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{{Short description|German raid on Granville, France, March 1945}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Granville raid
| conflict = Granville raid
|partof= [[World War II]]
| partof = [[World War II]]
|image=
| image =
|caption=
| caption =
|date= 8–9 March 1945
| date = 8–9 March 1945
|place= [[Granville, Manche]], France
| place = [[Granville, Manche]], France
| coordinates = {{coord|48.837401|-1.593931|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|result= Tactical German victory
| result = German victory
|combatant1={{flag|United States|1912}}<br/>{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br/>{{flagicon|France}} [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|France]]
| combatant1 = {{plainlist|
⚫
|combatant2={{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
|commander1={{flagicon|United States|1912}} Percy Sandel<br> {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Roger Lightoller{{KIA}}
* {{flag|United States|1912}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
⚫
|commander2={{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Friedrich Hüffmeier]]<br>{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Carl-Friedrich Mohr]]
* {{flagcountry|Provisional Government of the French Republic}} }}
⚫
|strength1=Unknown
⚫
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
|strength2=6 minesweepers<br>3 [[Marinefährprahm|armed barges]]<br>3 motor launches<br>1 tug
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
|casualties1= 1 minesweeper heavily damaged<br>4 freighters damaged<br>1 collier captured<br>22 killed<br>30 captured
* {{flagicon|United States|1912}} Percy Sandel
⚫
|casualties2= 1 minesweeper scuttled<br>6 killed
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Roger Lightoller{{KIA}}}}
⚫
|casualties3=
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
|notes=
⚫
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Friedrich Hüffmeier]]
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Carl-Friedrich Mohr]]}}
⚫
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = {{plainlist|
* 6 minesweepers
* 3 [[Marinefährprahm|armed barges]]
* 3 motor launches
* 1 tug}}
| casualties1 = {{plainlist|
* 1 minesweeper heavily damaged
* 4 freighters damaged
* 1 collier captured
* 22 killed
* 30 captured}}
| casualties2 = {{plainlist|
⚫
* 1 minesweeper scuttled
* 6 killed
* 1 captured}}
⚫
| casualties3 =
| notes =
}}
}}


The '''Granville raid''' occurred on the night of 8 March 1945 – 9 March 1945 when a German raiding force from the [[Channel Islands]] landed in [[France]] and brought back supplies to their base.<ref name=Jim>[[Morison, Samuel Eliot]] ''[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]]'' p.306</ref>
The '''Granville raid''' occurred on the night of 8–9 March 1945 when a German raiding force from the [[Channel Islands]] landed in [[France]] and brought back supplies, Allied prisoners and former German prisoners of war to their base.<ref name=Jim>[[Morison, Samuel Eliot]] ''[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]]'' p.306</ref>


==History==
==History==
===Background===
===Background===
During the [[World War II|Second World War]], [[Granville, Manche]], France was the site of a [[prisoner of war]] camp. In December 1944 four German paratroopers and a Naval cadet escaped from the camp, eventually stole an American [[LCVP (United States)|LCVP]] landing craft, and made their way to the German occupied Channel Islands. They were greeted as heroes and reported that several ships were in the harbour at Granville discharging [[coal]], which was in short supply in the beleaguered Islands. They also reported on the disposition of American troops in the area. (The former prisoners were shot down by a [[night fighter]] when returning to Germany by plane with [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves]] recipient [[Korvettenkapitän]] [[Fritz Breithaupt]], commander of Minensuchflottille (mine flotilla) 24, on 25 December 1944.)<ref name=BBC>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/52/a4041352.shtml]</ref>
During the [[World War II|Second World War]], [[Granville, Manche]], France was the site of a [[prisoner of war]] camp. In December 1944, four German paratroopers and a naval cadet escaped from the camp and captured a US Navy [[LCVP (United States)|LCVP]], in which they made their way to the [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|German occupied Channel Islands]]. There they relayed substantial intelligence on the Allies' disposition in the Granville area, including the fact that several ships were in the harbour discharging [[coal]], which was in short supply in the Channel Islands, and the location of US troops. (The former POWs were killed on 25 December, while returning to Germany in a transport plane that was shot down by an Allied [[night fighter]]. Also killed in the transport was ''Korvettenkapitän'' [[Fritz Breithaupt]], a recipient of the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves]] and commander of ''Minensuchflottille 24'' [Mine Sweeping Flotilla 24].<ref name=BBC>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/52/a4041352.shtml|title = BBC - WW2 People's War - the Granville Raid}}</ref>)


The new garrison commander of the Channel Islands, ''[[Vizeadmiral]]'' [[Friedrich Hüffmeier]], a former captain of the [[German battleship Scharnhorst|German battleship ''Scharnhorst'']], used the intelligence to plan a raid against the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] to restore morale to his garrison and obtain needed supplies.
The new garrison commander of the Channel Islands, ''[[Vizeadmiral]]'' [[Friedrich Hüffmeier]], a former captain of the [[German battleship Scharnhorst|German battleship ''Scharnhorst'']], used the intelligence to plan a raid against the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] to restore morale to his garrison and obtain needed supplies.


On the night of 6–7 February 1945, a first attempt was aborted, due to a combination of bad weather and the detection of an escorting ''[[Schnellboot]]'' ("E-boat"), by US Navy [[submarine chaser]] ''PC-552''.<ref name=Jim/>
On the night of 6–7 February 1945, a first attempt was aborted, due to a combination of bad weather and the detection of an escorting ''[[Schnellboot]]'' ("E-boat"), by US Navy submarine chaser ''[[USS PC-552]]''.<ref name=Jim/>


===Raid===
===Raid===
The raid, led by ''[[Kapitänleutnant]]'' [[Carl-Friedrich Mohr]], was carried out on the night of 8–9 March. Hüffmeier's raiding force comprised four large [[M class Minesweeper (Germany)|M class minesweeper]]s (''M-412'', ''M-432'', ''M-442'', ''M-459''), three [[Marinefährprahm|armed barges (artillery lighters)]] carrying 8.8 cm guns, three fast motor launches, two [[R boat|small R type minesweepers]], and a sea-going [[tugboat|tug]].
The raid, led by ''[[Kapitänleutnant]]'' [[Carl-Friedrich Mohr]], was carried out on the night of 8–9 March. Hüffmeier's raiding force comprised four large [[M class Minesweeper (Germany)|M class minesweepers]] (''M-412'', ''M-432'', ''M-442'', ''M-459''), three [[Marinefährprahm|armed barges (artillery lighters)]] carrying 8.8&nbsp;cm guns, three fast motor launches, two [[R boat|small R type minesweepers]], and a seagoing [[tugboat|tug]].


As the Germans had received intelligence regarding the identification signals needed to enter the harbour, they were initially able to land unopposed. They damaged the harbour locks and started fires on shore.<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1945.html#prof USN chronology]</ref>
As the Germans had received intelligence regarding the identification signals needed to enter the harbour, they were initially able to land unopposed. They damaged the harbour locks and started fires on shore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1945.html#prof|title=The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II--1945|website=www.ibiblio.org}}</ref>
The Germans mined the British-registered merchant freighters ''Kyle Castle'', ''Nephrite'', ''Parkwood'' and the Norwegian freighter ''Heien''. The captain of the ''Kyle Castle'', {{who|date=August 2017}} was killed while resisting the Germans, although an officer named Richard Reed remained hidden on the vessel with a shipmate, until after the Germans left.
The Germans mined the British-registered merchant freighters ''Kyle Castle'', ''Nephrite'', ''Parkwood'' and the Norwegian freighter ''Heien''. The master of the ''Kyle Castle'', William Callum Fraser, M.B.E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lisburn.com/history/digger/Digger-2009/digger-06-11-2009.html|title=Lest we forget &#124; Lisburn.com|website=lisburn.com}}</ref> was killed while resisting the Germans, although an officer named Richard Reed remained hidden on the vessel with a shipmate until after the Germans left.


Outside the port,the [[submarine chaser]] [[USS Chadron (PC-564)|USS ''PC-564'']], raised the alarm and was attacked by German vessels. About 14 [[US Navy]] personnel were killed in action on ''PC-564'', others were wounded, its [[3-inch gun]] was disabled and the pilot house destroyed. The captain, [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant ]] Percy Sandel, gave the order to abandon ship, but he and other crew members remained on board, and managed to evade the Germans, before intentionally grounding ''PC-564'' on the shore. Sandel and the remaining crew were later rescued. (''PC-564'' was salvaged and, renamed USS ''Chadron'', remained on the US naval register until 1963.)
Outside the port, the [[submarine chaser]] [[USS Chadron (PC-564)|USS ''PC-564'']] raised the alarm and was attacked by German vessels. About 14 [[US Navy]] personnel were killed in action on ''PC-564'', others were wounded, its [[3-inch/50-caliber gun|3"/50 gun]] was disabled and the pilot house destroyed. The captain, [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]] Percy Sandel, gave the order to abandon ship, but he and other crew members remained on board, and managed to evade the Germans, before intentionally grounding ''PC-564'' on the shore. Sandel and the remaining crew were later rescued. (''PC-564'' was salvaged and, renamed USS ''Chadron'', remained on the US naval register until 1963.)


At the ''Hotel des Bains'', which housed nine senior US officers, two [[US Marines]] resisted the Germans and were killed in action. A [[Royal Navy]] officer and five enlisted personnel from the RN were also killed during the raid.<ref name=BBC/><ref>[http://okretywojenne.pl/pefu/download/channel_island.pdf#prof''Defiant until the end.'' Page 7]</ref> Some sources claim that 30 Allied personnel were taken, as prisoners to the Channel Islands, including 15 of those who had earlier abandoned ''PC-564''.
At the ''Hotel des Bains'', which housed nine senior US officers, two [[US Marines]] resisted the Germans and were killed in action. A [[Royal Navy]] officer, Roger Lightoller, the son of [[Charles Lightoller]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZ9ZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122|title=The War of the Motor Gun Boats: One Man's Personal War at Sea with the Costal Forces, 1943–§945|first=A. J.|last=Chapman|date=2 October 2013|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-3008-0|page=122}}</ref> and five enlisted personnel from the RN were also killed during the raid.<ref name=BBC/><ref>[http://okretywojenne.pl/pefu/download/channel_island.pdf#prof "Defiant until the end"]. Page 7</ref> Some sources{{who|date=February 2021}} claim that 30 Allied personnel were taken, as prisoners to the Channel Islands, including 15 of those who had earlier abandoned ''PC-564''.


Allied resistance caused significant delays to the German raiders. By the time they were ready to depart, the [[tide]] was so low that only one captured [[collier (ship type)|collier]], {{SS|Eskwood||2}}, containing 112 tonnes of coal, could be taken back to the Channel Islands. It also carried 67 German former prisoners of war who were working in the area and rescued by the raiding party. A German minesweeper, ''De Schelde'' (M-412), ran aground, and was scuttled with explosives.
Allied resistance caused significant delays to the German raiders. By the time they were ready to depart, the [[tide]] was so low that only one captured [[collier (ship type)|collier]], {{SS|Eskwood||2}}, containing 112 tonnes of coal, could be taken back to the Channel Islands. It also carried 67 German former prisoners of war who were working in the area and rescued by the raiding party. A German minesweeper, ''De Schelde'' (M-412), ran aground, and was scuttled with explosives.
Line 45: Line 66:
While the charges on the British freighters detonated successfully, all of them remained either afloat, aground or accessible at low tide. Reed and others managed to repair the hull damage on ''Kyle Castle''. While her engines were unusable, she had been anchored outside the port and Reed allowed ''Kyle Castle'' to drift to a position south of the Channel Islands. Using hatch covers as makeshift sails, they managed to steer ''Kyle Castle'' into the English Channel, where they were received assistance and were towed to [[Plymouth]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}{{dubious|date=August 2012}}
While the charges on the British freighters detonated successfully, all of them remained either afloat, aground or accessible at low tide. Reed and others managed to repair the hull damage on ''Kyle Castle''. While her engines were unusable, she had been anchored outside the port and Reed allowed ''Kyle Castle'' to drift to a position south of the Channel Islands. Using hatch covers as makeshift sails, they managed to steer ''Kyle Castle'' into the English Channel, where they were received assistance and were towed to [[Plymouth]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}{{dubious|date=August 2012}}


Mohr was awarded the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] on 13 March 1945, while ''[[Oberleutnant zur See]]'' Otto Karl, who had commanded artillery lighter ''AF 65'', was awarded the Knights Cross on 21 March 1945.<ref>[http://www.islandfarm.fsnet.co.uk/Vizeadmiral%20Friedrich%20H%FCffmeier.htm Viceadmiral Friedrich Hüffmeier (Friedrich Hueffmeier)]</ref>
Mohr was awarded the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] on 13 March 1945, while ''[[Oberleutnant zur See]]'' Otto Karl, who had commanded artillery lighter ''AF 65'', was awarded the Knights Cross on 21 March 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islandfarm.fsnet.co.uk/Vizeadmiral%20Friedrich%20H%FCffmeier.htm |title=Viceadmiral Friedrich Hüffmeier (Friedrich Hueffmeier) |access-date=7 January 2008 |archive-date=4 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104100603/http://www.islandfarm.fsnet.co.uk/Vizeadmiral%20Friedrich%20H%FCffmeier.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>


In a later operation, an 18-man German sabotage raid from [[Jersey]] landed from rubber boats on Cape de la Hague on 5 April 1945, intending to destroy installations. The mission failed, and the team was captured.<ref>Sanders, Paul:''The British Channel Islands Under German Occupation, 1940–1945: 1940 – 1945.''
In a later operation, an 18-man German sabotage raid from [[Jersey]] landed from rubber boats on Cape de la Hague on 5 April 1945, intending to destroy installations. The mission failed, and the team was captured.<ref>Sanders, Paul (2005). ''The British Channel Islands Under German Occupation, 1940–1945''.
Société jersiaise, Jersey Heritage Trust. Paul Sanders, 2005. Page 181. {{ISBN|0-9538858-3-6}}</ref>
Société jersiaise, Jersey Heritage Trust. Page 181. {{ISBN|0-9538858-3-6}}</ref>


A further raid was planned for 7 May 1945, but Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]] ordered Hüffmeier not to carry out any more offensive operations so close to the end of the war.
A further raid was planned for 7 May 1945, but Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]] ordered Hüffmeier not to carry out any more offensive operations so close to the end of the war.


Among the notable casualties was Commander Roger Lightoller, a [[Motor Torpedo Boat]] skipper and son of [[Charles Lightoller]] (the second officer of the [[RMS Titanic]] during its ill-fated maiden voyage), who was killed.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UZ9ZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122&lpg=PT122&dq=roger+lightoller+granville+raid&source=bl&ots=GYMHdJ8w6i&sig=AWZjFi-p_520_yMD8JQX6GyQ5BA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVyrfQ7oLYAhVDJlAKHW9HCAsQ6AEIUDAO#v=onepage&q=roger%20lightoller%20granville%20raid&f=false</ref>
Among the notable casualties was Lieutenant Roger Lightoller, a [[Motor Torpedo Boat]] skipper and son of [[Charles Lightoller]] (the second officer of the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] during its ill-fated maiden voyage), who was killed.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZ9ZBAAAQBAJ&q=roger+lightoller+granville+raid&pg=PT122 |title = The War of the Motor Gun Boats: One Man's Personal War at Sea with the Costal Forces, 1943-§945|isbn = 9781473830080|last1 = Chapman|first1 = A. J.|date = 2 October 2013}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 58: Line 79:


== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/52/a4041352.shtml Account from a book with eye-witness commentary]
* Jackman, Jack (2005) ''The Granville Raid''. WW2 People's War archives. BBC home. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/52/a4041352.shtml Account from a book with eye-witness commentary]

{{coord|48.8381|N|1.5869|W|source:wikidata|display=title}}


[[Category:Western European theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Western European theatre of World War II]]

Latest revision as of 13:42, 9 December 2024

Granville raid
Part of World War II
Date8–9 March 1945
Location
Granville, Manche, France
48°50′15″N 1°35′38″W / 48.837401°N 1.593931°W / 48.837401; -1.593931
Result German victory
Belligerents
  Germany
Commanders and leaders
  • United States Percy Sandel
  • United Kingdom Roger Lightoller †
Strength
Unknown
Casualties and losses
  • 1 minesweeper heavily damaged
  • 4 freighters damaged
  • 1 collier captured
  • 22 killed
  • 30 captured
  • 1 minesweeper scuttled
  • 6 killed
  • 1 captured

The Granville raid occurred on the night of 8–9 March 1945 when a German raiding force from the Channel Islands landed in France and brought back supplies, Allied prisoners and former German prisoners of war to their base.[1]

History

[edit]

Background

[edit]

During the Second World War, Granville, Manche, France was the site of a prisoner of war camp. In December 1944, four German paratroopers and a naval cadet escaped from the camp and captured a US Navy LCVP, in which they made their way to the German occupied Channel Islands. There they relayed substantial intelligence on the Allies' disposition in the Granville area, including the fact that several ships were in the harbour discharging coal, which was in short supply in the Channel Islands, and the location of US troops. (The former POWs were killed on 25 December, while returning to Germany in a transport plane that was shot down by an Allied night fighter. Also killed in the transport was Korvettenkapitän Fritz Breithaupt, a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and commander of Minensuchflottille 24 [Mine Sweeping Flotilla 24].[2])

The new garrison commander of the Channel Islands, Vizeadmiral Friedrich Hüffmeier, a former captain of the German battleship Scharnhorst, used the intelligence to plan a raid against the Allies to restore morale to his garrison and obtain needed supplies.

On the night of 6–7 February 1945, a first attempt was aborted, due to a combination of bad weather and the detection of an escorting Schnellboot ("E-boat"), by US Navy submarine chaser USS PC-552.[1]

Raid

[edit]

The raid, led by Kapitänleutnant Carl-Friedrich Mohr, was carried out on the night of 8–9 March. Hüffmeier's raiding force comprised four large M class minesweepers (M-412, M-432, M-442, M-459), three armed barges (artillery lighters) carrying 8.8 cm guns, three fast motor launches, two small R type minesweepers, and a seagoing tug.

As the Germans had received intelligence regarding the identification signals needed to enter the harbour, they were initially able to land unopposed. They damaged the harbour locks and started fires on shore.[3] The Germans mined the British-registered merchant freighters Kyle Castle, Nephrite, Parkwood and the Norwegian freighter Heien. The master of the Kyle Castle, William Callum Fraser, M.B.E.[4] was killed while resisting the Germans, although an officer named Richard Reed remained hidden on the vessel with a shipmate until after the Germans left.

Outside the port, the submarine chaser USS PC-564 raised the alarm and was attacked by German vessels. About 14 US Navy personnel were killed in action on PC-564, others were wounded, its 3"/50 gun was disabled and the pilot house destroyed. The captain, Lieutenant Percy Sandel, gave the order to abandon ship, but he and other crew members remained on board, and managed to evade the Germans, before intentionally grounding PC-564 on the shore. Sandel and the remaining crew were later rescued. (PC-564 was salvaged and, renamed USS Chadron, remained on the US naval register until 1963.)

At the Hotel des Bains, which housed nine senior US officers, two US Marines resisted the Germans and were killed in action. A Royal Navy officer, Roger Lightoller, the son of Charles Lightoller[5] and five enlisted personnel from the RN were also killed during the raid.[2][6] Some sources[who?] claim that 30 Allied personnel were taken, as prisoners to the Channel Islands, including 15 of those who had earlier abandoned PC-564.

Allied resistance caused significant delays to the German raiders. By the time they were ready to depart, the tide was so low that only one captured collier, Eskwood, containing 112 tonnes of coal, could be taken back to the Channel Islands. It also carried 67 German former prisoners of war who were working in the area and rescued by the raiding party. A German minesweeper, De Schelde (M-412), ran aground, and was scuttled with explosives.

Aftermath

[edit]

While the charges on the British freighters detonated successfully, all of them remained either afloat, aground or accessible at low tide. Reed and others managed to repair the hull damage on Kyle Castle. While her engines were unusable, she had been anchored outside the port and Reed allowed Kyle Castle to drift to a position south of the Channel Islands. Using hatch covers as makeshift sails, they managed to steer Kyle Castle into the English Channel, where they were received assistance and were towed to Plymouth.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]

Mohr was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 March 1945, while Oberleutnant zur See Otto Karl, who had commanded artillery lighter AF 65, was awarded the Knights Cross on 21 March 1945.[7]

In a later operation, an 18-man German sabotage raid from Jersey landed from rubber boats on Cape de la Hague on 5 April 1945, intending to destroy installations. The mission failed, and the team was captured.[8]

A further raid was planned for 7 May 1945, but Admiral Karl Dönitz ordered Hüffmeier not to carry out any more offensive operations so close to the end of the war.

Among the notable casualties was Lieutenant Roger Lightoller, a Motor Torpedo Boat skipper and son of Charles Lightoller (the second officer of the RMS Titanic during its ill-fated maiden voyage), who was killed.[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Morison, Samuel Eliot History of United States Naval Operations in World War II p.306
  2. ^ a b "BBC - WW2 People's War - the Granville Raid".
  3. ^ "The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II--1945". www.ibiblio.org.
  4. ^ "Lest we forget | Lisburn.com". lisburn.com.
  5. ^ Chapman, A. J. (2 October 2013). The War of the Motor Gun Boats: One Man's Personal War at Sea with the Costal Forces, 1943–§945. Pen and Sword. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4738-3008-0.
  6. ^ "Defiant until the end". Page 7
  7. ^ "Viceadmiral Friedrich Hüffmeier (Friedrich Hueffmeier)". Archived from the original on 4 January 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2008.
  8. ^ Sanders, Paul (2005). The British Channel Islands Under German Occupation, 1940–1945. Société jersiaise, Jersey Heritage Trust. Page 181. ISBN 0-9538858-3-6
  9. ^ Chapman, A. J. (2 October 2013). The War of the Motor Gun Boats: One Man's Personal War at Sea with the Costal Forces, 1943-§945. ISBN 9781473830080.
[edit]
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