=The Masting and Rigging of English Ships of War, 1625–1860 |last= Lees |first= James |author-link=James Lees |year= 1984 |edition=revised |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Md |isbn=0-87021-948-0 |oclc=11908132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0YF0TUlE2wC}}
 *{{cite book
 |title=Aero-Hydrodynamics of Sailing
@@ Line 133: / Line 126: @@
 |publisher=Tiller Publishing
 |location=Saint Michaels, Md.
-|ISBN=1-888671-18-1
+|isbn=1-888671-18-1
 |oclc=62546510
 }}
@@ Line 144: / Line 137: @@
 |publisher=McGraw Hill
 |location=Maidenhead, Berkshire, England
-|ISBN=0-07-141310-3
+|isbn=0-07-141310-3
 |oclc=51913243
 }}
@@ Line 154: / Line 147: @@
 | title = Masting and Rigging: The Clipper Ship and Ocean Carrier
 | date = 1964
+| url-access = registration
+| url = https://archive.org/details/mastingriggingc00unde_0
 }}
-== External links ==
-{{commons category|Rigging}}
-*[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/shipsrigging.htm Photos of different types of ship rigging]
-*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/sail-rigging.htm Sail Ship Rigging], at GlobalSecurity.org
+== External links ==
+{{Commons category|Rigging}}
 {{Sail Types}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Sailing rigs and rigging]]
+[[Category:Marine occupations]]