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The party supports Free markets.
 
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{{short description|Pragmatic-centrist political party in Iran}}
{{short description|Pragmatic-centrist political party in Iran}}
{{Infobox Political Party
{{Infobox Political Party
| native_name = حزب اعتدال و توسعه
⚫
|colorcode = #B666D2
| native_name_lang = fa
⚫
|name = Moderation and Development Party
⚫
| colorcode = #984B9E
⚫
|logo = Logo of MDP.png
⚫
| name = Moderation and Development Party
⚫
|logo_size = 200px
⚫
| logo = Logo of MDP.png
⚫
|leader = [[Hassan Rouhani]]<ref name="m">{{citation|url=http://al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/rise-iranian-moderates.html|title=The Rise of the Iranian Moderates|date=5 July 2013|access-date=7 December 2016|work=Al-Monitor|author=Seyed Hossein Mousavian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117092837/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/rise-iranian-moderates.html|archive-date=17 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
| logo_size = 200px
⚫
|spokesperson = Ramezan-Ali Sobhanifar<ref>{{cite news|title="جنتی" معاون کانون‌ها و "سبحانی‌فر" سخنگوی اعتدال و توسعه شدند|url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1396/04/06/1447334/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF|accessdate=12 September 2017|agency=[[Tasnim News Agency]]|date=27 June 2017|language=Persian}}</ref>
⚫
| leader = [[Hassan Rouhani]]<ref name="m">{{citation|url=http://al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/rise-iranian-moderates.html|title=The Rise of the Iranian Moderates|date=5 July 2013|access-date=7 December 2016|work=Al-Monitor|author=Seyed Hossein Mousavian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117092837/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/rise-iranian-moderates.html|archive-date=17 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
|secretary_general = [[Mohammad Bagher Nobakht]]<ref name="IR">{{cite web|first=Mohamamd Hassan|last=Khani|url=http://www.iranreview.org/content/Iran_Spectrum/Political-Parties-in-the-Islamic-Republic-of-Iran-A-Short-Review.htm|title=Political Parties in the Islamic Republic of Iran|publisher=Iran Review|accessdate=1 April 2016|date=17 July 2012}}</ref>
⚫
| spokesperson = Ramezan-Ali Sobhanifar<ref>{{cite news|title="جنتی" معاون کانون‌ها و "سبحانی‌فر" سخنگوی اعتدال و توسعه شدند|url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1396/04/06/1447334/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF|access-date=12 September 2017|agency=[[Tasnim News Agency]]|date=27 June 2017|language=fa}}</ref>
⚫
|foundation = {{start date and age|1999}}<ref name="m"/>
⚫
| secretary_general = [[Mohammad Bagher Nobakht]]<ref name="IR">{{cite web|first=Mohamamd Hassan|last=Khani|url=http://www.iranreview.org/content/Iran_Spectrum/Political-Parties-in-the-Islamic-Republic-of-Iran-A-Short-Review.htm|title=Political Parties in the Islamic Republic of Iran|publisher=Iran Review|access-date=1 April 2016|date=17 July 2012}}</ref>
⚫
| leader1_title = Executive Secretary
⚫
| foundation = {{start date and age|1999|11}}<ref name="m"/>
⚫
| leader1_name = [[Morteza Bank]]<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/iran-news-round-up/iran-news-round-up-december-8-2015-1|title=Iran News Round Up|date=8 December 2015|access-date=7 April 2017|work=Critical Threats Project}}</ref>
⚫
| leader1_title = Executive Secretary
| leader2_title = Politburo Head
⚫
| leader1_name = [[Morteza Bank]]<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/iran-news-round-up/iran-news-round-up-december-8-2015-1|title=Iran News Round Up|date=8 December 2015|access-date=7 April 2017|work=Critical Threats Project}}</ref>
⚫
| leader2_name = [[Mahmoud Vaezi]]
| leader3_title = Election Head
| leader2_title = Politburo Head
⚫
| leader2_name = [[Mahmoud Vaezi]]
⚫
| leader3_name = [[Ali Jannati]]<ref>{{cite|url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/4543|title=Iran's Presidential Election: Who are the Candidates?|work=Iran Wire|date=13 April 2017|access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref>
| leader3_title = Election Head
⚫
|dissolution =
⚫
| leader3_name = [[Ali Jannati]]<ref>{{citation|url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/4543|title=Iran's Presidential Election: Who are the Candidates?|work=Iran Wire|date=13 April 2017|access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref>
⚫
|headquarters = [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]
⚫
| dissolution =
⚫
|ideology = [[Moderate|Moderation]]<br />[[Realpolitik|Pragmatism]]<br />[[Islamic democracy#Shia viewpoint|Islamic democracy]]<br />[[Technocracy]]
⚫
| headquarters = [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]
⚫
|position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17141030|title=Guide: Iranian parliamentary elections|date=|work=[[BBC World]]|accessdate=March 10, 2015}}</ref>
⚫
| ideology = [[Moderate|Moderation]]<br />[[Realpolitik|Pragmatism]]<br />[[Islamic democracy#Shia viewpoint|Islamic democracy]]<br />[[Technocracy]]<br />[[Free markets]]
⚫
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17141030|title=Guide: Iranian parliamentary elections|work=[[BBC World]]|access-date=March 10, 2015}}</ref>
| affiliation1_title = Alliance
| affiliation1_title = Alliance
| affiliation1 = {{plainlist|
| affiliation1 = {{plainlist|
*[[Popular Coalition of Reforms]] (2008)
*[[Popular Coalition of Reforms]] (2008)
*[[Pervasive Coalition of Reformists|List of Hope]] (2016)
*[[Pervasive Coalition of Reformists|List of Hope]] (2016)
*[[Friends of Hashemi]] (2020)
*[[Friends of Hashemi]] (2020)
}}
}}
| website = {{url|https://www.hezbet.ir}}
|country = Iran
| country = Iran
}}
}}
'''Moderation and Development Party''' ({{lang-fa|حزب اعتدال و توسعه|Hezb-e E'tedāl va Towse'eh}}) is a [[political party]] in [[Iran]]. It is a pragmatic-centrist political party which held its first congress in 2002.<ref name="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/a/1342675.html|title=Iran Report|date=16 February 2004|volume=7|number=7|work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|accessdate=10 March 2017}}</ref>
'''Moderation and Development Party''' ({{langx|fa|حزب اعتدال و توسعه|Hezb-e E'tedāl va Towse'eh}}) is a [[political party]] in [[Iran]]. It is a pragmatic-centrist political party which held its first congress in 2002.<ref name="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/a/1342675.html|title=Iran Report|date=16 February 2004|volume=7|number=7|work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>


==Platform==
==Platform==
The party is part of the faction called "modernist right", "moderate reformists" and "technocrats" that draws from upper-level bureaucrats, industrialists and managers.<ref name="MW">{{cite book|author1=Rabasa, Angel |author2=Waxman, Matthew |author3=Larson, Eric V. |author4=Marcum, Cheryl Y.|title=The Muslim World After 9/11|date=2004|publisher=Rand Corporation|page=221|isbn=9780833037558}}</ref> It deals with a platform on modernization and economic growth rather than social justice, along with the [[Executives of Construction Party]] and the [[Islamic Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mohseni, Payam|editor1=Brumberg, Daniel |editor2=Farhi, Farideh |title=Power and Change in Iran: Politics of Contention and Conciliation|chapter=Factionalism, Privatization, and the Political economy of regime transformation|date=2016|publisher=Indiana University Press|series=Indiana Series in Middle East Studies|page=44}}</ref>
The party is part of the faction called "modernist right", "moderate reformists" and "technocrats" that draws from upper-level bureaucrats, industrialists and managers.<ref name="MW">{{cite book|author1=Rabasa, Angel |author2=Waxman, Matthew |author3=Larson, Eric V. |author4=Marcum, Cheryl Y.|title=The Muslim World After 9/11|date=2004|publisher=Rand Corporation|page=221|isbn=9780833037558}}</ref> It deals with a platform on modernization and economic growth rather than social justice, along with the [[Executives of Construction Party]] and the [[Islamic Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mohseni, Payam|editor1=Brumberg, Daniel |editor2=Farhi, Farideh |title=Power and Change in Iran: Politics of Contention and Conciliation|chapter=Factionalism, Privatization, and the Political economy of regime transformation|date=2016|publisher=Indiana University Press|series=Indiana Series in Middle East Studies|page=44}}</ref>
The party has been allied with [[Popular Coalition of Reforms]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17141030|title=Guide: Iranian parliamentary elections|date=|work=[[BBC World]]|accessdate=March 10, 2015}}</ref> and [[Pervasive Coalition of Reformists]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-election-parliament-factbox-idUSKCN0VR0QI|title= Factbox: Parties and politics in Iran's parliamentary election|date=18 February 2016|website=[[Reuters]]|access-date=27 February 2017|author=Parisa Hafezi|editor=Dominic Evans}}</ref> in parliamentary elections and has had good relations with both [[Mohammad Khatami]]’s [[Mohammad Khatami's reforms|reform program]] and [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]].<ref name="IR"/> In April 2017, the party joined the supreme policymaking council of [[Iranian Reformists|reformists]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/412498/Moderation-party-joins-reformist-policy-making-council|title=Moderation party joins reformist policy-making council|work=[[Tehran Times]]|date=10 April 2017|access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>
The party has been allied with [[Popular Coalition of Reforms]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17141030|title=Guide: Iranian parliamentary elections|work=[[BBC World]]|access-date=March 10, 2015}}</ref> and [[Pervasive Coalition of Reformists]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-election-parliament-factbox-idUSKCN0VR0QI|title= Factbox: Parties and politics in Iran's parliamentary election|date=18 February 2016|website=[[Reuters]]|access-date=27 February 2017|author=Parisa Hafezi|editor=Dominic Evans}}</ref> in parliamentary elections and has had good relations with both [[Mohammad Khatami]]’s [[Mohammad Khatami's reforms|reform program]] and [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]].<ref name="IR"/> In April 2017, the party joined the supreme policymaking council of [[Iranian Reformists|reformists]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/412498/Moderation-party-joins-reformist-policy-making-council|title=Moderation party joins reformist policy-making council|work=[[Tehran Times]]|date=10 April 2017|access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>


Some sources branded them as part of the [[Iranian Principlists|conservative camp]] in the 2000s<ref>{{cite journal|title=Elections and Governmental Structure in Iran: Reform Lurks Under the Flaws|url=https://www.brown.edu/initiatives/journal-world-affairs/sites/brown.edu.initiatives.journal-world-affairs/files/private/articles/11.1_Beeman.pdf|first=William O.|last=Beeman|journal=[[Brown Journal of World Affairs]]|volume=XI|issue=1|year=Summer 2004|pages=55–67}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3441601.stm|title=How Iran votes|date=3 February 2004|work=[[BBC World]]|accessdate=27 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The Eighth Majles Elections in the Islamic Republic of Iran: A Division in Conservative Ranks and the Politics of Moderation|author=Kaveh-Cyrus Sanandaji|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=42|number=4|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|pages=621–648|doi=10.1080/00210860903106345}}</ref> or [[Iranian Reformists|reformist]]s under the leadership of [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Transformation of the Iranian political system: Towards a new model?|url=http://www.sssup.it/UploadDocs/4568_11__Iranian_Political_System_Towards_a_New_Model_Middle_East_Review_of_International_Affairs_10.pdf|first=Bulent |last=Aras|journal=[[Middle East Review of International Affairs]]|volume=5|number=3|year=September 2001}}</ref> In 2003, the party's spokesperson wrote in ''[[Hamshahri]]'' that the party regards itself among "true reformists", who are idealists considering "social realities" interpreted with the "principle of moderation".<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/hamnews/1381/811224/world/_intep.htm|title=In the Gap between the Two Wings|language=Persian|number=3005|page=Politics|date=15 March 2003|accessdate=1 June 2017|work=[[Hamshahri]]}}</ref>
Some sources branded them as part of the [[Iranian Principlists|conservative camp]] in the 2000s<ref>{{cite journal|title=Elections and Governmental Structure in Iran: Reform Lurks Under the Flaws|url=https://www.brown.edu/initiatives/journal-world-affairs/sites/brown.edu.initiatives.journal-world-affairs/files/private/articles/11.1_Beeman.pdf|first=William O.|last=Beeman|journal=[[Brown Journal of World Affairs]]|volume=XI|issue=1|date=Summer 2004|pages=55–67}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3441601.stm|title=How Iran votes|date=3 February 2004|work=[[BBC World]]|access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The Eighth Majles Elections in the Islamic Republic of Iran: A Division in Conservative Ranks and the Politics of Moderation|author=Kaveh-Cyrus Sanandaji|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=42|number=4|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|pages=621–648|doi=10.1080/00210860903106345|s2cid=153397356}}</ref> or [[Iranian Reformists|reformist]]s under the leadership of [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Transformation of the Iranian political system: Towards a new model?|url=http://www.sssup.it/UploadDocs/4568_11__Iranian_Political_System_Towards_a_New_Model_Middle_East_Review_of_International_Affairs_10.pdf|first=Bulent |last=Aras|journal=[[Middle East Review of International Affairs]]|volume=5|number=3|date=September 2001}}</ref> In 2003, the party's spokesperson wrote in ''[[Hamshahri]]'' that the party regards itself among "true reformists", who are idealists considering "social realities" interpreted with the "principle of moderation".<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/hamnews/1381/811224/world/_intep.htm|title=In the Gap between the Two Wings|language=fa|number=3005|page=Politics|date=15 March 2003|access-date=1 June 2017|work=[[Hamshahri]]}}</ref>


According to [[Ali Afshari]], the party prioritizes economic expansion and follows [[free market]] policies, however a minority faction represented by members such as [[Mohammad Bagher Nobakht|Nobakht]], advocate [[Institutional economics|institutionalized economy]] and maintain that the government should interfere to regulate markets to a limited extent.<ref name="A"/> They support limited political and cultural transformations, and believe political activism should only be within the frameworks of [[Iranian constitution|the constitution]]. The party also embraces ''[[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist|Velayat Faqih]]''.<ref name="A">{{citation|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/04/rouhani-moderates-internal-rivalryy-iran-administration.html|title=Internal rivalries hinder Rouhani's reform efforts|date=8 April 2014|access-date=11 December 2016|work=Al-Monitor|author=Ali Afshari}}</ref>
According to [[Ali Afshari]], the party prioritizes economic expansion and follows [[free market]] policies, however a minority faction represented by members such as [[Mohammad Bagher Nobakht|Nobakht]], advocate [[Institutional economics|institutionalized economy]] and maintain that the government should interfere to regulate markets to a limited extent.<ref name="A"/> They support limited political and cultural transformations, and believe political activism should only be within the frameworks of [[Iranian constitution|the constitution]]. The party also embraces ''[[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist|Velayat Faqih]]''.<ref name="A">{{citation|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/04/rouhani-moderates-internal-rivalryy-iran-administration.html|title=Internal rivalries hinder Rouhani's reform efforts|date=8 April 2014|access-date=11 December 2016|work=Al-Monitor|author=Ali Afshari}}</ref>


==Presidential candidates==
==Presidential candidates==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%;"
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
! Year
! Year
! Candidate
! Candidate
Line 52: Line 54:
|-
|-
|[[2017 Iranian presidential election|2017]]||[[Hassan Rouhani]]<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/410018/Moderation-and-Development-Party-to-back-Rouhani|title=Moderation and Development Party to back Rouhani|work=[[Tehran Times]]|date=14 January 2017|access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref>
|[[2017 Iranian presidential election|2017]]||[[Hassan Rouhani]]<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/410018/Moderation-and-Development-Party-to-back-Rouhani|title=Moderation and Development Party to back Rouhani|work=[[Tehran Times]]|date=14 January 2017|access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Iranian presidential election|2024]]
|[[Masoud Pezeshkian]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Behnegarsoft.com |date=2024-06-10 |title=حزب اعتدال و توسعه - بیانیه انتخاباتی حزب اعتدال و توسعه در حمایت از دکتر مسعود پزشکیان ، نامزد انتخابات ریاست جمهوری 1403 |url=https://www.hezbet.ir/fa/doc/news/227/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-1403 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=حزب اعتدال و توسعه |language=fa}}</ref>
|}
|}


Line 71: Line 76:
* [[Rasoul Khezri]] ([[Piranshahr and Sardasht (electoral district)|Piranshahr and Sardasht]])
* [[Rasoul Khezri]] ([[Piranshahr and Sardasht (electoral district)|Piranshahr and Sardasht]])
* [[Shadmehr Kazemzadeh]] ([[Dehloran, Darreshahr and Abdanan (electoral district)|Dehloran, Darreshahr and Abdanan]])
* [[Shadmehr Kazemzadeh]] ([[Dehloran, Darreshahr and Abdanan (electoral district)|Dehloran, Darreshahr and Abdanan]])

==See also==
* [[List of Islamic political parties]]


==References==
==References==
Line 81: Line 89:
[[Category:1999 establishments in Iran]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Iran]]
[[Category:Centrist parties in Iran]]
[[Category:Centrist parties in Iran]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties]]

Latest revision as of 00:55, 10 December 2024

Moderation and Development Party
حزب اعتدال و توسعه
LeaderHassan Rouhani[1]
Secretary-GeneralMohammad Bagher Nobakht[2]
SpokespersonRamezan-Ali Sobhanifar[3]
Executive SecretaryMorteza Bank[4]
Politburo HeadMahmoud Vaezi
Election HeadAli Jannati[5]
FoundedNovember 1999; 25 years ago (1999-11)[1]
HeadquartersTehran, Iran
IdeologyModeration
Pragmatism
Islamic democracy
Technocracy
Free markets
Political positionCentre[6]
Alliance
Website
www.hezbet.ir

Moderation and Development Party (Persian: حزب اعتدال و توسعه, romanized: Hezb-e E'tedāl va Towse'eh) is a political party in Iran. It is a pragmatic-centrist political party which held its first congress in 2002.[7]

Platform

[edit]

The party is part of the faction called "modernist right", "moderate reformists" and "technocrats" that draws from upper-level bureaucrats, industrialists and managers.[8] It deals with a platform on modernization and economic growth rather than social justice, along with the Executives of Construction Party and the Islamic Labour Party.[9] The party has been allied with Popular Coalition of Reforms[6] and Pervasive Coalition of Reformists[10] in parliamentary elections and has had good relations with both Mohammad Khatami’s reform program and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.[2] In April 2017, the party joined the supreme policymaking council of reformists.[11]

Some sources branded them as part of the conservative camp in the 2000s[12][13][14] or reformists under the leadership of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.[15] In 2003, the party's spokesperson wrote in Hamshahri that the party regards itself among "true reformists", who are idealists considering "social realities" interpreted with the "principle of moderation".[16]

According to Ali Afshari, the party prioritizes economic expansion and follows free market policies, however a minority faction represented by members such as Nobakht, advocate institutionalized economy and maintain that the government should interfere to regulate markets to a limited extent.[17] They support limited political and cultural transformations, and believe political activism should only be within the frameworks of the constitution. The party also embraces Velayat Faqih.[17]

Presidential candidates

[edit]
Year Candidate
2001 Mohammad Khatami
2005 Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani[18]
2009 Mir-Hossein Mousavi[19]
2013 Hassan Rouhani[1]
2017 Hassan Rouhani[20]
2024 Masoud Pezeshkian[21]

Members

[edit]

Current officeholders

[edit]
Cabinet
Parliament

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Seyed Hossein Mousavian (5 July 2013), "The Rise of the Iranian Moderates", Al-Monitor, archived from the original on 17 November 2019, retrieved 7 December 2016
  2. ^ a b Khani, Mohamamd Hassan (17 July 2012). "Political Parties in the Islamic Republic of Iran". Iran Review. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  3. ^ ""جنتی" معاون کانون‌ها و "سبحانی‌فر" سخنگوی اعتدال و توسعه شدند" (in Persian). Tasnim News Agency. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  4. ^ "Iran News Round Up", Critical Threats Project, 8 December 2015, retrieved 7 April 2017
  5. ^ "Iran's Presidential Election: Who are the Candidates?", Iran Wire, 13 April 2017, retrieved 21 April 2017
  6. ^ a b "Guide: Iranian parliamentary elections". BBC World. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  7. ^ "Iran Report". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 16 February 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  8. ^ Rabasa, Angel; Waxman, Matthew; Larson, Eric V.; Marcum, Cheryl Y. (2004). The Muslim World After 9/11. Rand Corporation. p. 221. ISBN 9780833037558.
  9. ^ Mohseni, Payam (2016). "Factionalism, Privatization, and the Political economy of regime transformation". In Brumberg, Daniel; Farhi, Farideh (eds.). Power and Change in Iran: Politics of Contention and Conciliation. Indiana Series in Middle East Studies. Indiana University Press. p. 44.
  10. ^ Parisa Hafezi (18 February 2016). Dominic Evans (ed.). "Factbox: Parties and politics in Iran's parliamentary election". Reuters. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  11. ^ "Moderation party joins reformist policy-making council", Tehran Times, 10 April 2017, retrieved 14 April 2017
  12. ^ Beeman, William O. (Summer 2004). "Elections and Governmental Structure in Iran: Reform Lurks Under the Flaws" (PDF). Brown Journal of World Affairs. XI (1): 55–67.
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  21. ^ Behnegarsoft.com (2024-06-10). "حزب اعتدال و توسعه - بیانیه انتخاباتی حزب اعتدال و توسعه در حمایت از دکتر مسعود پزشکیان ، نامزد انتخابات ریاست جمهوری 1403". حزب اعتدال و توسعه (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-09-06.
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