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{{Short description|Reddish pigment}}
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{{pp-pc1}}
{{redirect|Indian red|the song|Indian Red}}
{{redirect|Indian red|the song|Indian Red}}
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'''Iron oxide red''' is a generic name of a [[ferric oxide]] pigment of the [[Red (color)|red color]]. Multiple shades based on both [[anhydrous]] {{chem|Fe|2|O|3}} and its [[hydrate]]s were known to painters since [[prehistory]]. The pigments were originally sourced from natural sources, since the 20th century they are mostly synthetic. These substances form one of the most commercially important groups of pigments, their names sometimes reflect the location of a natural source, later transferred to the synthetic analog. Well-known examples include the '''Persian Gulf Oxide''' with 75% {{chem|Fe|2|O|3}} and 25% [[silica]], [[Spanish red]] with 85% of oxide, [[Tuscan red]]. {{sfn|Gettens|Stout|1966b}}
{{Use American English |date=May 2024}}
[[File:Iron oxide pigments.jpg|thumb|Iron oxide pigments in jars: yellow, red, brown]]
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'''Iron oxide red''' is a generic name of a [[ferric oxide]] pigment of [[Red (color)|reddish colors]]. Multiple shades based on both [[anhydrous]] {{chem|Fe|2|O|3}} and its [[hydrate]]s were known to painters since [[prehistory]]. The pigments were originally obtained from natural sources, since the 20th century they are mostly synthetic. These substances form one of the most commercially important groups of pigments, and their names sometimes reflect the location of a natural source, later transferred to the synthetic analog. Well-known examples include the '''Persian Gulf Oxide''' with 75% {{chem|Fe|2|O|3}} and 25% [[silica]], [[Spanish red]] with 85% of oxide, [[Tuscan red]]. {{sfn|Gettens|Stout|1966b}}


== Properties ==
== Properties ==
The anhydrous pigment has a dark purple-red or [[maroon]] color, hydrates' colors vary from dull yellow ([[yellow ochre]]) to warm red.{{sfn|Gettens|Stout|1966b}}
The anhydrous pigment has a dark purple-red or [[maroon]] color, hydrates' colors vary from dull yellow ([[yellow ochre]]) to warm red.{{sfn|Gettens|Stout|1966b}}


The iron oxide red is extremely stable: it is not affected by light and most chemicals ([[soluble]] in hot concentrated [[acid]]s); heat only affects the hydrated variants (the water is removed, and the color darkens).{{sfn|Gettens|Stout|1966b}}
The iron oxide red is extremely stable: it is not affected by light and most chemicals ([[soluble]] in hot concentrated [[acid]]s); heat only affects the hydrated variants (the water is removed, and the color darkens).{{sfn|Gettens|Stout|1966b}}
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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
The name ''Indian red'' derives from the red [[laterite]] soil found in [[India]], which is composed of naturally occurring [[iron oxide]]s.{{cn|date=September 2015|reason=Inference from the name and historic source of the pigment?}} The first recorded use of ''Indian red'' as a color term in [[English language|English]] was in 1672.<ref>{{cite web|title= Indian, adj. and n. : Oxford English Dictionary |url= https://oed.com/view/Entry/94389 |access-date= 4 July 2020}}</ref>
The name ''Indian red'' derives from this pigment being originally imported from India,{{sfn|Gettens|Stout|1966a}} where red [[laterite]] soil is found, composed of naturally occurring [[iron oxide]]s.{{citation needed|date=September 2015|reason=Inference from the name and historic source of the pigment?}} The first recorded use of ''Indian red'' as a color term in [[English language|English]] was in 1672.<ref>{{cite web|title= Indian, adj. and n. : Oxford English Dictionary |url= https://oed.com/view/Entry/94389 |access-date= 4 July 2020}}</ref>


===Deep Indian red===
===Deep Indian red===
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===Indian red in culture===
===Indian red in culture===
;Railroads/Railways
'''Railroads/Railways'''


* The [[Talyllyn Railway]] painted their locomotives ''Talyllyn'' and ''Dolgoch'' Indian Red in honour of the 150th anniversary of the line in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-08|title=Steam trains secret 150th paint job|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-north-west-wales-30719626|access-date=2020-06-07}}</ref>[[File:Furness Railway No 20.jpg|thumb|Furness Railway Nº20, as restored today]]
* The [[Talyllyn Railway]] painted their locomotives ''Talyllyn'' and ''Dolgoch'' Indian Red in honour of the 150th anniversary of the line in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-08|title=Steam trains secret 150th paint job|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-north-west-wales-30719626|access-date=2020-06-07}}</ref>[[File:Furness Railway No 20.jpg|thumb|Furness Railway Nº20, as restored today]]

* The [[Furness Railway]] in the UK used ''Indian Red'' for its locomotive livery.
* The [[Furness Railway]] in the UK used ''Indian Red'' for its locomotive livery.
* The [[Department of Railways New South Wales]], [[Public Transport Commission]] and [[State Rail Authority|the State Rail Authority]] painted their diesel locos and passengers cars in Indian red.
* The [[Department of Railways New South Wales]], [[Public Transport Commission]] and [[State Rail Authority|the State Rail Authority]] painted their diesel locos and passengers cars in Indian red.
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==Venetian red==
==Venetian red==
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The first recorded use of ''Venetian red'' as a colour name in English was in 1753.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 201; Color sample of ''Venetian red'': p. 35 Plate 6 color sample I12</ref>
The first recorded use of ''Venetian red'' as a colour name in English was in 1753.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 201; Color sample of ''Venetian red'': p. 35 Plate 6 color sample I12</ref>
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==English red ==
==English red ==
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This ''red'' is a tone of Indian red, made like Indian red with pigment made from iron oxide.
This ''red'' is a tone of Indian red, made like Indian red with pigment made from iron oxide.


The first recorded use of ''English red'' as a colour name in [[English language|English]] was in the 1700s (exact year uncertain).<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 194; Color sample of ''English red'': p. 31 Plate 4 color sample H12</ref> In the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' of [[Denis Diderot]] in 1765, alternate names for Indian red included "what one also calls, however improperly, English Red."<ref>Jaucourt, Louis, chevalier de. "Indian Red." The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Abigail Wendler Bainbridge. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2015, <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0003.009>. Trans. of "Rouge d'Inde," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 14. Paris, 1765.</ref>
The first recorded use of ''English red'' as a color name in [[English language|English]] was in the 1700s (exact year uncertain).<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 194; Color sample of ''English red'': p. 31 Plate 4 color sample H12</ref> In the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' of [[Denis Diderot]] in 1765, alternate names for Indian red included "what one also calls, however improperly, English Red."<ref>Jaucourt, Louis, chevalier de. "Indian Red." The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Abigail Wendler Bainbridge. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2015, <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0003.009>. Trans. of "Rouge d'Inde," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 14. Paris, 1765.</ref>


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==Kobe ==
==Kobe ==
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|isccname=Strong reddish brown}}
|isccname=Strong reddish brown}}


At right is displayed colour '''kobe'''.
At right is displayed color '''kobe'''.


The colour kobe is a dark tone of Indian red, made like Indian red from iron oxide pigment.
The color kobe is a dark tone of Indian red, made like Indian red from iron oxide pigment.


The first recorded use of Kobe as a colour name in [[English language|English]] was in 1924.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 197; Color sample of Kobe: p. 35 Plate 6 color sample K12</ref>
The first recorded use of Kobe as a colour name in [[English language|English]] was in 1924.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 197; Color sample of Kobe: p. 35 Plate 6 color sample K12</ref>


The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Color/Normalized Color Coordinates|normalized colour coordinates]] for Kobe are identical to [[sienna]], first recorded as a colour name in English in 1760.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 204; Color Sample of Sienna: p. 37 Plate 7 Color Sample E12</ref>
The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Color/Normalized Color Coordinates|normalized colour coordinates]] for Kobe are identical to [[sienna]], first recorded as a color name in English in 1760.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 204; Color Sample of Sienna: p. 37 Plate 7 Color Sample E12</ref>
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==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:Shades of red]]
[[Category:Shades of red]]
[[Category:Shades of brown]]
[[Category:Shades of brown]]
[[Category:Indian culture]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]

Latest revision as of 20:39, 9 December 2024

"Indian red" redirects here. For the song, see Indian Red.

Iron oxide pigments in jars: yellow, red, brown

Iron oxide red is a generic name of a ferric oxide pigment of reddish colors. Multiple shades based on both anhydrous Fe
2O
3 and its hydrates were known to painters since prehistory. The pigments were originally obtained from natural sources, since the 20th century they are mostly synthetic. These substances form one of the most commercially important groups of pigments, and their names sometimes reflect the location of a natural source, later transferred to the synthetic analog. Well-known examples include the Persian Gulf Oxide with 75% Fe
2O
3 and 25% silica, Spanish red with 85% of oxide, Tuscan red. [1]

Properties

[edit]

The anhydrous pigment has a dark purple-red or maroon color, hydrates' colors vary from dull yellow (yellow ochre) to warm red.[1]

The iron oxide red is extremely stable: it is not affected by light and most chemicals (soluble in hot concentrated acids); heat only affects the hydrated variants (the water is removed, and the color darkens).[1]

Indian red

[edit]
Indian Red
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#CD5C5C
sRGBB (r, g, b)(205, 92, 92)
HSV (h, s, v)(0°, 55%, 80%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(53, 85, 12°)
SourceX11
ISCC–NBS descriptorModerate red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Indian red is a pigment, a variety of ocher, which gets its colour from ferric oxide, used to be sourced in India,[2] now made artificially.[3] Other shades of iron oxides include Venetian Red, English Red, and Kobe, all shown below.

Chestnut is a colour similar to but separate and distinct from Indian red.

Etymology

[edit]

The name Indian red derives from this pigment being originally imported from India,[3] where red laterite soil is found, composed of naturally occurring iron oxides.[citation needed] The first recorded use of Indian red as a color term in English was in 1672.[4]

Deep Indian red

[edit]
Deep Indian Red
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#B94E48
sRGBB (r, g, b)(185, 78, 72)
HSV (h, s, v)(3°, 61%, 73%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(47, 83, 14°)
SourceCrayola
ISCC–NBS descriptorDark reddish orange
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Deep Indian red is the colour originally called Indian red from its formulation in 1903 until 1999, but now called chestnut, in Crayola crayons. This colour was also produced in a special limited edition in which it was called Vermont maple syrup.

At the request of educators worried that children (mistakenly; see Etymology) believed the name represented the skin color of Native Americans, Crayola changed the name of their crayon color Indian Red to Chestnut in 1999.[5]

Indian red in culture

[edit]

Railroads/Railways

Venetian red

[edit]
Main article: Venetian red
Venetian Red
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#C80815
sRGBB (r, g, b)(200, 8, 21)
HSV (h, s, v)(356°, 96%, 78%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(42, 136, 12°)
SourceInternet
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

At right is displayed the colour Venetian red.

Venetian red is a light and warm (somewhat unsaturated) pigment that is a darker shade of scarlet, derived from nearly pure ferric oxide (Fe2O3) of the hematite type. Modern versions are frequently made with synthetic red iron oxide.

The first recorded use of Venetian red as a colour name in English was in 1753.[7]

English red

[edit]
English Red
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#AB4E52
sRGBB (r, g, b)(171, 78, 82)
HSV (h, s, v)(357°, 54%, 67%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(45, 67, 10°)
SourceISCC-NBS
ISCC–NBS descriptorModerate red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

At right is displayed the colour English red.

This red is a tone of Indian red, made like Indian red with pigment made from iron oxide.

The first recorded use of English red as a color name in English was in the 1700s (exact year uncertain).[8] In the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot in 1765, alternate names for Indian red included "what one also calls, however improperly, English Red."[9]

Kobe

[edit]
Kobe
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#882D17
sRGBB (r, g, b)(136, 45, 23)
HSV (h, s, v)(12°, 83%, 53%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(32, 73, 18°)
SourceISCC-NBS
ISCC–NBS descriptorStrong reddish brown
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

At right is displayed color kobe.

The color kobe is a dark tone of Indian red, made like Indian red from iron oxide pigment.

The first recorded use of Kobe as a colour name in English was in 1924.[10]

The normalized colour coordinates for Kobe are identical to sienna, first recorded as a color name in English in 1760.[11]

See also

[edit]
Look up Indian red in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Gettens & Stout 1966b.
  2. ^ Church, Arthur Herbert (1915). The Chemistry of Paints and Painting (4th ed.). London: Seeley, Service & Co. pp. 202–203. OCLC 1041775719. OL 7214282M.
  3. ^ a b Gettens & Stout 1966a.
  4. ^ "Indian, adj. and n. : Oxford English Dictionary". Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  5. ^ Crayon Chronology
  6. ^ "Steam trains secret 150th paint job". BBC News. 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
  7. ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 201; Color sample of Venetian red: p. 35 Plate 6 color sample I12
  8. ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 194; Color sample of English red: p. 31 Plate 4 color sample H12
  9. ^ Jaucourt, Louis, chevalier de. "Indian Red." The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Abigail Wendler Bainbridge. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2015, <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0003.009>. Trans. of "Rouge d'Inde," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 14. Paris, 1765.
  10. ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 197; Color sample of Kobe: p. 35 Plate 6 color sample K12
  11. ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 204; Color Sample of Sienna: p. 37 Plate 7 Color Sample E12

Sources

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Iron_oxide_red&oldid=1262138739"