Hawker Tornado: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|British WWII aircraft}} |
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{{Use British English|date=January 2018}} |
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}} |
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{{Infobox aircraft |
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|name = Tornado |
|name = Tornado |
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|image = File:Hawker Tornado (with Rolls-Royce Vulture engine).jpg |
|image = File:Hawker Tornado (with Rolls-Royce Vulture engine).jpg |
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|caption = |
|caption = |
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}}{{Infobox aircraft type |
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|type = Single-seat fighter |
|type = Single-seat fighter |
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|manufacturer = [[Hawker Aircraft]] |
|manufacturer = [[Hawker Aircraft]] |
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|designer = |
|designer = |
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|first_flight = 6 October 1939 |
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|introduction = |
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|retired = |
|retired = |
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|status = |
|status = |
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|primary_user = [[Royal Air Force]] |
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|more_users = <!--up to three more. please separate with <br/>.--> |
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|produced = <!--years in production, e.g. 1970–99, if still in active use but no longer built--> |
|produced = <!--years in production, e.g. 1970–99, if still in active use but no longer built--> |
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|number_built = 4 (3 prototypes and 1 production) |
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|developed_into = |
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|variants with their own articles = |
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The '''Hawker Tornado''' was a British single-seat [[fighter aircraft]] design of the [[Second World War]] for the [[Royal Air Force]] as a replacement for the [[Hawker Hurricane]]. The planned production of Tornados was cancelled after the engine it was designed to use, the [[Rolls-Royce Vulture]], proved unreliable in service. A parallel airframe that used the [[Napier Sabre]] engine continued into production as the [[Hawker Typhoon]]. |
The '''Hawker Tornado''' was a British single-seat [[fighter aircraft]] design of the [[Second World War]] for the [[Royal Air Force]] as a replacement for the [[Hawker Hurricane]]. The planned production of Tornados was cancelled after the engine it was designed to use, the [[Rolls-Royce Vulture]], proved unreliable in service. A parallel airframe that used the [[Napier Sabre]] engine continued into production as the [[Hawker Typhoon]]. |
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==Design and development== |
==Design and development== |
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Shortly after the Hawker Hurricane entered service, Hawker began work on its eventual successor. Two alternative projects were undertaken: the Type N (for |
Shortly after the Hawker Hurricane entered service, Hawker began work on its eventual successor having asked the Air Ministry which projects should be considered. Two alternative projects were undertaken: the Type N (for [[D. Napier & Son|Napier]]), with a Napier Sabre engine, and the Type R (for [[Rolls-Royce]]), equipped with a Rolls-Royce Vulture powerplant. Hawker sent drawings and data of the Sabre fighter to the Air Ministry in July 1937 which advised that a specification for such a fighter was likely to be presented soon. Hawker started on the Vulture engined design in October. The specification was released by the ministry as [[List of Air Ministry specifications|Specification F.18/37]] early in 1938 after further prompting from Hawker but the full specification and invitation to tender did not arrive until April.<ref>Buttler, 2004 p14</ref> The specification called for a single-seat fighter to replace the Spitfire and Hurricane armed with twelve [[.303 British|0.303 in (7.7 mm)]] machine guns, a maximum speed of at least 400 mph (644 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) and a service ceiling of 35,000 ft (10,700 m) or more were required.{{Sfn|Buttler|2004|p=12}} |
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Other manufacturers responded to the specification: [[Bristol Aeroplane Company|Bristol]] with a 42 ft span fighter powered by either [[Bristol Centaurus]], Sabre or Vulture; [[Gloster Aircraft Company|Gloster]] with twin boom pusher (armament concentrated in nose) and a twin engine based on their [[Gloster F.9/37|F.9/37 fighter]]; Supermarine offered two similar twin engined designs (one tractor and one pusher type) {{Sfn|Buttler|2004|pp=13-14}} The Hawker designs were chosen and two prototypes of both the Type N and R were ordered on 3 March 1938. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Both prototypes were very similar to the Hurricane in general appearance |
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A contract for 500 Vulture and 500 Sabre engined fighters to F.9/37 was placed with Hawker on 10 July 1939. The official name 'Tornado' was issued in August.{{Sfn|Buttler|2004|p=15}}{{Efn|The 'Typhoon' was officially named in December.}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Both prototypes were very similar to the Hurricane in general appearance and shared some of its construction techniques. The front fuselage used the same [[swage]]d and bolted [[duralumin]] tube structure, which had been developed by [[Sydney Camm]] and [[Fred Sigrist]] in 1925. The new design featured automobile-like side-opening doors for entry, and used a large 40 ft (12 m) wing that was much thicker in cross-section than those on aircraft like the [[Supermarine Spitfire]]. The rear fuselage, from behind the cockpit, differed from that of the Hurricane in that it was a duralumin, semi-[[monocoque]], flush-riveted structure. The all-metal wings incorporated the legs and wheel-bays of the wide-track, inward-retracting main [[Landing gear|undercarriage]]. The two models were very similar to each other; the R plane had a rounder nose profile and a ventral radiator, whereas the N had a flatter deck and a chin-mounted radiator. The fuselage of the Tornado ahead of the wings was 12 in (30 cm) longer than that of the Typhoon and the wings were fitted 3 in (76 mm) lower on the fuselage. The [[X engine|X-24 cylinder]] configuration of the Vulture required two sets of ejector exhaust stacks on each side of the cowling,<ref name="Thomas and Shores" /> and that the engine was mounted further forward than the Sabre in order to clear the front wing spar.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1944/1944%20-%200753.html |title=Hawker Tornado |journal=Flight |date=13 April 1944 |page=391 }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
On 6 October 1939, the first prototype (''P5219'') was flown by P.G. Lucas, having first been moved from Kingston to Langley for completion. Further flight trials revealed airflow problems around the radiator, which was subsequently relocated to a chin position. Later changes included increased [[rudder]] area, and the upgrading of the powerplant to the Vulture Mark V engine. Hawker production lines focused on the Hurricane, with the result that completion of the second prototype (''P5224'') was significantly delayed. It featured the chin radiator, additional window panels in the fairing behind the cockpit, and the 12 .303 in machine guns were replaced by four [[20 mm calibre|20 mm]] [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404|Hispano cannon]]. It was first flown on 5 December 1940, and was powered by a Vulture II, although as in the case of the first prototype, a Vulture V was later installed. |
On 6 October 1939, the first prototype (''P5219'') was flown by P.G. Lucas, having first been moved from Kingston to Langley for completion. Further flight trials revealed airflow problems around the radiator, which was subsequently relocated to a chin position. Later changes included increased [[rudder]] area, and the upgrading of the powerplant to the Vulture Mark V engine. Hawker production lines focused on the Hurricane, with the result that completion of the second prototype (''P5224'') was significantly delayed. It featured the chin radiator, additional window panels in the fairing behind the cockpit, and the 12 .303 in machine guns were replaced by four [[20 mm calibre|20 mm]] [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404|Hispano cannon]]. It was first flown on 5 December 1940, and was powered by a Vulture II, although as in the case of the first prototype, a Vulture V was later installed. |
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== |
== Production == |
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In order to avoid upsetting the Hurricane lines, production was sub-contracted to [[Avro]] (another company in the Hawker group) in Manchester<ref name="Thomas and Shores">Thomas and Shores 1988.</ref> and [[Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft]] in [[Eastleigh]], with orders for 1,760 and 200 respectively being placed in 1939. However, only one of these aircraft, from Avro, was ever built and flown, this being ''R7936''. Shortly after its first flight at Woodford, on 29 August 1941, the Vulture programme was abandoned, followed closely by the cancellation of the Tornado order. At that time four aircraft were at various stages of production at the Avro |
In order to avoid upsetting the Hurricane lines, production was sub-contracted to [[Avro]] (another company in the Hawker group) in Manchester<ref name="Thomas and Shores">Thomas and Shores 1988.</ref> and [[Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft]] in [[Eastleigh]], with orders for 1,760 and 200 respectively being placed in 1939. However, only one of these aircraft, from Avro, was ever built and flown, this being [[United Kingdom military aircraft serial numbers|serial]] ''R7936''. Shortly after its first flight at [[Woodford, Greater Manchester|Woodford]], on 29 August 1941, the Vulture programme was abandoned, followed closely by the cancellation of the Tornado order. At that time four aircraft were at various stages of production at the Avro shadow factory at [[Leeds Bradford Airport#Wartime use|Yeadon aerodrome]], near Leeds. |
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| ⚫ | The Vulture was effectively cancelled by Rolls-Royce in July 1941, partly due to the problems experienced in its use on the [[Avro Manchester]], but mostly to free up resources for Merlin development and production. The [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] was also starting to deliver the same power levels. However, the Vulture engine installation in the Tornado was relatively trouble free<ref name="Thomas and Shores"/> and the aircraft itself had fewer problems in flight than its Sabre-engined counterpart. |
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In February 1942 a contract was issued to convert one Tornado prototype to the Centaurus [[sleeve valve]] [[radial engine]]. The third prototype (''HG641''), the only other Tornado to fly, was flown on 23 October 1941, powered by a Centaurus CE.4S. This Tornado was built from two incomplete production airframes (''R7937'' and ''R7938''), was a testbed for a number of Centaurus engine/propeller combinations and was the progenitor of the [[Hawker Tempest]] II. |
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===Vulture engine=== |
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| ⚫ | The Vulture was effectively cancelled by Rolls-Royce in July 1941, partly due to the problems experienced in its use on the [[Avro Manchester]], but mostly to free up resources for Merlin development and production. The [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] was also starting to deliver the same power levels. However, the Vulture engine installation in the Tornado was relatively trouble free<ref name="Thomas and Shores"/> and the aircraft itself had fewer problems in flight than its Sabre-engined counterpart. |
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==Operators== |
==Operators== |
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[[File:Hawker Tornado.svg|thumb|right|300px|Orthographic projection of the second prototype Tornado, with the distinctive "beard" radiator, modified tail and fitting for four cannon. Inset profile of the first prototype in the original configuration looking very much like an enlarged Hurricane.]] |
[[File:Hawker Tornado.svg|thumb|right|300px|Orthographic projection of the second prototype Tornado, with the distinctive "beard" radiator, modified tail and fitting for four cannon. Inset profile of the first prototype in the original configuration looking very much like an enlarged Hurricane.]] |
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{{Aircraft specs |
{{Aircraft specs |
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|ref=The Typhoon and Tempest Story,<ref name="Thomas and Shores"/> Hawker Aircraft Since 1920<ref name="Mason 1991">Mason 1991</ref> |
|ref=''The Typhoon and Tempest Story'',<ref name="Thomas and Shores"/> ''Hawker Aircraft Since 1920'' <ref name="Mason 1991">Mason 1991</ref> |
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|prime units?=imp |
|prime units?=imp |
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|eng1 type=X-24 liquid-cooled piston engine |
|eng1 type=X-24 liquid-cooled piston engine |
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|eng1 hp=1760 |
|eng1 hp=1760 |
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|eng1 note=<br> |
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::* or 1 × {{cvt|1980|hp|0}} [[Rolls-Royce Vulture V]] |
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|prop blade number=3 |
|prop blade number=3 |
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|prop name=[[de Havilland |
|prop name=[[de Havilland Propellers]] Hydromatic constant-speed propeller |
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|prop dia ft=14 |
|prop dia ft=14 |
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|prop dia in=0 |
|prop dia in=0 |
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--> |
--> |
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|max speed mph=398 |
|max speed mph=398 |
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|max speed note=at {{cvt|23000|ft |
|max speed note=at {{cvt|23000|ft}} (Vulture V) |
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|cruise speed mph= |
|cruise speed mph= |
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|cruise speed note= |
|cruise speed note= |
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|fuel consumption lb/mi= |
|fuel consumption lb/mi= |
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|power/mass={{cvt|0.1858|hp/lb}} |
|power/mass={{cvt|0.1858|hp/lb}} |
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|more performance= |
|more performance= |
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*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt||ft|0}} |
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*'''Take-off distance to {{cvt|50|ft|0}}:''' {{cvt||ft|0}} |
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*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt||ft|0}} |
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*'''Landing distance from {{cvt|50|ft|0}}:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}--> |
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Armament |
Armament |
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===Notes=== |
===Notes=== |
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{{notelist}} |
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{{Reflist |group=C}} |
{{Reflist |group=C}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
===Bibliography=== |
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{{Refbegin}} |
{{Refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book |last= Buttler |first= Tony |series=British Secret Projects 3 |title= Fighters & Bombers 1935–1950 |location= Hinckley, UK |publisher= Midland Publishing |date=2004 |isbn=1-85780-179-2}}. |
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* Darling, Kev. ''Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Sea Fury''. Ramsgate, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press Ltd., 2003. {{ISBN|1-86126-620-0}}. |
* Darling, Kev. ''Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Sea Fury''. Ramsgate, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press Ltd., 2003. {{ISBN|1-86126-620-0}}. |
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* Hannah |
* {{cite book |last=Hannah |first= Donald |title=Hawker |series=FlyPast Reference Library |location=Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK |publisher= Key Publishing |date=1982 |isbn=0-946219-01-X}}. |
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* James, Derek N. ''Hawker, an Aircraft Album No. 5''. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1973. {{ISBN|0-668-02699-5}}. (First published in the UK by Ian Allan in 1972) |
* James, Derek N. ''Hawker, an Aircraft Album No. 5''. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1973. {{ISBN|0-668-02699-5}}. (First published in the UK by Ian Allan in 1972) |
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* Mason, Francis K. ''Hawker Aircraft Since 1920 (3rd revised edition) |
* Mason, Francis K. ''Hawker Aircraft Since 1920'' (3rd revised edition). London, UK: Putnam, 1991. {{ISBN|0-85177-839-9}}. |
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* Mason, Francis K. ''The Hawker Typhoon and Tempest''. Bourne End, Buckinghamshire, UK: Aston Publications, 1988. {{ISBN|0-946627-19-3}}. |
* Mason, Francis K. ''The Hawker Typhoon and Tempest''. Bourne End, Buckinghamshire, UK: Aston Publications, 1988. {{ISBN|0-946627-19-3}}. |
||
* Mondey, David. ''The Hamyln Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II''. London: Chancellor Press, 1994. {{ISBN|1-85152-668-4}}. |
* Mondey, David. ''The Hamyln Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II''. London: Chancellor Press, 1994. {{ISBN|1-85152-668-4}}. |
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* Myers, Gerald. ''Mother worked at Avro''. Page 27. |
* Myers, Gerald. ''Mother worked at Avro''. Page 27. |
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* Sharpe, Michael. ''History of the Royal |
* Sharpe, Michael. ''History of the Royal Air Force''. Pages 64–66. |
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* Thomas, Chris and Shores, Christopher. ''The Typhoon and Tempest Story''. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-85368-878-8}}. |
* Thomas, Chris and Shores, Christopher. ''The Typhoon and Tempest Story''. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-85368-878-8}}. |
||
* Townend, David R. ''Clipped Wings – World War Two Edition''. Markham: Aerofile Publications, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-9732020-1-4}}. |
* Townend, David R. ''Clipped Wings – World War Two Edition''. Markham: Aerofile Publications, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-9732020-1-4}}. |
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[[Category:Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom]] |
[[Category:Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom]] |
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[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1939]] |
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1939]] |
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[[Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear]] |
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[[Category:Single-engined piston aircraft]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:08, 9 December 2024
| Tornado | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| General information | |
| Type | Single-seat fighter |
| Manufacturer | Hawker Aircraft |
| Primary user | Royal Air Force |
| Number built | 4 (3 prototypes and 1 production) |
| History | |
| First flight | 6 October 1939 |
The Hawker Tornado was a British single-seat fighter aircraft design of the Second World War for the Royal Air Force as a replacement for the Hawker Hurricane. The planned production of Tornados was cancelled after the engine it was designed to use, the Rolls-Royce Vulture, proved unreliable in service. A parallel airframe that used the Napier Sabre engine continued into production as the Hawker Typhoon.
Design and development
[edit]Shortly after the Hawker Hurricane entered service, Hawker began work on its eventual successor having asked the Air Ministry which projects should be considered. Two alternative projects were undertaken: the Type N (for Napier), with a Napier Sabre engine, and the Type R (for Rolls-Royce), equipped with a Rolls-Royce Vulture powerplant. Hawker sent drawings and data of the Sabre fighter to the Air Ministry in July 1937 which advised that a specification for such a fighter was likely to be presented soon. Hawker started on the Vulture engined design in October. The specification was released by the ministry as Specification F.18/37 early in 1938 after further prompting from Hawker but the full specification and invitation to tender did not arrive until April.[1] The specification called for a single-seat fighter to replace the Spitfire and Hurricane armed with twelve 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns, a maximum speed of at least 400 mph (644 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) and a service ceiling of 35,000 ft (10,700 m) or more were required.[2]
Other manufacturers responded to the specification: Bristol with a 42 ft span fighter powered by either Bristol Centaurus, Sabre or Vulture; Gloster with twin boom pusher (armament concentrated in nose) and a twin engine based on their F.9/37 fighter; Supermarine offered two similar twin engined designs (one tractor and one pusher type) [3] The Hawker designs were chosen and two prototypes of both the Type N and R were ordered on 3 March 1938.
A contract for 500 Vulture and 500 Sabre engined fighters to F.9/37 was placed with Hawker on 10 July 1939. The official name 'Tornado' was issued in August.[4][a]
Technical description
[edit]Both prototypes were very similar to the Hurricane in general appearance and shared some of its construction techniques. The front fuselage used the same swaged and bolted duralumin tube structure, which had been developed by Sydney Camm and Fred Sigrist in 1925. The new design featured automobile-like side-opening doors for entry, and used a large 40 ft (12 m) wing that was much thicker in cross-section than those on aircraft like the Supermarine Spitfire. The rear fuselage, from behind the cockpit, differed from that of the Hurricane in that it was a duralumin, semi-monocoque, flush-riveted structure. The all-metal wings incorporated the legs and wheel-bays of the wide-track, inward-retracting main undercarriage. The two models were very similar to each other; the R plane had a rounder nose profile and a ventral radiator, whereas the N had a flatter deck and a chin-mounted radiator. The fuselage of the Tornado ahead of the wings was 12 in (30 cm) longer than that of the Typhoon and the wings were fitted 3 in (76 mm) lower on the fuselage. The X-24 cylinder configuration of the Vulture required two sets of ejector exhaust stacks on each side of the cowling,[5] and that the engine was mounted further forward than the Sabre in order to clear the front wing spar.[6]
Flight trials
[edit]On 6 October 1939, the first prototype (P5219) was flown by P.G. Lucas, having first been moved from Kingston to Langley for completion. Further flight trials revealed airflow problems around the radiator, which was subsequently relocated to a chin position. Later changes included increased rudder area, and the upgrading of the powerplant to the Vulture Mark V engine. Hawker production lines focused on the Hurricane, with the result that completion of the second prototype (P5224) was significantly delayed. It featured the chin radiator, additional window panels in the fairing behind the cockpit, and the 12 .303 in machine guns were replaced by four 20 mm Hispano cannon. It was first flown on 5 December 1940, and was powered by a Vulture II, although as in the case of the first prototype, a Vulture V was later installed.
Production
[edit]In order to avoid upsetting the Hurricane lines, production was sub-contracted to Avro (another company in the Hawker group) in Manchester[5] and Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft in Eastleigh, with orders for 1,760 and 200 respectively being placed in 1939. However, only one of these aircraft, from Avro, was ever built and flown, this being serial R7936. Shortly after its first flight at Woodford, on 29 August 1941, the Vulture programme was abandoned, followed closely by the cancellation of the Tornado order. At that time four aircraft were at various stages of production at the Avro shadow factory at Yeadon aerodrome, near Leeds.
The Vulture was effectively cancelled by Rolls-Royce in July 1941, partly due to the problems experienced in its use on the Avro Manchester, but mostly to free up resources for Merlin development and production. The Rolls-Royce Merlin was also starting to deliver the same power levels. However, the Vulture engine installation in the Tornado was relatively trouble free[5] and the aircraft itself had fewer problems in flight than its Sabre-engined counterpart.
In February 1942 a contract was issued to convert one Tornado prototype to the Centaurus sleeve valve radial engine. The third prototype (HG641), the only other Tornado to fly, was flown on 23 October 1941, powered by a Centaurus CE.4S. This Tornado was built from two incomplete production airframes (R7937 and R7938), was a testbed for a number of Centaurus engine/propeller combinations and was the progenitor of the Hawker Tempest II.
Operators
[edit]
Specifications (Tornado with Vulture II)
[edit]
Data from The Typhoon and Tempest Story,[5] Hawker Aircraft Since 1920 [7]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 32 ft 10 in (10.01 m)
- Wingspan: 41 ft 11 in (12.78 m)
- Height: 14 ft 8 in (4.47 m)
- Wing area: 283 sq ft (26.3 m2)
- Airfoil: root: NACA 2219; tip: NACA 2213[8]
- Empty weight: 8,377 lb (3,800 kg)
- Gross weight: 9,520 lb (4,318 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 10,668 lb (4,839 kg)
- Fuel capacity: 140 imp gal (168 US gal; 636 L)
- Powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Vulture II X-24 liquid-cooled piston engine, 1,760 hp (1,310 kW) [b]
- Propellers: 3-bladed de Havilland Propellers Hydromatic constant-speed propeller, 14 ft 0 in (4.27 m) diameter
Performance
- Maximum speed: 398 mph (641 km/h, 346 kn) at 23,000 ft (7,000 m) (Vulture V)
- Service ceiling: 34,900 ft (10,600 m)
- Time to altitude: 20,000 ft (6,100 m) in 7 minutes 12 seconds
- Wing loading: 37.7 lb/sq ft (184 kg/m2)
- Power/mass: 0.1858 hp/lb (0.3055 kW/kg)
Armament
- Guns: Provision for 12 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns (1st prototype P5219) or 4 × 20 mm Hispano cannon. (2nd and Centaurus prototypes P5224, HG641).
Avionics
TR 9 VHF R/T fitted (P5224)
See also
[edit]Related development
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ The 'Typhoon' was officially named in December.
- ^ later 1,980 hp (1,476 kW) Rolls-Royce Vulture V, or the 2,210 hp (1,648 kW) Bristol Centaurus CE 4S
- ^ Buttler, 2004 p14
- ^ Buttler 2004, p. 12.
- ^ Buttler 2004, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Buttler 2004, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d Thomas and Shores 1988.
- ^ "Hawker Tornado", Flight: 391, 13 April 1944
- ^ Mason 1991
- ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
Bibliography
[edit]- Buttler, Tony (2004). Fighters & Bombers 1935–1950. British Secret Projects 3. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-179-2..
- Darling, Kev. Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Sea Fury. Ramsgate, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press Ltd., 2003. ISBN 1-86126-620-0.
- Hannah, Donald (1982). Hawker. FlyPast Reference Library. Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing. ISBN 0-946219-01-X..
- James, Derek N. Hawker, an Aircraft Album No. 5. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1973. ISBN 0-668-02699-5. (First published in the UK by Ian Allan in 1972)
- Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft Since 1920 (3rd revised edition). London, UK: Putnam, 1991. ISBN 0-85177-839-9.
- Mason, Francis K. The Hawker Typhoon and Tempest. Bourne End, Buckinghamshire, UK: Aston Publications, 1988. ISBN 0-946627-19-3.
- Mondey, David. The Hamyln Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor Press, 1994. ISBN 1-85152-668-4.
- Myers, Gerald. Mother worked at Avro. Page 27.
- Sharpe, Michael. History of the Royal Air Force. Pages 64–66.
- Thomas, Chris and Shores, Christopher. The Typhoon and Tempest Story. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1988. ISBN 0-85368-878-8.
- Townend, David R. Clipped Wings – World War Two Edition. Markham: Aerofile Publications, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9732020-1-4.
External links
[edit]
- Hawker Tornado – British Aircraft Directory
- Hawker Tornado – British Aircraft of World War II
- A photograph of the Vulture-engined second prototype, P5224
- A photograph of the Centaurus-engined third prototype, HG641
- A later photograph of HG641 with a different nose configuration
