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{{Short description|Companion, disciple, scribe or family members of prophet Muhammad}}
{{Short description|Close friends/disciples of the Islamic prophet Muhammad}}
{{redirect|Sahabi|the surname|Sahabi (name)}}
{{redirect|Sahabi|the surname|Sahabi (name)}}{{Redirect|Sahaba}}{{More footnotes|date=October 2022}}
{{More footnotes|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox religious biography
{{Infobox religious biography
|name=Ṣaḥāba
| name = Ṣaḥāba
| other_names = ''Companions of the Prophet''
| other_names = ''Companions of the Prophet''
|image=Mohammed im kreis seiner gefährten.jpg
| image = Mohammed im kreis seiner gefährten.jpg
|religion=[[Islam]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
|period=Early Islamic period
| period = Early Islamic period
[[Late antiquity]]
|caption=[[Muhammad]] and his companions on an [[Ottoman miniature]] in [[Persian script]]
| caption = Muhammad and his companions ([[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] era)
}}
}}
⚫
[[File:Shahnameh3-1.jpg|thumb|[[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]] leads [[Rashidun Caliphate]] forces in the [[Battle of al-Qadisiyyah]] (image {{c.|1523–1535}})]]
[[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0152.1.1.jpg|thumb|A caravan led by [[Abd Allah ibn Jahsh]] returns from a raid by companions of Muhammad (image {{c.|1594–1595}})]]


The '''Companions of the Prophet''' ({{lang-ar|اَلصَّحَابَةُ}}; '''''aṣ-ṣaḥāba''''' meaning "the companions", from the verb {{lang|ar|صَحِبَ}} meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") were the disciples and followers of [[Muhammad]] who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite book |author=Encyclopaedia Britannica |author-link=Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA441 |year=2008 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59339-492-9 |page=441}}</ref> "Al-ṣaḥāba" is definite plural; the indefinite singular is masculine {{lang|ar|صَحَابِيٌّ}} (''{{transl|ar|ALA|ṣaḥābiyy}}''), feminine {{lang|ar|صَحَابِيَّةٌ}} (''{{transl|ar|ALA|ṣaḥābiyyah}}'').
The '''Companions of the Prophet''' ({{langx|ar|اَلصَّحَابَةُ|translit=aṣ-ṣaḥāba|lit=the companions}}) were the Muslim disciples and followers of [[Muhammad]] who saw or met him during his lifetime.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite book |author=Encyclopaedia Britannica |author-link=Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA441 |year=2008 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59339-492-9 |page=441}}</ref> The companions played a major role in Muslim battles, society, [[hadith]] narration, and governance during and after the life of Muhammad. The era of the companions began following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, and ended in 110 AH (728 CE) when the last companion [[Abu al-Tufayl]] died.


Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the [[Quran]] was revealed and other various important matters of [[History of Islam|Islamic history]] and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators (''[[Hadith studies#Evaluating authenticity|asānīd]]''), was the basis of the developing [[Islamic culture|Islamic tradition]]. From the traditions (''[[hadith]]'') of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life (''[[sunnah]]''), the code of conduct (''[[sharia]]'') it requires, and the [[jurisprudence]] (''[[fiqh]]'') by which Muslim communities should be regulated.
Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the [[Quran]] was revealed and other important matters in [[History of Islam|Islamic history]] and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators (''[[Isnad|asānīd]]''), was the basis of the developing [[Islamic culture|Islamic tradition]]. From the traditions (''[[hadith]]'') of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life (''[[sunnah]]''), the code of conduct (''[[sharia]]'') it requires, and Islamic [[jurisprudence]] (''[[fiqh]]'').


The two largest [[Islamic schools and branches|Islamic denominations]], the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Shia Islam|Shia]], take different approaches to weighing the value of the companions' testimonies, have different ''[[hadith]]'' collections and, as a result, have different views about the ṣaḥābah.<ref name="britannica"/>
The two largest [[Islamic schools and branches|Islamic denominations]], the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Shia Islam|Shia]], take different approaches to weighing the value of the companions' testimonies, have different ''hadith'' collections and, as a result, have different views about the ṣaḥābah.<ref name="britannica"/>


The second generation of [[Muslims]] after the ṣaḥāba, born after the death of Muhammad, who knew at least one ṣaḥāba, are called ''[[tabi'un|Tābi'ūn]]'' (also "the successors"). The third generation of Muslims after the ''Tābi'ūn'', who knew at least one ''Tābi'', are called ''[[tabi' al-Tabi'in|tābi' al-tābi'īn]]''.<ref name="ODI-301">{{cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John L. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC |date=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=301 |isbn=9780195125597 |access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> The three generations make up the ''[[salaf]]'' of Islam.
The second generation of [[Muslims]] after the ṣaḥāba, born after the death of Muhammad, who knew at least one ṣaḥāba, are called ''[[tabi'un|Tābi'ūn]]'' (also "the successors"). The third generation of Muslims after the ''Tābi'ūn'', who knew at least one ''Tābi'', are called ''[[tabi' al-Tabi'in|tābi' al-tābi'īn]]''.<ref name="ODI-301">{{cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John L. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC |date=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=301 |isbn=9780195125597 |access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> The three generations make up the ''[[salaf]]'' of Islam.


== Etymology ==
⚫
[[File:Shahnameh3-1.jpg|thumb|[[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]] leads the armies of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] during the [[Battle of al-Qadisiyyah]] from a manuscript of the Iranian epic book ''[[Shahnameh]] in [[Persian script]]''.]]
The term sahaba means "companions" and derives from the verb {{lang|ar|صَحِبَ}} meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with". "Al-ṣaḥāba" is definite plural; the indefinite singular is masculine {{lang|ar|صَحَابِيٌّ}} (''{{transl|ar|ALA|ṣaḥābiyy}}''), feminine {{lang|ar|صَحَابِيَّةٌ}} (''{{transl|ar|ALA|ṣaḥābiyyah}}'').


== Types ==
== Types ==
In Islam, companions of Muḥammad are classified into categories including the [[Muhajirun]] who accompanied Muhammad from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]], the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] who lived in Medina, and the [[Badriyyun]] who fought at the [[Battle of Badr]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |entry=Companions of the Prophet |entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Companions-of-the-Prophet}}</ref>{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#3:103 Qur'an, 3:103]}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#48:29 Qur'an, 48:29]}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#8:72 Qur'an, 8:72]}}
In Islam, companions of Muhammad are classified into categories including the [[Muhajirun]] who accompanied Muhammad from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]], the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] who lived in Medina, and the Badriyyun who fought at the [[Battle of Badr]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |entry=Companions of the Prophet |entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Companions-of-the-Prophet}}</ref>{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#3:103 Qur'an, 3:103]}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#48:29 Qur'an, 48:29]}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#8:72 Qur'an, 8:72]}}


Two important groups among the companions are the '''Muhajirun''' "migrants", those who had faith in Muhammad when he began to preach in Mecca and who departed with him when he was persecuted there, and the '''Ansar''', the people of [[Medina]] who welcomed Muhammad and his companions and stood as their protectors.{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#9:100 Qur'an, 9: 100]}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#9:117 Qur'an, 9: 117]}}
Two important groups among the companions are the '''Muhajirun''' "migrants", those who had faith in Muhammad when he began to preach in Mecca and who departed with him when he was persecuted there, and the '''Ansar''', the people of [[Medina]] who welcomed Muhammad and his companions and stood as their protectors.{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#9:100 Qur'an, 9: 100]}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#9:117 Qur'an, 9: 117]}}


[[List of Sahabah|Lists of prominent companions]] usually run to 50 or 60 names, the people most closely associated with Muhammad. However, there were clearly many others who had some contact with Muhammad and their names and biographies were recorded in religious reference texts such as [[ibn Sa'd]]'s early ''Book of the Major Classes''. [[Al-Qurtubi]]'s ''Istīʻāb fī maʻrifat al-Aṣhāb'', who died in 1071, consists of 2770 biographies of male and 381 biographies of female ṣaḥābah.
[[List of Sahabah|Lists of prominent companions]] usually include 50 or 60 names of the people thought to be most closely associated with Muhammad. However, there were clearly many others who had some contact with Muhammad, and many of those names and biographies were recorded in religious reference texts such as [[ibn Sa'd]]'s early ''Book of the Major Classes''. [[Al-Qurtubi]]'s ''Istīʻāb fī maʻrifat al-Aṣhāb'' (d. 1071 CE) consists of 2770 biographies of male and 381 biographies of female ṣaḥābah.


According to an observation in [[al-Qastallani]]'s ''[[Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah]]'', an untold number of persons had already converted to Islam by the time Muhammad died. There were 10,000 by the time of the [[Conquest of Mecca]] and 70,000 during the [[Expedition of Tabuk]] in 630. Some Muslims assert that they were more than 200,000 in number: it is believed that 124,000 witnessed the [[Farewell Sermon]] Muhammad delivered after making [[Farewell Pilgrimage]] to Mecca.
According to an observation in [[al-Qastallani]]'s ''[[Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah]]'', an untold number of persons had already converted to Islam by the time Muhammad died. There were 10,000 by the time of the [[Conquest of Mecca]] and 70,000 during the [[Expedition of Tabuk]] in 630. Some Muslims assert that they were more than 200,000 in number: it is believed that 124,000 pilgrims witnessed the [[Farewell Sermon]] Muhammad delivered after making [[Farewell Pilgrimage]] to Mecca.{{who|date=June 2023}}


==Definitions==
==Definitions==
===Sunni===
===Sunni===
The most widespread definition of a companion is someone who met Muhammad, believed in him, and died a [[Muslim]]. The Sunni scholar [[ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] (d.852 H) said,
The most widespread definition of a companion is someone who met Muhammad, believed in him, and died a [[Muslim]]. The Sunni scholar [[ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] (d. 852 H) said,
{{blockquote|The most correct of what I have come across is that a Sahâbî (Companion) is one who met the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, whilst believing in him, and died as a Muslim. So, that includes the one who remained with him for a long or a short time, and those who narrated from him and those who did not, and those who saw him but did not sit with him and those who could not see him due to blindness.<ref>[Source: Al-Isâbah (1/4-5) of al-Hâfidh lbn Hajar].</ref>}}
{{blockquote|The most correct of what I have come across is that a Sahâbî (Companion) is one who met the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, whilst believing in him, and died as a Muslim. So, that includes the one who remained with him for a long or a short time, and those who narrated from him and those who did not, and those who saw him but did not sit with him and those who could not see him due to blindness.<ref>Source: Al-Isâbah (1/4-5) of al-Hâfidh lbn Hajar.</ref>}}


Anyone who died after [[apostasy in Islam|rejecting Islam]] and becoming an apostate is not considered as a companion. Those who saw him but held off believing in him until after his passing are not considered ṣahābah but tābiʻūn.
Anyone who died after [[apostasy in Islam|rejecting Islam]] and becoming an apostate is not considered as a companion. Those who saw him but held off believing in him until after his death are not considered ṣahābah, only tābiʻūn (if they saw the companions).


According to Sunni scholars, Muslims of the past should be considered companions if they had any contact with Muhammad, and they were not liars or opposed to him and his teachings. If they saw him, heard him, or were in his presence even briefly, they are companions. All companions are assumed to be just (''ʻudul'') unless they are proven otherwise; that is, Sunni scholars do not believe that companions would lie or fabricate hadith unless they are proven liars, untrustworthy or opposed to Islam.<ref>[[Muhammad ibn Ahmad]] (died 1622), also known as "Nişancızâde", ''Mir'ât-i kâinât'' (in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]):{{blockquote|Once a male or female Muslim has seen Muhammad only for a short time, no matter whether he/she is a child or an adult, he/she is called a Sahaba with the proviso of dying with as a believer; the same rule applies to blind Muslims who have talked with the Prophet at least once. If a disbeliever sees Muhammad and then joins the Believers after the demise of Muhammad, he is not a Sahaba; nor is a person called a Sahaba if he converted to Islam afterward although he had seen Muhammad as a Muslim. A person who converts to Islam after being a Sahaba and then becomes a Believer again after the demise of Muhammad is a Sahaba.}}</ref>
According to Sunni scholars, Muslims of the past should be considered companions if they had any contact with Muhammad, and they were not liars or opposed to him and his teachings. If they saw him, heard him, or were in his presence even briefly, they are companions. All companions are assumed to be just (''ʻudul'') unless they are proven otherwise; that is, Sunni scholars do not believe that companions would lie or fabricate hadith unless they are proven liars, untrustworthy or opposed to Islam.<ref>[[Muhammad ibn Ahmad]] (died 1622), also known as "Nişancızâde", ''Mir'ât-i kâinât'' (in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]):{{blockquote|Once a male or female Muslim has seen Muhammad only for a short time, no matter whether he/she is a child or an adult, he/she is called a Sahaba with the proviso of dying with as a believer; the same rule applies to blind Muslims who have talked with the Prophet at least once. If a disbeliever sees Muhammad and then joins the Believers after the demise of Muhammad, he is not a Sahaba; nor is a person called a Sahaba if he converted to Islam afterward although he had seen Muhammad as a Muslim. A person who converts to Islam after being a Sahaba and then becomes a Believer again after the demise of Muhammad is a Sahaba.}}</ref>


Some Quranic references are important to Sunni Muslim views of the reverence due to all companions;<ref>"Sharh al-`Aqeedah at-Tahaawiyyah", by [[al-Tahawi]], pp. 526-528.</ref><ref>"Al-I`tiqad `ala Madhhab al-Salaf Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama`a", by [[Al-Bayhaqi]], pp. 109–113.</ref><ref>"Al-Tajrid fi Asma' al-Sahaba", by [[Al-Dhahabi]], p. 57.</ref><ref>[http://www.ahlelbayt.com/articles/ahlel-bayt/word-games Word Games With Verse 33:33], By: Ibn al-Hashimi.</ref><ref>[http://www.ahlelbayt.com/articles/ahlel-bayt/mother Mothers of the Believers], By: Ibn al-Hashimi.</ref><ref>[http://www.ahlelbayt.com/articles/ahlel-bayt/ifq Al-Ifk: Quran Defends Aisha], By: Ibn al-Hashimi.</ref>{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#48:10 Qur'an, 48:10]}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#8:74 Qur'an, 8:74]}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#8:75 Qur'an, 8:75]}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#57:10 Qur'an, 57:10]}} It sometimes admonishes them, as when [[Aisha]], wife of Muhammad and daughter of the first Sunni [[caliph]] [[Abu Bakr]], was accused of infidelity. {{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#24:11 Qur'an, 24:11-16]..."Indeed, those who came with falsehood are a group among you. Do not think it bad for you; rather it is good for you. For every person among them is what [punishment] he has earned from the sin, and he who took upon himself the greater portion thereof - for him is a great punishment. Why, when you heard it ..."}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#9:101 Qur'an, 9:101] "And among those around you of the bedouins are hypocrites, and [also] from the people of Madinah. They have become accustomed to hypocrisy. You, [O Muhammad], do not know them, [but] We know them. We will punish them twice [in this world]; then they will be returned to a great punishment"}}
Some Quranic references are important to Sunni Muslim views of the reverence due to all companions;<ref>"Sharh al-`Aqeedah at-Tahaawiyyah", by [[al-Tahawi]], pp. 526–528.</ref><ref>"Al-I`tiqad `ala Madhhab al-Salaf Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama`a", by [[Al-Bayhaqi]], pp. 109–113.</ref><ref>"Al-Tajrid fi Asma' al-Sahaba", by [[Al-Dhahabi]], p. 57.</ref><ref>[http://www.ahlelbayt.com/articles/ahlel-bayt/word-games Word Games With Verse 33:33] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307081940/http://www.ahlelbayt.com/articles/ahlel-bayt/word-games |date=2021-03-07 }}, By: Ibn al-Hashimi.</ref><ref>[http://www.ahlelbayt.com/articles/ahlel-bayt/mother Mothers of the Believers], By: Ibn al-Hashimi.</ref><ref>[http://www.ahlelbayt.com/articles/ahlel-bayt/ifq Al-Ifk: Quran Defends Aisha], By: Ibn al-Hashimi.</ref>{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#48:10 Qur'an, 48:10]}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#8:74 Qur'an, 8:74]}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#8:75 Qur'an, 8:75]}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#57:10 Qur'an, 57:10]}} It sometimes admonishes them, as when [[Aisha]], wife of Muhammad and daughter of the first Sunni [[caliph]] [[Abu Bakr]], was accused of infidelity. {{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#24:11 Qur'an, 24:11–16]..."Indeed, those who came with falsehood are a group among you. Do not think it bad for you; rather it is good for you. For every person among them is what [punishment] he has earned from the sin, and he who took upon himself the greater portion thereof – for him is a great punishment. Why, when you heard it ..."}}{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#9:101 Qur'an, 9:101] "And among those around you of the bedouins are hypocrites, and [also] from the people of Madinah. They have become accustomed to hypocrisy. You, [O Muhammad], do not know them, [but] We know them. We will punish them twice [in this world]; then they will be returned to a great punishment"}}


Differing views on the definition of a companion were also influenced by the debate between the [[Traditionalist theology (Islam)|Traditionalists]] and the [[Muʿtazila]] with the traditionalists preferring to extend the definition to as many people as possible and the Mu'tazilites preferring to restrict it.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://brill.com/view/title/8258 |title=The Companions of the Prophet - A Study of Geographical Distribution and Political Alignments |last=Jabali |first=Fu'ad |publisher=Brill |year=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-12923-8 |pages=46}}</ref>
Differing views on the definition of a companion were also influenced by the debate between the [[Traditionalist theology (Islam)|Traditionalists]] and the [[Muʿtazila]] with the traditionalists preferring to extend the definition to as many people as possible and the Mu'tazilites preferring to restrict it.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://brill.com/view/title/8258 |title=The Companions of the Prophet - A Study of Geographical Distribution and Political Alignments |last=Jabali |first=Fu'ad |publisher=Brill |year=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-12923-8 |pages=46}}</ref>


===Shia===
===Shia===
The Shia<ref name="Jabali">{{cite web |last1=Jabali |first1=Fu'ad |title=A STUDY OF THE COMPANIONS OF THE PROPHET: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRlBUTION AND POLITICAL ALIGNMENTS (1999) |url=http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/NQ55342.pdf |website=nlc-bnc.ca}}</ref><ref name="noormags">{{cite web |last1=Taqi poor |first1=Hussain |title=reviewing of the article "Companions of the Prophet" authored by linda L. Kim |url=https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/692830/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B5?q=%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D8%B2%20%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%20%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%88%20%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%20%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%20%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&score=39.710552&rownumber=10 |website=noormags}}</ref> as well as some Sunni scholars like [[Javed Ahmad Ghamidi]] and [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] state that not every individual who met or had accidentally seen Muhammad can be considered a companion. In their view, the Qurʻan has outlined a high level of faith as one of the distinctive qualities of the ṣaḥābah. Hence, they admit to this list only those individuals who had substantial contact with Muhammad, lived with him, and took part in his campaigns and efforts at proselytizing.<ref>''Fundamentals of Hadith Interpretation'' by Amin Ahsan Islahi.</ref> In other words, companion is used to refer to sahaba of the prophet who were in a long-term relationship with him and support him in an essential event up to their death.<ref name="noormags"/>
The Shia<ref name="Jabali">{{cite web |last1=Jabali |first1=Fu'ad |title=A STUDY OF THE COMPANIONS OF THE PROPHET: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRlBUTION AND POLITICAL ALIGNMENTS (1999) |url=http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/NQ55342.pdf |website=nlc-bnc.ca}}</ref><ref name="noormags">{{cite web |last1=Taqi poor |first1=Hussain |title=reviewing of the article "Companions of the Prophet" authored by linda L. Kim |url=https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/692830/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B5?q=%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D8%B2%20%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%20%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%88%20%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%20%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%20%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&score=39.710552&rownumber=10 |website=noormags}}</ref> as well as some Sunni scholars like [[Javed Ahmad Ghamidi]] and [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] follow a stricter definition, believing that not every Muslim who met Muhammad should be considered a companion. In their view, the Qurʻan requires companions to demonstrate a high level of faith; thus, only those individuals who had substantial contact with Muhammad should be considered, e.g., those that lived with him, took part in military campaigns, or proselytized.<ref>''Fundamentals of Hadith Interpretation'' by Amin Ahsan Islahi.</ref>
In view of such admonitions, the Shia have different views on each ṣaḥābiyy, depending on what they accomplished. They do not accept that the testimony of nearly all ṣaḥābah is an authenticated part of the chain of narrators in a hadith and that not all the ṣaḥābah were righteous just because they saw or were with Muhammad. The Shia further argue that the righteousness of ṣaḥābah can be assessed by their loyalty towards Muhammad's family after his death and they accept hadith from the [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt]], believing them to be cleansed from sin through their interpretation of the Qurʻan{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#33:33 Qur'an, 33:33]}} and the [[Ahl al-Kisa#Hadith of Kisa|hadith of the Cloak]].
This stricter definition means that the Shia consider each ṣaḥābiyy differently, depending on what they accomplished. They do not accept that the testimony of nearly all ṣaḥābah are an authentic part of the chain of narrators for a hadith. The Shia further argue that the righteousness of ṣaḥābah can be assessed by their loyalty towards Muhammad's family after his death, and they accept hadith from the [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt]], believing them to be cleansed from sin through their interpretation of the Qurʻan{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#33:33 Qur'an, 33:33]}} and the [[Ahl al-Kisa#Hadith of Kisa|hadith of the Cloak]].


Shia Muslims believe that some of the companions are accountable for the loss of the caliphate by [[Ali]]'s family.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica"/>
Shia Muslims believe that some of the companions are accountable for the loss of the caliphate by [[Ali]]'s family.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica"/>


As verses 30-33 from [[Al-Aḥzāb]], Shias believe their argument {{where|date=July 2018}} that one must discriminate between the virtues of the companions by verses relating to Muhammad's wives.{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#33:30 Qur'an, 33:30-33]}}
As verses 30-33 from [[Al-Aḥzāb]], Shias believe their argument {{where|date=July 2018}} that one must discriminate between the virtues of the companions by verses relating to Muhammad's wives.{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#33:30 Qur'an, 33:30–33]}}


=== Baháʼí Faith ===
=== Baháʼí Faith ===
The [[Baháʼí Faith]] recognises the companions of Muhammad. They are mentioned in the [[Kitáb-i-Íqán]], the primary theological work of the Baháʼí religion.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-1.html |title=The Kitáb-i-Íqán |author=Bahá'u'lláh |author-link=Bahá'u'lláh |date=189x |publisher=US Baháʼí Publishing Trust |edition=1989 pocket-size |access-date=2014-12-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108183525/http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-1.html |archive-date=2015-01-08 |via=Bahá'í Reference Library}}</ref>
The [[Baháʼí Faith]] recognizes the companions of Muhammad. They are mentioned in the [[Kitáb-i-Íqán]], the primary theological work of the Baháʼí religion.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-1.html |title=The Kitáb-i-Íqán |author=Bahá'u'lláh |author-link=Bahá'u'lláh |date=189x |publisher=US Baháʼí Publishing Trust |edition=1989 pocket-size |access-date=2014-12-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108183525/http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-1.html |archive-date=2015-01-08 |via=Bahá'í Reference Library}}</ref>


==Hadith==
==Hadith==


===Sunni views===
===Sunni views===
According to the ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]'', after the death of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] Muhammad, [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar]] and [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah|Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah]] and the [[Ansar (Islam)|Anṣār]] of [[Medina]] held consultations and selected Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Then [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]] and [[Uthman]], companion and son-in-law of Muhammad and also essential chief of the [[Banu Umayyah]], selected Umar as the second caliph after the death of Abu Bakr and the other Anṣār and [[Muhajirun]] accepted him.<ref name="Fitzpatrick">{{cite book |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Coeli |last2=Walker |first2=Adam Hani |author-link2=Adam Hani Walker |title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God &#91;2 volumes&#93; |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA566 |year=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-178-9 |page=566}}</ref><ref name="Afsaruddin">{{cite web |last1=Afsaruddin |first1=Asma |title=Companions of the Prophet (2008) |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1101 |website=oxford islamic studies}}</ref>
According to the ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]'', after the death of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] Muhammad, [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar]] and [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah|Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah]] and the [[Ansar (Islam)|Anṣār]] of [[Medina]] held consultations and selected Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Then [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]] and [[Uthman]], companion and son-in-law of Muhammad and also essential chief of the [[Banu Umayyah]], selected Umar as the second caliph after the death of Abu Bakr and the other Anṣār and [[Muhajirun]] accepted him.<ref name="Fitzpatrick">{{cite book |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Coeli |last2=Walker |first2=Adam Hani |author-link2=Adam Hani Walker |title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God &#91;2 volumes&#93; |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA566 |year=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-178-9 |page=566}}</ref><ref name="Afsaruddin">{{cite web |last1=Afsaruddin |first1=Asma |title=Companions of the Prophet (2008) |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919043405/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1101 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 19, 2019 |website=oxford islamic studies}}</ref>


Sunni Muslim scholars classified companions into many categories, based on a number of criteria. The hadith quoted above{{efn|[https://sunnah.com/bukhari Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:48:820]}}{{efn|[https://sunnah.com/muslim Sahih Muslim, 31:6150]}} shows ranks of ''ṣaḥābah, tābi'īn,'' and ''tābi' at-tābi'īn.'' [[Al-Suyuti]] recognized eleven levels of companionship.
Sunni Muslim scholars classified companions into many categories, based on a number of criteria. The hadith quoted above{{efn|[https://sunnah.com/bukhari Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:48:820]}}{{efn|[https://sunnah.com/muslim Sahih Muslim, 31:6150]}} shows ranks of ''ṣaḥābah, tābi'īn,'' and ''tābi' at-tābi'īn.'' [[Al-Suyuti]] recognized eleven levels of companionship.


The [[List of expeditions of Muhammad|general involvement in military campaign with Muhammad]] by the ṣaḥāba was highlighted by the [[Tabi' al-Tabi'in|third generation scholar]] named [[Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak|Ibn al-Mubarak]], who was once asked to choose between [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan]], who was a companion, and [[Umar II|Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz]], who was famous for his piety. Ibn al-Mubarak simply responded: "''...dust particles in Mu'awiyah's nose (while fighting in Hunayn under Muhammad) were better than six hundred Umar (ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz)..."''<ref name="Muslimah.or.id">{{cite web |last1=Nur Baits |first1=Ammi |title=Muawiyah, Gerbang Kehormatan Sahabat (2)|trans-title=Muawiyah, the Gate of Honor for Companions(2); quoting various sources including Al-Bidayah wa An-Nihayah, Ibnu Katsir, 8:139 |url=https://muslimah.or.id/5494-muawiyah-gerbang-kehormatan-sahabat-2.html |website=Muslimah.or.id |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>
The [[List of expeditions of Muhammad|general involvement in military campaign with Muhammad]] by the ṣaḥāba was highlighted by the [[Tabi' al-Tabi'in|third generation scholar]] named [[Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak|Ibn al-Mubarak]], who was once asked to choose between [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan]], who was a companion, and [[Umar II|Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz]], who was famous for his piety. Ibn al-Mubarak simply responded: "''...dust particles in Mu'awiya's nose (while fighting in Hunayn under Muhammad) were better than six hundred Umar (ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz)..."''<ref name="Muslimah.or.id">{{cite web |last1=Nur Baits |first1=Ammi |title=Muawiyah, Gerbang Kehormatan Sahabat (2)|trans-title=Muawiyah, the Gate of Honor for Companions(2); quoting various sources including Al-Bidayah wa An-Nihayah, Ibnu Katsir, 8:139 |url=https://muslimah.or.id/5494-muawiyah-gerbang-kehormatan-sahabat-2.html |website=Muslimah.or.id |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>


===Shia views===
===Shia views===
Following the [[Saqifah|consultation of companions]] about the successor of Muhammad, Shi'i scholars, therefore, deprecate hadith believed to have been transmitted from alleged unjust companions and place much more reliance on hadith believed to have been related by Muhammad's family members, the [[Ahl al-Bayt]], and by the companions who supported [[Ali]]. The Shia claim that Muhammad announced his successor during his lifetime at Dawat Zul Asheera<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burton |first1=Sir Richard |title=The Jew the Gypsy and El Islam |date=1898 |location=San Francisco}}</ref> then many times during his prophethood and finally at the [[event of Ghadir Khumm]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Razwy |first1=Sayed Ali Asgher |title=A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims |page=276}}</ref>
Following the [[Saqifah|consultation of companions]] about the successor of Muhammad, Shi'i scholars, therefore, deprecate hadith believed to have been transmitted from alleged unjust companions and place much more reliance on hadith believed to have been related by Muhammad's family members, the [[Ahl al-Bayt]], and by the companions who supported [[Ali]]. The Shia claim that Muhammad announced his successor during his lifetime at Da'wat Dhu al-Ashira,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burton |first1=Sir Richard |title=The Jew the Gypsy and El Islam |date=1898 |location=San Francisco}}</ref> then many times during his prophethood and finally at the [[event of Ghadir Khumm]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Razwy |first1=Sayed Ali Asgher |title=A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims |page=276}}</ref>


Shias consider that any hadith where Muhammad is claimed to have absolved all ṣaḥābah from sin is a false report by those who opposed the Ahl al-Bayt.<ref name="noormags 02">{{cite web |last1=Hadi |first1=Muhammad |title=Companions of the Prophet in view of Quran and Imams |url=https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/300525/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85?q=%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D8%B2%20%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%20%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%88%20%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%20%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%20%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&score=355.3409&rownumber=1 |website=noormags}}</ref>
Shias consider that any hadith where Muhammad is claimed to have absolved all ṣaḥābah from sin is a false report by those who opposed the Ahl al-Bayt.<ref name="noormags 02">{{cite web |last1=Hadi |first1=Muhammad |title=Companions of the Prophet in view of Quran and Imams |url=https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/300525/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85?q=%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D8%B2%20%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%20%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%88%20%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%20%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%20%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&score=355.3409&rownumber=1 |website=noormags}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 16:13, 9 December 2024

"Sahabi" redirects here. For the surname, see Sahabi (name).
"Sahaba" redirects here. For other uses, see Sahaba (disambiguation).
Ṣaḥāba
Muhammad and his companions (Ottoman era)
Other namesCompanions of the Prophet
Religious life
ReligionIslam
Muslim leader
Period in officeEarly Islamic period Late antiquity
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas leads Rashidun Caliphate forces in the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah (image c. 1523–1535)
A caravan led by Abd Allah ibn Jahsh returns from a raid by companions of Muhammad (image c. 1594–1595)

The Companions of the Prophet (Arabic: اَلصَّحَابَةُ, romanized: aṣ-ṣaḥāba, lit. 'the companions') were the Muslim disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime.[1] The companions played a major role in Muslim battles, society, hadith narration, and governance during and after the life of Muhammad. The era of the companions began following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, and ended in 110 AH (728 CE) when the last companion Abu al-Tufayl died.

Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the Quran was revealed and other important matters in Islamic history and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators (asānīd), was the basis of the developing Islamic tradition. From the traditions (hadith) of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life (sunnah), the code of conduct (sharia) it requires, and Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh).

The two largest Islamic denominations, the Sunni and Shia, take different approaches to weighing the value of the companions' testimonies, have different hadith collections and, as a result, have different views about the ṣaḥābah.[2]

The second generation of Muslims after the ṣaḥāba, born after the death of Muhammad, who knew at least one ṣaḥāba, are called Tābi'ūn (also "the successors"). The third generation of Muslims after the Tābi'ūn, who knew at least one Tābi, are called tābi' al-tābi'īn.[3] The three generations make up the salaf of Islam.

Etymology

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The term sahaba means "companions" and derives from the verb صَحِبَ meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with". "Al-ṣaḥāba" is definite plural; the indefinite singular is masculine صَحَابِيٌّ (ṣaḥābiyy), feminine صَحَابِيَّةٌ (ṣaḥābiyyah).

Types

[edit]

In Islam, companions of Muhammad are classified into categories including the Muhajirun who accompanied Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, the Ansar who lived in Medina, and the Badriyyun who fought at the Battle of Badr.[2][a][b][c]

Two important groups among the companions are the Muhajirun "migrants", those who had faith in Muhammad when he began to preach in Mecca and who departed with him when he was persecuted there, and the Ansar, the people of Medina who welcomed Muhammad and his companions and stood as their protectors.[d][e]

Lists of prominent companions usually include 50 or 60 names of the people thought to be most closely associated with Muhammad. However, there were clearly many others who had some contact with Muhammad, and many of those names and biographies were recorded in religious reference texts such as ibn Sa'd's early Book of the Major Classes. Al-Qurtubi's Istīʻāb fī maʻrifat al-Aṣhāb (d. 1071 CE) consists of 2770 biographies of male and 381 biographies of female ṣaḥābah.

According to an observation in al-Qastallani's Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah, an untold number of persons had already converted to Islam by the time Muhammad died. There were 10,000 by the time of the Conquest of Mecca and 70,000 during the Expedition of Tabuk in 630. Some Muslims assert that they were more than 200,000 in number: it is believed that 124,000 pilgrims witnessed the Farewell Sermon Muhammad delivered after making Farewell Pilgrimage to Mecca.[who?]

Definitions

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Sunni

[edit]

The most widespread definition of a companion is someone who met Muhammad, believed in him, and died a Muslim. The Sunni scholar ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852 H) said,

The most correct of what I have come across is that a Sahâbî (Companion) is one who met the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, whilst believing in him, and died as a Muslim. So, that includes the one who remained with him for a long or a short time, and those who narrated from him and those who did not, and those who saw him but did not sit with him and those who could not see him due to blindness.[4]

Anyone who died after rejecting Islam and becoming an apostate is not considered as a companion. Those who saw him but held off believing in him until after his death are not considered ṣahābah, only tābiʻūn (if they saw the companions).

According to Sunni scholars, Muslims of the past should be considered companions if they had any contact with Muhammad, and they were not liars or opposed to him and his teachings. If they saw him, heard him, or were in his presence even briefly, they are companions. All companions are assumed to be just (ʻudul) unless they are proven otherwise; that is, Sunni scholars do not believe that companions would lie or fabricate hadith unless they are proven liars, untrustworthy or opposed to Islam.[5]

Some Quranic references are important to Sunni Muslim views of the reverence due to all companions;[6][7][8][9][10][11][f][g][h][i] It sometimes admonishes them, as when Aisha, wife of Muhammad and daughter of the first Sunni caliph Abu Bakr, was accused of infidelity. [j][k]

Differing views on the definition of a companion were also influenced by the debate between the Traditionalists and the Muʿtazila with the traditionalists preferring to extend the definition to as many people as possible and the Mu'tazilites preferring to restrict it.[12]

Shia

[edit]

The Shia[13][14] as well as some Sunni scholars like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi and Amin Ahsan Islahi follow a stricter definition, believing that not every Muslim who met Muhammad should be considered a companion. In their view, the Qurʻan requires companions to demonstrate a high level of faith; thus, only those individuals who had substantial contact with Muhammad should be considered, e.g., those that lived with him, took part in military campaigns, or proselytized.[15]

This stricter definition means that the Shia consider each ṣaḥābiyy differently, depending on what they accomplished. They do not accept that the testimony of nearly all ṣaḥābah are an authentic part of the chain of narrators for a hadith. The Shia further argue that the righteousness of ṣaḥābah can be assessed by their loyalty towards Muhammad's family after his death, and they accept hadith from the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt, believing them to be cleansed from sin through their interpretation of the Qurʻan[l] and the hadith of the Cloak.

Shia Muslims believe that some of the companions are accountable for the loss of the caliphate by Ali's family.[1]

As verses 30-33 from Al-Aḥzāb, Shias believe their argument [where?] that one must discriminate between the virtues of the companions by verses relating to Muhammad's wives.[m]

Baháʼí Faith

[edit]

The Baháʼí Faith recognizes the companions of Muhammad. They are mentioned in the Kitáb-i-Íqán, the primary theological work of the Baháʼí religion.[16]

Hadith

[edit]

Sunni views

[edit]

According to the History of the Prophets and Kings, after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah and the Anṣār of Medina held consultations and selected Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Then Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and Uthman, companion and son-in-law of Muhammad and also essential chief of the Banu Umayyah, selected Umar as the second caliph after the death of Abu Bakr and the other Anṣār and Muhajirun accepted him.[17][18]

Sunni Muslim scholars classified companions into many categories, based on a number of criteria. The hadith quoted above[n][o] shows ranks of ṣaḥābah, tābi'īn, and tābi' at-tābi'īn. Al-Suyuti recognized eleven levels of companionship.

The general involvement in military campaign with Muhammad by the ṣaḥāba was highlighted by the third generation scholar named Ibn al-Mubarak, who was once asked to choose between Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, who was a companion, and Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, who was famous for his piety. Ibn al-Mubarak simply responded: "...dust particles in Mu'awiya's nose (while fighting in Hunayn under Muhammad) were better than six hundred Umar (ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz)..."[19]

Shia views

[edit]

Following the consultation of companions about the successor of Muhammad, Shi'i scholars, therefore, deprecate hadith believed to have been transmitted from alleged unjust companions and place much more reliance on hadith believed to have been related by Muhammad's family members, the Ahl al-Bayt, and by the companions who supported Ali. The Shia claim that Muhammad announced his successor during his lifetime at Da'wat Dhu al-Ashira,[20] then many times during his prophethood and finally at the event of Ghadir Khumm.[21]

Shias consider that any hadith where Muhammad is claimed to have absolved all ṣaḥābah from sin is a false report by those who opposed the Ahl al-Bayt.[22]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Qur'an, 3:103
  2. ^ Qur'an, 48:29
  3. ^ Qur'an, 8:72
  4. ^ Qur'an, 9: 100
  5. ^ Qur'an, 9: 117
  6. ^ Qur'an, 48:10
  7. ^ Qur'an, 8:74
  8. ^ Qur'an, 8:75
  9. ^ Qur'an, 57:10
  10. ^ Qur'an, 24:11–16..."Indeed, those who came with falsehood are a group among you. Do not think it bad for you; rather it is good for you. For every person among them is what [punishment] he has earned from the sin, and he who took upon himself the greater portion thereof – for him is a great punishment. Why, when you heard it ..."
  11. ^ Qur'an, 9:101 "And among those around you of the bedouins are hypocrites, and [also] from the people of Madinah. They have become accustomed to hypocrisy. You, [O Muhammad], do not know them, [but] We know them. We will punish them twice [in this world]; then they will be returned to a great punishment"
  12. ^ Qur'an, 33:33
  13. ^ Qur'an, 33:30–33
  14. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:48:820
  15. ^ Sahih Muslim, 31:6150

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Encyclopaedia Britannica (2008). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. p. 441. ISBN 978-1-59339-492-9.
  2. ^ a b "Companions of the Prophet". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  3. ^ Esposito, John L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780195125597. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  4. ^ Source: Al-Isâbah (1/4-5) of al-Hâfidh lbn Hajar.
  5. ^ Muhammad ibn Ahmad (died 1622), also known as "Nişancızâde", Mir'ât-i kâinât (in Turkish):

    Once a male or female Muslim has seen Muhammad only for a short time, no matter whether he/she is a child or an adult, he/she is called a Sahaba with the proviso of dying with as a believer; the same rule applies to blind Muslims who have talked with the Prophet at least once. If a disbeliever sees Muhammad and then joins the Believers after the demise of Muhammad, he is not a Sahaba; nor is a person called a Sahaba if he converted to Islam afterward although he had seen Muhammad as a Muslim. A person who converts to Islam after being a Sahaba and then becomes a Believer again after the demise of Muhammad is a Sahaba.
  6. ^ "Sharh al-`Aqeedah at-Tahaawiyyah", by al-Tahawi, pp. 526–528.
  7. ^ "Al-I`tiqad `ala Madhhab al-Salaf Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama`a", by Al-Bayhaqi, pp. 109–113.
  8. ^ "Al-Tajrid fi Asma' al-Sahaba", by Al-Dhahabi, p. 57.
  9. ^ Word Games With Verse 33:33 Archived 2021-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, By: Ibn al-Hashimi.
  10. ^ Mothers of the Believers, By: Ibn al-Hashimi.
  11. ^ Al-Ifk: Quran Defends Aisha, By: Ibn al-Hashimi.
  12. ^ Jabali, Fu'ad (2003). The Companions of the Prophet - A Study of Geographical Distribution and Political Alignments. Brill. p. 46. ISBN 978-90-04-12923-8.
  13. ^ Jabali, Fu'ad. "A STUDY OF THE COMPANIONS OF THE PROPHET: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRlBUTION AND POLITICAL ALIGNMENTS (1999)" (PDF). nlc-bnc.ca.
  14. ^ Taqi poor, Hussain. "reviewing of the article "Companions of the Prophet" authored by linda L. Kim". noormags.
  15. ^ Fundamentals of Hadith Interpretation by Amin Ahsan Islahi.
  16. ^ Bahá'u'lláh (189x). The Kitáb-i-Íqán (1989 pocket-size ed.). US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. Archived from the original on 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2014-12-29 – via Bahá'í Reference Library.
  17. ^ Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 566. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
  18. ^ Afsaruddin, Asma. "Companions of the Prophet (2008)". oxford islamic studies. Archived from the original on September 19, 2019.
  19. ^ Nur Baits, Ammi (10 March 2014). "Muawiyah, Gerbang Kehormatan Sahabat (2)" [Muawiyah, the Gate of Honor for Companions(2); quoting various sources including Al-Bidayah wa An-Nihayah, Ibnu Katsir, 8:139]. Muslimah.or.id. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  20. ^ Burton, Sir Richard (1898). The Jew the Gypsy and El Islam. San Francisco.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ^ Razwy, Sayed Ali Asgher. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims. p. 276.
  22. ^ Hadi, Muhammad. "Companions of the Prophet in view of Quran and Imams". noormags.

Further reading

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[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Companions of the Prophet.
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