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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Otto Stern
| image = Otto Stern 1950s.jpg
| image = Otto Stern 1950s.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Stern in 1950s
| caption = Stern in 1950s
| birth_date = {{birth date|1888|2|17|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1888|2|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sohrau]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Empire]]<br> (today [[Żory]], [[Poland]])
| birth_place = [[Sohrau]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1969|8|17|1888|2|17|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1969|8|17|1888|2|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Berkeley, California]], United States
| death_place = [[Berkeley, California]], U.S.
| nationality = Germany, United States
| field = [[Physics]]
| work_institutions = [[University of Rostock]]<br>[[University of Hamburg]]<br>[[Carnegie Institute of Technology]]<br>[[University of California, Berkeley]]<br/>ETH Zurich
| alma_mater = [[University of Breslau]]<br>[[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Breslau]]<br>[[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]]
| known_for = [[Stern–Gerlach experiment]]<br>[[Double_layer_(surface_science)#Stern|Stern model]]<br>[[spin (physics)|Spin quantization]]<br>[[Molecular beam]]<br>[[Stern–Volmer relationship]]
| known_for = {{ubl|[[Stern–Gerlach experiment]]|[[Double layer (surface science)#Stern|Stern model]]|[[Spin (physics)|Spin quantization]]|[[Molecular beam]]|[[Stern–Volmer relationship]]}}
| prizes = [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1943)
| awards = [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1943)
| fields = [[Physics]]
| religion = <!--Per [[User:TEB728|TEB728]]: after a long discussion on the talk page a consensus agreed that his religion was too complex to summarize in the infobox. Please do not add it without reading the discussion.-->
| work_institutions = {{ubl|[[University of Rostock]]|[[University of Hamburg]]|[[Carnegie Institute of Technology]]|[[University of California, Berkeley]]|[[ETH Zurich]]}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Otto Sackur]]
}}
}}
'''Otto Stern''' ({{IPA|de|ˈɔto ˈʃtɛʁn|-|De-Otto Stern.ogg}}; 17 February 1888 – 17 August 1969) was a German-American physicist and [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel laureate in Physics]]. He was the second most nominated physicist for a Nobel Prize, with 82 nominations in the years 1925–1945<ref name="Nominate">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1943/stern/nominations/|title=Otto Stern Nominations|website=nobelprize.org}}</ref> (most times nominated is [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] with 84 nominations), ultimately winning in 1943.

'''Otto Stern''' ({{IPA-de|ˈɔto ˈʃtɛʁn|-|De-Otto Stern.ogg}}; 17 February 1888 – 17 August 1969) was a [[German people|German]]-American physicist and [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel laureate in physics]]. He was the second most nominated person for a Nobel Prize with 82 nominations in the years 1925–1945{{cn|date=November 2021}} (most times nominated is [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] with 84 nominations){{cn|date=November 2021}}, ultimately winning in 1943.


==Biography==
==Biography==
[[Image:Stern-plakette.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Plaque on the wall of what are now the physics institutes of Hamburg University, commemorating Stern's tenure]]
[[Image:Stern-plakette.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Plaque on the wall of what are now the physics institutes of Hamburg University, commemorating Stern's tenure]]


Stern was born into a Jewish family in Sohrau (now [[Żory]]) in the [[Province of Silesia]], the [[German Empire]]'s [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. His father was Oskar Stern (1850-1919), a mill owner, who had been living in Breslau (now [[Wrocław]]) since 1892. His mother Eugenia née Rosenthal (1863-1907) was from Rawitsch (now [[Rawicz]]) in the Prussian [[Province of Posen]]. Otto Stern had a brother, Kurt, who became a noted botanist in [[Frankfurt]], and three sisters. He studied in [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], [[Munich]] and Breslau.<ref name="ANB">{{Cite ANB|title=Stern, Otto|author=Charles W. Carey Jr. |id=1301581}}</ref>
Stern was born into a Jewish family in Sohrau (now [[Żory]]) in the [[Province of Silesia]], the [[German Empire]]'s [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. His father was Oskar Stern (1850–1919), a mill owner, who had been living in Breslau (now [[Wrocław]]) since 1892. His mother Eugenia née Rosenthal (1863–1907) was from Rawitsch (now [[Rawicz]]) in the Prussian [[Province of Posen]]. Otto Stern had a brother, Kurt, who became a noted botanist in [[Frankfurt]], and three sisters. He studied in [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], [[Munich]] and Breslau.<ref name="ANB">{{Cite ANB|title=Stern, Otto|author=Charles W. Carey Jr. |id=1301581}}</ref>


Stern completed his studies at the [[University of Breslau]] in 1912 with a doctoral dissertation in physical chemistry<ref name="ANB"/> under supervision of [[Otto Sackur]] on the kinetic theory of osmotic pressure in concentrated solutions. He then followed [[Albert Einstein]] to [[Charles University in Prague]] and in 1913 to [[ETH Zurich]]. Stern served in World War I doing meteorological work on the Russian front while still continuing his studies and in 1915 received his [[Habilitation]] at the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]]. In 1921 he became a professor at the [[University of Rostock]] which he left in 1923 to become director of the newly founded ''Institut für Physikalische Chemie'' at the [[University of Hamburg]].
Stern completed his studies at the [[University of Breslau]] in 1912 with a doctoral dissertation in physical chemistry<ref name="ANB"/> under supervision of [[Otto Sackur]] on the kinetic theory of osmotic pressure in concentrated solutions.<ref name="nasonline" /> He then followed [[Albert Einstein]] to [[Charles University in Prague]] and in 1913 to [[ETH Zurich]]. Stern served in World War I doing meteorological work on the Russian front while still continuing his studies and in 1915 received his [[Habilitation]] at the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]]. In 1921 he became a professor at the [[University of Rostock]] which he left in 1923 to become director of the newly founded ''Institut für Physikalische Chemie'' at the [[University of Hamburg]].


After resigning from his post at the [[University of Hamburg]] in 1933 because of the [[Nazism|Nazis]]' [[Machtergreifung]] (seizure of power), he found refuge in the city of [[Pittsburgh]] becoming a professor of [[physics]] at the [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pittsburgh Strong: Historic Tribute to a Vibrant Jewish Community |url=https://www.bh.org.il/blog-items/pittsburgh-strong-hitsoric-tribute-to-a-vibrant-jewish-community}}</ref> In 1930, Stern received an LL.D. degree from the [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1943/stern/biographical/|title=Otto Stern Biographical|website=nobelprize.org}}</ref> where he was a frequent visiting professor during the 1930s, becoming close colleagues with members of the Berkeley faculty, including chemistry dean [[Gilbert Lewis]], whom Stern would nominate for the [[Nobel Prize]] in Chemistry in 1933.<ref name="nasonline">{{cite web|title=Otto Stern|url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/stern-otto.pdf|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref>
In 1930, Stern received an LL.D. degree from [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1943/stern/biographical/|title=Otto Stern Biographical|website=nobelprize.org}}</ref> where he was a frequent visiting professor during the 1930s, becoming close colleagues with members of the Berkeley faculty, including chemistry dean [[Gilbert N. Lewis|Gilbert Lewis]], whom Stern would nominate for the [[Nobel Prize]] in Chemistry in 1933.<ref name="Nominate"/><ref name="nasonline">{{cite web|title=Otto Stern|url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/stern-otto.pdf|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> After resigning from his post at the [[University of Hamburg]] in 1933 because of the [[Nazism|Nazis]]' [[Machtergreifung]] (seizure of power), he found refuge in the city of [[Pittsburgh]] becoming a professor of [[physics]] at the [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pittsburgh Strong: Historic Tribute to a Vibrant Jewish Community |url=https://www.bh.org.il/blog-items/pittsburgh-strong-hitsoric-tribute-to-a-vibrant-jewish-community }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


As an experimental physicist Stern contributed to the discovery of [[spin (physics)|spin quantization]] in the [[Stern–Gerlach experiment]] with [[Walther Gerlach]] in February 1922 at the [[Physikalischer Verein]] in [[Frankfurt am Main]];<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1007/BF01326984|title = Das magnetische Moment des Silberatoms|year = 1922|last1 = Gerlach|first1 = Walther |author1-link=Walther Gerlach|last2 = Stern|first2 = Otto|journal = Zeitschrift für Physik|volume = 9|issue = 1|pages = 353–355|bibcode = 1922ZPhy....9..353G|s2cid = 126109346}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Friedrich, Bretislav |author2=Herschbach Dudley | title=Stern and Gerlach: How a Bad Cigar Helped Reorient Atomic Physics | url=http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-56/iss-12/p53.html | work=Physics Today |date=December 2003 | access-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091315/http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-56/iss-12/p53.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 29 September 2007}}</ref> demonstration of the wave nature of [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s; measurement of [[atom]]ic [[magnetic moment]]s; discovery of the [[proton]]'s [[magnetic moment]]; and development of the [[molecular beam]] method which is utilized for the technique of [[molecular beam epitaxy]].
As an experimental physicist Stern contributed to the discovery of [[Spin (physics)|spin quantization]] in the [[Stern–Gerlach experiment]] with [[Walther Gerlach]] in February 1922 at the [[Physikalischer Verein]] in [[Frankfurt am Main]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1007/BF01326984|title = Das magnetische Moment des Silberatoms|year = 1922|last1 = Gerlach|first1 = Walther |author1-link=Walther Gerlach|last2 = Stern|first2 = Otto|journal = Zeitschrift für Physik|volume = 9|issue = 1|pages = 353–355|bibcode = 1922ZPhy....9..353G|s2cid = 126109346}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Friedrich, Bretislav |author2=Herschbach Dudley | title=Stern and Gerlach: How a Bad Cigar Helped Reorient Atomic Physics | url=http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-56/iss-12/p53.html | work=Physics Today |date=December 2003 | access-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091315/http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-56/iss-12/p53.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 29 September 2007}}</ref> With his life-long collaborator [[Immanuel Estermann]], he demonstrated of the wave nature of [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s; measurement of [[atom]]ic [[magnetic moment]]s; discovery of the [[proton]]'s [[magnetic moment]]; and development of the [[molecular beam]] method<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramsey |first=N. F. |date=1988 |title=Molecular beams: our legacy from Otto Stern |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01384845 |journal=Zeitschrift für Physik D |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2–3 |pages=121–125 |doi=10.1007/BF01384845 |bibcode=1988ZPhyD..10..121R |s2cid=120812185 |issn=0178-7683}}</ref> which is utilized for the technique of [[molecular beam epitaxy]].


He was awarded the 1943 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], the first to be awarded since 1939. It was awarded to Stern alone, "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" (not for the Stern–Gerlach experiment). The 1943 prize was actually awarded in 1944.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 |publisher=The Nobel Prize |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1943/summary/}}</ref>]
He was awarded the 1943 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], the first to be awarded since 1939. It was awarded to Stern alone, "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" (not for the Stern–Gerlach experiment). The 1943 prize was actually awarded in 1944.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 |publisher=The Nobel Prize |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1943/summary/}}</ref>


Stern was elected to the United States [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1945 and the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Otto Stern |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20000970.html |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Otto+Stern&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
Stern was elected to the United States [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1945 and the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Otto Stern |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20000970.html |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Otto+Stern&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
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== Sources ==
== Sources ==
* Horst Schmidt-Böcking and Karin Reich: ''Otto Stern. Physiker Querdenker, Nobelpreisträger''. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-942921-23-7}}.
* Horst Schmidt-Böcking and Karin Reich: ''Otto Stern. Physiker Querdenker, Nobelpreisträger''. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-942921-23-7}}.
* {{cite journal |last1=Toennies |first1=J.P. |last2=Schmidt-Böcking |first2=H. |last3=Friedrich |first3=B. |last4=Lower |first4=J.C.A. |year=2011 |title=Otto Stern (1888-1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics |journal=[[Annalen der Physik]] |volume=523 |issue=12 |pages=1045–1070 |arxiv=1109.4864 |bibcode=2011AnP...523.1045T |doi=10.1002/andp.201100228 |s2cid=119204397 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Toennies |first1=J.P. |last2=Schmidt-Böcking |first2=H. |last3=Friedrich |first3=B. |last4=Lower |first4=J.C.A. |year=2011 |title=Otto Stern (1888–1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics |journal=[[Annalen der Physik]] |volume=523 |issue=12 |pages=1045–1070 |arxiv=1109.4864 |bibcode=2011AnP...523.1045T |doi=10.1002/andp.201100228 |s2cid=119204397 }}
* [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/stern-otto.pdf National Academy of Sciences - Otto Stern] (englisch; PDF; 1,0 MB)
* [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/stern-otto.pdf National Academy of Sciences - Otto Stern] (englisch; PDF; 1,0 MB)


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{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://nobel.bh.org.il/en/persona/stern-otto/ Otto Stern], Nobel Luminaries - Jewish Nobel Prize Winners, on the [https://www.bh.org.il/ Beit Hatfutsot-The Museum of the Jewish People] Website.
* [https://nobel.bh.org.il/en/persona/stern-otto/ Otto Stern], Nobel Luminaries Jewish Nobel Prize Winners, on the [https://www.bh.org.il/ Beit Hatfutsot-The Museum of the Jewish People] Website.
* {{Nobelprize}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060104030531/http://www.physik.uni-muenchen.de/leifiphysik/web_ph12/originalarbeiten/stern/molekularstr.htm Stern's publication on his molecular beam method]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060104030531/http://www.physik.uni-muenchen.de/leifiphysik/web_ph12/originalarbeiten/stern/molekularstr.htm Stern's publication on his molecular beam method]
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[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century German physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century German physicists]]
[[Category:People from Żory]]
[[Category:People from Żory]]
[[Category:Academic staff of ETH Zurich]]
[[Category:Academic staff of ETH Zurich]]
[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Silesia]]
[[Category:Scientists from the Province of Silesia]]
[[Category:Silesian Jews]]
[[Category:Silesian Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States]]
[[Category:Jewish physicists]]
[[Category:Jewish German physicists]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:German Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:German Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Jewish Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University faculty]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University faculty]]
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[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Hamburg]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Hamburg]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Jewish American physicists]]

Latest revision as of 18:26, 9 December 2024

Otto Stern was also the pen name of German women's rights activist Louise Otto-Peters (1819–1895).

Otto Stern
Stern in 1950s
Born(1888-02-17)17 February 1888
Died17 August 1969(1969-08-17) (aged 81)
Alma materUniversity of Breslau
University of Frankfurt
Known for
AwardsNobel Prize in Physics (1943)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
Institutions
Doctoral advisorOtto Sackur

Otto Stern (German pronunciation: [ˈɔto ˈʃtɛʁn] ; 17 February 1888 – 17 August 1969) was a German-American physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics. He was the second most nominated physicist for a Nobel Prize, with 82 nominations in the years 1925–1945[1] (most times nominated is Arnold Sommerfeld with 84 nominations), ultimately winning in 1943.

Biography

[edit]
Plaque on the wall of what are now the physics institutes of Hamburg University, commemorating Stern's tenure

Stern was born into a Jewish family in Sohrau (now Żory) in the Province of Silesia, the German Empire's Kingdom of Prussia. His father was Oskar Stern (1850–1919), a mill owner, who had been living in Breslau (now Wrocław) since 1892. His mother Eugenia née Rosenthal (1863–1907) was from Rawitsch (now Rawicz) in the Prussian Province of Posen. Otto Stern had a brother, Kurt, who became a noted botanist in Frankfurt, and three sisters. He studied in Freiburg im Breisgau, Munich and Breslau.[2]

Stern completed his studies at the University of Breslau in 1912 with a doctoral dissertation in physical chemistry[2] under supervision of Otto Sackur on the kinetic theory of osmotic pressure in concentrated solutions.[3] He then followed Albert Einstein to Charles University in Prague and in 1913 to ETH Zurich. Stern served in World War I doing meteorological work on the Russian front while still continuing his studies and in 1915 received his Habilitation at the University of Frankfurt. In 1921 he became a professor at the University of Rostock which he left in 1923 to become director of the newly founded Institut für Physikalische Chemie at the University of Hamburg.

In 1930, Stern received an LL.D. degree from Berkeley,[4] where he was a frequent visiting professor during the 1930s, becoming close colleagues with members of the Berkeley faculty, including chemistry dean Gilbert Lewis, whom Stern would nominate for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1933.[1][3] After resigning from his post at the University of Hamburg in 1933 because of the Nazis' Machtergreifung (seizure of power), he found refuge in the city of Pittsburgh becoming a professor of physics at the Carnegie Institute of Technology.[5]

As an experimental physicist Stern contributed to the discovery of spin quantization in the Stern–Gerlach experiment with Walther Gerlach in February 1922 at the Physikalischer Verein in Frankfurt am Main.[6][7] With his life-long collaborator Immanuel Estermann, he demonstrated of the wave nature of atoms and molecules; measurement of atomic magnetic moments; discovery of the proton's magnetic moment; and development of the molecular beam method[8] which is utilized for the technique of molecular beam epitaxy.

He was awarded the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physics, the first to be awarded since 1939. It was awarded to Stern alone, "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" (not for the Stern–Gerlach experiment). The 1943 prize was actually awarded in 1944.[9]

Stern was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1945 and the American Philosophical Society in 1946.[10][11]

After Stern retired from the Carnegie Institute of Technology, he moved to Berkeley, California. He was a regular visitor to the physics colloquium at Berkeley. He died of a heart attack in Berkeley on 17 August 1969.[3]

The Stern-Gerlach-Medaille of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft awarded for excellence in experimental physics is named after him and Gerlach.

His niece was the crystallographer Lieselotte Templeton.[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Otto Stern Nominations". nobelprize.org.
  2. ^ a b Charles W. Carey Jr. (1999). "Stern, Otto". American National Biography (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301581. (subscription required)
  3. ^ a b c "Otto Stern" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  4. ^ "Otto Stern Biographical". nobelprize.org.
  5. ^ "Pittsburgh Strong: Historic Tribute to a Vibrant Jewish Community".[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ Gerlach, Walther; Stern, Otto (1922). "Das magnetische Moment des Silberatoms". Zeitschrift für Physik. 9 (1): 353–355. Bibcode:1922ZPhy....9..353G. doi:10.1007/BF01326984. S2CID 126109346.
  7. ^ Friedrich, Bretislav; Herschbach Dudley (December 2003). "Stern and Gerlach: How a Bad Cigar Helped Reorient Atomic Physics". Physics Today. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2007.
  8. ^ Ramsey, N. F. (1988). "Molecular beams: our legacy from Otto Stern". Zeitschrift für Physik D. 10 (2–3): 121–125. Bibcode:1988ZPhyD..10..121R. doi:10.1007/BF01384845. ISSN 0178-7683. S2CID 120812185.
  9. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943". The Nobel Prize.
  10. ^ "Otto Stern". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  11. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  12. ^ Otto Sterns gesammelte Briefe – Band 1 : Hochschullaufbahn und die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. Schmidt-Böcking, Horst., Templeton, Alan., Trageser, Wolfgang. Berlin, Heidelberg. 14 June 2018. ISBN 9783662557358. OCLC 1047864732.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

Sources

[edit]
[edit]