Sugawara no Michizane: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 02:08, 10 December 2024

Sugawara no Michizane (菅原道真/菅原道眞, August 1, 845 – March 26, 903) was a scholar, poet, and politician of the Heian period of Japan. He is regarded as an excellent poet, particularly in waka and kanshi poetry, and is today revered in Shinto as the god of learning, Tenman-Tenjin (天満天神, often shortened to Tenjin). In the famed poem anthology Hyakunin Isshu, he is known as Kanke (菅家), and in kabuki drama he is known as Kan Shōjō (菅丞相).^[1] Along with Taira no Masakado and Emperor Sutoku, he is often called one of the “Three Great Onryō of Japan.”.^[2]

Biography

He was born into a family of scholars, who bore the hereditary title of Ason (朝臣) which predated the Ritsuryō system and its ranking of members of the court. His grandfather, Sugawara no Kiyotomo, served the court, teaching history in the national school for future civil bureaucrats and even attained the third rank. His father, Sugawara no Koreyoshi, began a private school in his mansion and taught students who prepared for the entrance examination to the national school or who had ambitions to be officers of the court, including his own son Michizane.

Michizane passed the entrance examination, and entered Daigaku, as the national academy was called at the time. After graduation he began his career in the court as a scholar as a relatively prestigious senior sixth rank upper in 870.^[3] His rank coincided with his role initially as a minor official in the court bureaucracy under the Ministry of Civil Affairs. By 874 Michizane had reached the fifth rank (his father the fourth rank), and served briefly under the Ministry of War before being transferred to a more desirable role in the Ministry of Popular Affairs.^[3] His training and skill with Classical Chinese language and literature afforded him many opportunities to draft edicts and correspondences for officials in the court in addition to his menial duties. Records show at this time he composed three petitions for Fujiwara no Yoshifusa as well as the Emperor.^[3] Michizane also took part in receiving delegations from the Kingdom of Parhae, where Michizane's skill with Chinese again proved useful in diplomatic exchanges and poetry exchange. In 877, he was assigned to the Ministry of the Ceremonial, which allowed him to manage educational and intellectual matters more than before.

In addition to his offices at the court he ran the school his father founded, the Kanke Rōka (菅家廊下, lit. "Sugawara Family Hall"). In 877, he was also promoted to professor of literature at the academy, Later, he was also appointed Doctorate of Literature (文章博士, monjō hakushi) the highest professorial office at Daigaku. This office was considered to be the highest honor a historian could achieve.

Early career

In 886, Sugawara was appointed to be Provincial governor (Kokushi) of Sanuki Province. Modern research shows that many bureaucrats in the court, if they lacked sufficient reputation, were assigned at least one term in a remote province, and Michizane was no exception. During his four-year tenure in the province, Michizane's informal poetry increased, and up to 26% of his poetry still extant was composed in this narrow time.^[4] Among his duties, based on limited records, was to tour the province, recommend outstanding individuals to the court, and to punish as needed. In 887, Michizane had to petition and pray to the Buddhas and the Shinto kami to help relieve a drought at the time. Records of the time imply that Michizane's time as governor had met with only middling success.^[4]

Conflict with Fujiwara clan

While serving as governor, a political conflict arose between Emperor Uda and Fujiwara no Mototsune of powerful Fujiwara clan called the Ako controversy or Akō Incident (阿衡事件, akō jiken) in 888 over Mototsune's unclear role in the court after Emperor Uda's ascension. Michizane, defending the court scholars and emperor sent a letter of censure to Mototsune, and gained the favor of Emperor Uda. With his term as governor completed in 890, Michizane returned to the court in Kyoto. In Emperor Uda's struggles to restore power to the imperial family, away from the Fujiwara, a number of officials from non-Fujiwara families were promoted to key positions, including Imperial offshoots in the Minamoto family and Sugawara no Michizane. In a rapid series of promotions beginning in 891, Michizane rose to the senior third rank in 897. According to one document signed by Michizane in 894, he already held the following posts in the court:^[5]

Ambassador to the Tang dynasty
Consultant
Assistant Investigator of the Records of Outgoing Officials
Junior Fourth Rank Lower
Major Controller of the Left
Supernumerary Senior Assistant Minister of Ceremonial
Assistant Master of the Crown Prince's Household (later Emperor Daigo)

He was appointed ambassador to China in the 890s, but instead came out in support of abolition of the imperial embassies to China in 894, theoretically in consideration for the decline of the Tang dynasty. On the other hand, some historians point to a power struggle between Michizane and his political rivals, the influential Fujiwara no Tokihira and other Fujiwara clans, as another reason for Sugawara Michizane to advise the emperor to abolish the Japanese envoys to Tang. The theory is that if Michizane had been sent to Tang as an ambassador, he would have been removed from the center of power at the court, and he advised the emperor to abolish the envoys to avoid this.^[6]^[7]

Within the abdication of Emperor Uda, Michizane's position became increasingly vulnerable. In 901, through the political maneuverings of his rival, Fujiwara no Tokihira, who accused him of favouring Prince Tokiyo over the crown prince as the main successor to the emperor's throne, Michizane was demoted from his aristocratic rank of junior second to a minor official post at Dazaifu, in Kyūshū's Chikuzen Province where he and his entire family was banished.^[8] He died in exile in 903.^[8]

Pacification and deification

Painting by Kobayashi Eitaku depicting Sugawara Michizane reborn as the Tenjin.

After Michizane's death, plague and drought spread and sons of Emperor Daigo died in succession. The Imperial Palace's Great Audience Hall (shishinden) was struck repeatedly by lightning, and the city experienced weeks of rainstorms and floods. Attributing this to the angry spirit of the exiled Sugawara, the imperial court built a Shinto shrine called Kitano Tenman-gū in Kyoto, and dedicated it to him. They posthumously restored his title and office, and struck from the record any mention of his exile. Even this was not enough, and 70 years later Sugawara was deified as Tenjin-sama, a god of sky and storms. Eventually Tenjin evolved into a benign kami of scholarship.

Today many Shinto shrines in Japan are dedicated to him. He became the most notable example of an interesting spiritual transformation: a vengeful Japanese spirit, onryō or goryō, often a former aristocrat who was wrongfully killed, and consequently seeking revenge, becomes a benign deity through ritual pacification and posthumous honors.^[9]

Poetry

Michizane had an exceptional talent in poetry both for waka (poetry in Japanese) and kanshi (poetry in Chinese).

Like his father, Michizane had a talent for poetry, and it is said that he began composing waka at the age of five.^[10] His waka appeared in various Chokusen wakashū (imperial waka anthologies) compiled at the behest of successive emperors and the Daijō Tennō (abdicated emperor). His waka appear in the Kokin Wakashū, the Gosen Wakashū, the Shūi Wakashū, and the Shin Kokin Wakashū, among others.^[11] Michizane is traditionally credited with the Shinsen Man'yōshū, but the attribution has been challenged.^[12]

One of his waka was included in Fujiwara no Teika's Ogura Hyakunin Isshu:

Japanese^[13]	Rōmaji^[14]	English translation^[15]
このたびはぬさもとりあへず手向山紅葉の錦神のまにまに	Kono tabi wa Nusa mo toriaezu Tamuke-yama Momiji no nishiki Kami no mani-mani	On this journey I have no streamers made of silk to offer up. Gods, if it pleases you, may you take instead this beautiful brocade of Mt. Tamuke's autumn colors.

The poem was originally the 420th of the Kokin Wakashū.^[13]

Another of his famous waka is a poem written in 901 just before he left Kyoto for Daizaifu by demotion. He felt deep sorrow that he would never see his precious plum tree in his residence in Kyoto again, so he talked endearingly to it:

Japanese	Rōmaji	English translation
東風吹かばにほひをこせよ梅の花主なしとて春を忘るな	Kochi fukaba Nioi okose yo Ume no hana Aruji nashi tote Haru o wasuru na	When the east wind blows, flourish in full bloom, you plum blossoms! Even though you lose your master don't be oblivious to spring.

Nioi okose yo can be interpreted as "spread your scent" rather than "flourish in full bloom", although such a usage of the word nioi as "scent" or "smell" is relatively modern and rare in the classical period. The above is from the 1006th poem of the Shūi Wakashū; although this is the original form of this poem, when re-collected later in Hōbutsushū, the last phrase was modified into haru na wasure so (meaning remains unchanged), which became its popular variation. A romantic legend says the plum tree was so fond of its master that it finally flew to Dazaifu, and that tree became known as tobi-ume (飛梅, 'the flying plum') at Dazaifu Tenman-gū (a shrine dedicated to its master). A more realistic legend says Michizane or his friend transplanted its seedling to Dazaifu.^[10]

He was also interested in kanshi, because in those days the immersion in the Chinese culture was regarded as a proof of refinement and scholarship. Since his excellence in kanshi was well known throughout the court, Emperor Daigo suggested he compile his Chinese poems, and therefore he published Kanke Bunsō (菅家文草, "Chinese poetry by Sugawara no Michizane") and dedicated it to the emperor in 900. After his exile he continued to work on kanshi and compiled them into the Kanke Kōshū (菅家後集, "later anthology of Sugawara no Michizane").^[16] The work contained 46 kanshi, was completed sometime before his death in 903.^[17] He sent it to Ki no Haseo (紀長谷雄) right before his death.^[17]

Honours

Senior First Rank (June 12, 993; posthumous)

Descendants

The lineage of the Sugawara clan was divided into six families by the 18th century. Aside from these noble families, there are several (often self-proclaimed) branches in the samurai caste, including Maeda and Yagyū.

Sugawara no Takasue (972–?) – an aristocrat, Michizane's great-grandson
- Takasue's daughter (c.1008 – after 1059) – a female writer known for Sarashina Nikki
Aristocratic families (Takatsuji, Gojō, Higashibōjō, Karahashi, Kiyooka, and Kuwabara)
- Takako Irie (1911–1995) – an actress, a daughter of Viscount Yoshinaka Higashibōjō.
Maeda clan
- Maeda Toshiie (1538–1599) – a daimyō lord. Toshiie self-proclaimed to be a descendant of Michizane and after decades the Tokugawa shogunate officially recognized his claim in Kan'ei Shoka Keizu Den (1643), but its historicity is highly dubious^[18]
Yagyū clan – self-proclaimed to be a descendant of an officer called Sugawara no Nagayoshi^[19]
- Yagyū Munetoshi (1529–1606) – the founder of Yagyū Shinkage-ryū (a school of swordsmanship)
  - Yagyū Munenori (1571–1646) – the head sword instructor of Tokugawa shōguns, author of A Hereditary Book on the Art of War

Footnotes

Explanatory notes

Citations

^ "菅原伝授手習鑑｜文化デジタルライブラリー". Bunka Digital Library. Japan Arts Council. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
^ 山田雄司 (2014). 妖怪とは何か菅原道真・平将門・崇徳院 [What is a youkai? Sugawara no Michizane, Taira no Masakado, Sutokuin]. 中公新書. 中央公論新社. pp. i–iii頁. ISBN 978-4-12-102281-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c Borgen, Robert (1994). Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 113–127. ISBN 978-0-8248-1590-5.
^ ^a ^b Borgen, Robert (1994). Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 158–181. ISBN 978-0-8248-1590-5.
^ Borgen, Robert (1994). Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 201–216. ISBN 978-0-8248-1590-5.
^ Yumi Sato. 遣唐使制度の廃止について (PDF) (in Japanese). Komazawa University. p. 59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
^ NHK History Reporting Team (1994). NHK 歴史発見〈11〉天神、菅原道真の執念遣唐使廃止の謎. Kadokawa Shoten. pp. 4–43. ISBN 978-4045222115.
^ ^a ^b Plutschow, Herbert (2003), "Ideology and Historiography: The Case of Sugawara no Michizane in the Nihongiryaku, Fusō Ryakki and the Gukanshō" (PDF), in Fogel J.; J. Baxter (eds.), Historiography and Japanese Consciousness of Values and Norms Conference Paper, Kyoto: International Research Center for Japanese Studies, pp. 136–137
^ Pawasarat, Catherine (Nov 2020). The Gion Festival: Exploring Its Mysteries. self-published. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-9985886-6-7.
^ ^a ^b 「菅原道真」はどんな人物? 学問の神様となったルーツや伝説・神社を紹介 (in Japanese). Mynavi News. 30 September 2021. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
^ Masayo Yamaguchi. 神になった歌人菅原道真の和歌 (PDF) (in Japanese). Hiroshima University. p. 86. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
^ Keene 1999 : 239, note 15.
^ ^a ^b Suzuki et al. 2009 : 36.
^ McMillan 2010 : 160.
^ McMillan 2010 : 26.
^ Keene 1999 : 197.
^ ^a ^b Digital Daijisen entry "Kanke Kōshū". Shogakukan.
^ Kokushi Daijiten, 前田氏.
^ Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, revised edition, 6th printing (2014), 柳生氏

Bibliography

Robert Borgen (1994). Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court. University of Hawaii Press
Keene, Donald (1999). A History of Japanese Literature, Vol. 1: Seeds in the Heart — Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11441-7.
McMillan, Peter 2010 (1st ed. 2008). One Hundred Poets, One Poem Each. New York: Columbia University Press.
Suzuki Hideo, Yamaguchi Shin'ichi, Yoda Yasushi 2009 (1st ed. 1997). Genshoku: Ogura Hyakunin Isshu. Tokyo: Bun'eidō.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Japanese scholar, poet, and politician (845–903)}}
+{{family name hatnote|Sugawara|lang=Japanese}}
 [[File:Sugawara Michizane.jpg|thumb|200px|Sugawara no Michizane by [[Kikuchi Yōsai]]]]
+{{nihongo|'''Sugawara no Michizane'''|菅原 道真/菅原 道眞|extra=August 1, 845 – March 26, 903}} was a scholar, poet, and politician of the [[Heian period]] of Japan. He is regarded as an excellent poet, particularly in ''[[waka (poetry)|waka]]'' and ''[[Kanshi (poetry)|kanshi]]'' poetry, and is today revered in [[Shinto]] as the god of learning, {{nihongo|'''[[Tenjin (kami)|Tenman-Tenjin]]'''|天満天神||extra=often shortened to '''[[Tenjin (kami)|Tenjin]]'''}}. In the famed poem anthology ''[[Ogura Hyakunin Isshu|Hyakunin Isshu]]'', he is known as {{nihongo|'''Kanke'''|菅家}}, and in [[kabuki]] drama he is known as {{nihongo|'''Kan Shōjō'''|菅丞相}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=菅原伝授手習鑑｜文化デジタルライブラリー |url=https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/dglib/contents/learn/exp2/exp2_new/enwiki/w/030-205.html |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Bunka Digital Library |publisher=Japan Arts Council}}</ref> Along with [[Taira no Masakado]] and [[Emperor Sutoku]], he is often called one of the “Three Great [[Onryō]] of Japan.”.<ref name="onryotohananika">{{Cite book|author=山田雄司|title=妖怪とは何か 菅原道真・平将門・崇徳院|year=2014|publisher=中央公論新社|series=中公新書|isbn=978-4-12-102281-3|pages=i–iii頁|trans-title=What is a youkai? Sugawara no Michizane, Taira no Masakado, Sutokuin}}</ref>
-{{family name hatnote|Sugawara|lang=Japanese}}
-{{nihongo|'''Sugawara no Michizane'''|菅原 道真/菅原 道眞|extra=August 1, 845 – March 26, 903}}, also known as {{nihongo|'''Kan Shōjō'''|菅丞相}} or {{nihongo|'''Kanke'''|菅家}}, was a [[scholar]], [[poet]], and [[politician]] of the [[Heian Period]] of [[Japan]]. He is regarded as an excellent poet, particularly in [[Kanshi poetry]], and is today revered in [[Shinto]] as the god of learning, {{nihongo|'''[[Tenjin (kami)|Tenman-Tenjin]]'''|天満天神||extra=often shortened to '''[[Tenjin (kami)|Tenjin]]'''}}.
 ==Biography==
+He was born into a family of scholars, who bore the [[Kabane|hereditary title]] of {{nihongo|'''[[Ason]]'''|朝臣||}} which predated the [[Ritsuryō]] system and its ranking of members of the court. His grandfather, [[Sugawara no Kiyotomo]], served the court, teaching history in the national school for future civil bureaucrats and even attained the third rank. His father, [[Sugawara no Koreyoshi]], began a private school in his mansion and taught students who prepared for the entrance examination to the national school or who had ambitions to be officers of the court, including his own son Michizane.
-[[File:Tenjin Crossing to China.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Tenjin (Michizane) Crossing to China, late 15th century by Sesshin, Muromachi period, Ink on paper]]
+[[File:Hyakuninisshu 024.jpg|thumb|Kanke, from the ''[[Ogura Hyakunin Isshu]].'']]
-He was born into a family of scholars, who bore the [[Kabane|hereditary title]] of {{nihongo|'''[[Ason]]'''|朝臣||}} which predated the [[Ritsuryō]] System and its ranking of members of the Court. His grandfather, [[Sugawara no Kiyotomo]], served the court, teaching history in the national school for future bureaucrats and even attained the third rank. His father, [[Sugawara no Koreyoshi]], began a private school in his mansion and taught students who prepared for the entrance examination to the national school or who had ambitions to be officers of the court, including his own son Michizane.
+Michizane passed the entrance examination, and entered [[Daigaku-ryō|Daigaku]], as the national academy was called at the time. After graduation he began his career in the court as a scholar as a relatively prestigious senior sixth rank upper in 870.<ref name="borgen1">{{cite book | last = Borgen | first = Robert | title = Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-8248-1590-5 | pages=113–127}}</ref> His rank coincided with his role initially as a minor official in the court bureaucracy under the [[Ministry of Civil Administration|Ministry of Civil Affairs]]. By 874 Michizane had reached the fifth rank (his father the fourth rank), and served briefly under the Ministry of War before being transferred to a more desirable role in the [[Ministry of Popular Affairs]].<ref name="borgen1" /> His training and skill with [[Classical Chinese]] language and literature afforded him many opportunities to draft edicts and correspondences for officials in the court in addition to his menial duties. Records show at this time he composed three petitions for [[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]] as well as the Emperor.<ref name="borgen1" /> Michizane also took part in receiving delegations from the Kingdom of [[Parhae]], where Michizane's skill with Chinese again proved useful in diplomatic exchanges and poetry exchange. In 877, he was assigned to the Ministry of the Ceremonial, which allowed him to manage educational and intellectual matters more than before.
-Michizane passed the entrance examination, and entered Daigaku, as the national academy was called at the time. After graduation he began his career in the court as a scholar as a relatively prestigious senior sixth rank upper in 870.<ref name="borgen1">{{cite book | last = Borgen | first = Robert | title = Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-8248-1590-5 | pages=113–127}}</ref>  His rank coincided with his role initially as a minor official in the Court bureaucracy under the [[Ministry of Civil Administration|Ministry of Civil Affairs]].  By 874 Michizane had reached the fifth rank (his father the fourth rank), and served briefly under the Ministry of War before being transferred to a more desirable role in the [[Ministry of Popular Affairs]].<ref name="borgen1" />  His training and skill with [[Classical Chinese]] language and literature afforded him many opportunities to draft edicts and correspondences for officials in the Court in addition to his menial duties. Records show at this time he composed three petitions for [[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]] as well as the Emperor.<ref name="borgen1" />  Michizane also took part in receiving delegations from the Kingdom of [[Parhae]], where Michizane's skill with Chinese again proved useful in diplomatic exchanges and poetry exchange.  In 877, he was assigned to the Ministry of the Ceremonial, which allowed him to manage educational and intellectual matters more than before.
 In addition to his offices at the court he ran the school his father founded, the {{nihongo|'''Kanke Rōka'''|菅家 廊下||lit. "Sugawara Family Hall"}}. In 877, he was also promoted to professor of literature at the academy, Later, he was also appointed {{nihongo|''Doctorate of Literature''|文章博士|monjō hakushi|}} the highest professorial office at Daigaku. This office was considered to be the highest honor a historian could achieve.
 === Early career ===
-In 886, Sugawara was appointed to be governor of [[Sanuki Province]]. Modern research shows that many bureaucrats in the Court, if they lacked sufficient clout, were assigned at least one term in a remote province, and Michizane was no exception.  During his four-year tenure in the province, Michizane's informal poetry increased, and up to 26% of his poetry still extant was composed in this narrow time.<ref name="borgen2">{{cite book | last = Borgen | first = Robert | title = Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-8248-1590-5 | pages=158–181}}</ref>  Among his duties, based on limited records, was to tour the province, recommend outstanding individuals to the Court, and to punish as needed.  In 887, Michizane had to petition the Buddhas and the Shinto [[kami]] to help relieve a drought at the time.  Records of the time imply that Michizane's time as governor had met with only middling success.<ref name="borgen2" />
+In 886, Sugawara was appointed to be Provincial governor (''[[Kokushi (official)|Kokushi]]'') of [[Sanuki Province]]. Modern research shows that many bureaucrats in the court, if they lacked sufficient reputation, were assigned at least one term in a remote province, and Michizane was no exception. During his four-year tenure in the province, Michizane's informal poetry increased, and up to 26% of his poetry still extant was composed in this narrow time.<ref name="borgen2">{{cite book | last = Borgen | first = Robert | title = Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-8248-1590-5 | pages=158–181}}</ref> Among his duties, based on limited records, was to tour the province, recommend outstanding individuals to the court, and to punish as needed. In 887, Michizane had to petition and pray to the Buddhas and the Shinto [[kami]] to help relieve a drought at the time. Records of the time imply that Michizane's time as governor had met with only middling success.<ref name="borgen2" />[[File:Sugawara Michizane in Exile by Kobayashi Kiyochika.jpg|thumb|Sugawara Michizane in Exile by [[Kobayashi Kiyochika]], 1884]]
 === Conflict with Fujiwara clan ===
+[[File:Tenjin Crossing to China.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Tenjin (Michizane) Crossing to China, late 15th century by Sesshin, Muromachi period, Ink on paper]]
-While serving as governor, a political conflict arose between [[Emperor Uda]] and [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]] called the {{nihongo|'''Akō Incident'''|阿衡事件|akō jiken|}} in 888 over Mototsune's unclear role in the Court after Emperor Uda's ascension.  Michizane, defending the court scholars sent a letter of censure to Mototsune, and gained the favor of Emperor Uda.  With his term as governor completed in 890, Michizane returned to the Court in [[Kyoto]].  In Emperor Uda's struggles to restore power to the Imperial Family, away from the Fujiwara, a number of officials from non-Fujiwara families were promoted to key positions, including Imperial offshoots in the [[Minamoto]] family and Sugawara no Michizane.  In a rapid series of promotions beginning in 891, Michizane rose to the senior third rank in 897.  According to one document signed by Michizane in 894, he already held the following posts in the Court:<ref name="borgen3">{{cite book | last = Borgen | first = Robert | title = Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-8248-1590-5 | pages=201–216}}</ref>
+While serving as governor, a political conflict arose between [[Emperor Uda]] and [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]] of powerful Fujiwara clan called the [[Ako Controversy|Ako controversy]] or {{nihongo|'''Akō Incident'''|阿衡事件|akō jiken|}} in 888 over Mototsune's unclear role in the court after Emperor Uda's ascension. Michizane, defending the court scholars and emperor sent a letter of censure to Mototsune, and gained the favor of Emperor Uda. With his term as governor completed in 890, Michizane returned to the court in [[Kyoto]]. In Emperor Uda's struggles to restore power to the imperial family, away from the Fujiwara, a number of officials from non-Fujiwara families were promoted to key positions, including Imperial offshoots in the [[Minamoto]] family and Sugawara no Michizane. In a rapid series of promotions beginning in 891, Michizane rose to the senior third rank in 897. According to one document signed by Michizane in 894, he already held the following posts in the court:<ref name="borgen3">{{cite book | last = Borgen | first = Robert | title = Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-8248-1590-5 | pages=201–216}}</ref>
-* Ambassador to the [[Tang Dynasty]].
+* Ambassador to the [[Tang dynasty]]
 * Consultant
 * Assistant Investigator of the Records of Outgoing Officials
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 * Assistant Master of the Crown Prince's Household (later [[Emperor Daigo]])
-He was appointed ambassador to China in the 890s, but instead came out in support of abolition of the [[imperial embassies to China]] in 894, theoretically in consideration for the decline of the [[Tang Dynasty]]. A potential ulterior motive may have lain in Michizane's almost complete ignorance of spoken Chinese; most literate Japanese at the time only read Chinese, and knew little to nothing about the spoken language. Michizane, as the nominated ambassador to China, would have been presented with a potential loss of face had he been forced to depend on an interpreter.<ref>Morris, I. (1975).  ''The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan.'' p. 50</ref> Thus, Emperor Uda stopped the practice of sending ambassadors as informed by what he understood as persuasive counsel from Sugawara Michizane.<ref>Kitagawa, H. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike,'' p. 222.</ref>
+He was appointed ambassador to China in the 890s, but instead came out in support of abolition of the [[imperial embassies to China]] in 894, theoretically in consideration for the decline of the [[Tang dynasty]]. On the other hand, some historians point to a power struggle between Michizane and his political rivals, the influential [[Fujiwara no Tokihira]] and other [[Fujiwara clan]]s, as another reason for Sugawara Michizane to advise the emperor to abolish the Japanese envoys to Tang. The theory is that if Michizane had been sent to Tang as an ambassador, he would have been removed from the center of power at the court, and he advised the emperor to abolish the envoys to avoid this.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://repo.komazawa-u.ac.jp/opac/repository/all/20434/KJ00005098053.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224152359/http://repo.komazawa-u.ac.jp/opac/repository/all/20434/KJ00005098053.pdf|script-title=ja:遣唐使制度の廃止について|page=59|language=ja|author=Yumi Sato|publisher=[[Komazawa University]]|archive-date=24 February 2023|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=|pages=4–43|title=NHK 歴史発見〈11〉天神、菅原道真の執念 遣唐使廃止の謎|author=[[NHK]] History Reporting Team|publisher=[[Kadokawa Shoten]]|year=1994|isbn=978-4045222115}}</ref>
-Within the abdication of Emperor Uda, Michizane's position became increasingly vulnerable.  In 901, through the political maneuverings of his rival, [[Fujiwara no Tokihira]], who accused him of favouring Prince Tokiyo over the crown prince as the main successor to the emperor's throne, Michizane was demoted from his aristocratic rank of junior second to a minor official post at [[Dazaifu (region)|Dazaifu]], in [[Kyūshū]]'s [[Chikuzen Province]] where he and his entire family was banished.<ref name="Plutschow">{{Citation|last1=Plutschow|first1=Herbert|title=Historiography and Japanese Consciousness of Values and Norms Conference Paper|page=136-137|year=2003|editor1=Fogel J.|contribution=Ideology and Historiography: The Case of Sugawara no Michizane in the Nihongiryaku, Fusō Ryakki and the Gukanshō|contribution-url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/198399436.pdf|location=Kyoto|publisher=International Research Center for Japanese Studies|editor2=J. Baxter}}</ref> He died in exile in 903.<ref name="Plutschow" />
+Within the abdication of Emperor Uda, Michizane's position became increasingly vulnerable. In 901, through the political maneuverings of his rival, Fujiwara no Tokihira, who accused him of favouring Prince Tokiyo over the crown prince as the main successor to the emperor's throne, Michizane was demoted from his aristocratic rank of junior second to a minor official post at [[Dazaifu (region)|Dazaifu]], in [[Kyūshū]]'s [[Chikuzen Province]] where he and his entire family was banished.<ref name="Plutschow">{{Citation|last1=Plutschow|first1=Herbert|title=Historiography and Japanese Consciousness of Values and Norms Conference Paper|pages=136–137|year=2003|editor1=Fogel J.|contribution=Ideology and Historiography: The Case of Sugawara no Michizane in the Nihongiryaku, Fusō Ryakki and the Gukanshō|contribution-url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/198399436.pdf|location=Kyoto|publisher=International Research Center for Japanese Studies|editor2=J. Baxter}}</ref> He died in exile in 903.<ref name="Plutschow" />
 === Pacification and deification ===
+[[File:Tsukioka (Taiso) Yoshitoshi (1839-1892), Sugawara no Michizane roept een onweersbui op boven KyotoKôkoku (1880).jpg|thumb|{{transliteration|ja|[[Ukiyo-e]]}} by [[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi]] depicting Sugawara no Michizane as the {{nihongo3|{{transliteration|ja|[[kami]]}} of thunder.||[[Tenjin (kami)|Tenjin]]}}. After Sugawara no Michizane's death, lightning struck the palace, killing and injuring many of the powerful people involved in his banishment, and Sugawara no Michizane was enshrined in the {{transliteration|ja|[[Tenmangū]]}} ([[Shinto shrines]]) as the Tenjin.]]
-After Michizane's death, [[pandemic|plague]] and [[drought]] spread and sons of [[Emperor Daigo]] died in succession. The Imperial Palace's Great Audience Hall (''shishinden'') was struck repeatedly by lightning, and the city experienced weeks of rainstorms and floods. Attributing this to the angry spirit of the exiled Sugawara, the imperial court built a [[Shinto shrine]] called [[Kitano Tenman-gū]] in Kyoto, and dedicated it to him. They posthumously restored his title and office, and struck from the record any mention of his exile. Even this was not enough, and 70 years later Sugawara was deified as [[Tenjin (kami)|Tenjin-sama]], a god of sky and storms. Eventually Tenjin evolved into a benign ''[[kami]]'' of scholarship.
+[[File:Sugawara-no-Michizane-Praying-on-Tenpaizan-by-Kobayashi-Eitaku-1880.jpg|thumb|Painting by [[Kobayashi Eitaku]] depicting Sugawara Michizane reborn as the Tenjin.]]
+After Michizane's death, [[pandemic|plague]] and [[drought]] spread and sons of [[Emperor Daigo]] died in succession. The Imperial Palace's Great Audience Hall (''shishinden'') was struck repeatedly by lightning, and the city experienced weeks of rainstorms and floods. Attributing this to the angry spirit of the exiled Sugawara, the imperial court built a [[Shinto shrine]] called [[Kitano Tenman-gū]] in Kyoto, and dedicated it to him. They posthumously restored his title and office, and struck from the record any mention of his exile. Even this was not enough, and 70 years later Sugawara was deified as [[Tenjin (kami)|Tenjin-sama]], a god of sky and storms. Eventually Tenjin evolved into a benign ''[[kami]]'' of scholarship.
+Today many Shinto shrines in Japan are dedicated to him. He became the most notable example of an interesting spiritual transformation: a vengeful Japanese spirit, [[onryō]] or [[goryō]], often a former aristocrat who was wrongfully killed, and consequently seeking revenge, becomes a benign deity through ritual pacification and posthumous honors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pawasarat |first1=Catherine |title=The Gion Festival: Exploring Its Mysteries |date=Nov 2020 |publisher=self-published |isbn=978-0-9985886-6-7 |pages=10}}</ref>
-Today many Shinto shrines in Japan are dedicated to him.
-He became the most notable example of an interesting spiritual transformation: a vengeful Japanese spirit, onryō, is a violent ghost, usually a former aristocrat who was wrongfully killed, and consequently seeking revenge. When well supplicated, however, onryō spirits may willingly convert to goryō, benevolent spirits who can be powerful allies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pawasarat |first1=Catherine |title=The Gion Festival: Exploring Its Mysteries |date=Nov 2020 |publisher=self-published |isbn=978-0-9985886-6-7 |pages=10}}</ref>
 ==Poetry==
-Michizane had an exceptional talent in poetry both for ''[[kanshi (poetry)|kanshi]]'' (poetry in Chinese) and ''[[waka (poetry)|waka]]'' (poetry in Japanese).
+Michizane had an exceptional talent in poetry both for ''[[waka (poetry)|waka]]'' (poetry in Japanese) and ''[[kanshi (poetry)|kanshi]]'' (poetry in Chinese).
+Like his father, Michizane had a talent for poetry, and it is said that he began composing {{transliteration|ja|waka}} at the age of five.<ref name="mynavi0930">{{cite web|url=https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20210930-1978876/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121163605/https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20210930-1978876/|script-title=ja:「菅原道真」はどんな人物? 学問の神様となったルーツや伝説・神社を紹介|language=ja|publisher=Mynavi News|date=30 September 2021|archive-date=21 January 2023|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref> His {{transliteration|ja|waka}} appeared in various {{nihongo3|imperial waka anthologies||[[Chokusen wakashū]]}} compiled at the behest of successive emperors and the {{nihongo3|abdicated emperor||[[Daijō Tennō]]}}. His {{transliteration|ja|waka}} appear in the {{transliteration|ja|[[Kokin Wakashū]]}}, the {{transliteration|ja|[[Gosen Wakashū]]}}, the {{transliteration|ja|[[Shūi Wakashū]]}}, and the {{transliteration|ja|[[Shin Kokin Wakashū]]}}, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/files/public/1/17631/20141016131227574122/KodaiChuseiKokubungaku_23_86.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709051426/https://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/files/public/1/17631/20141016131227574122/KodaiChuseiKokubungaku_23_86.pdf|script-title=ja:神になった歌人 菅原道真の和歌|language=ja|author=Masayo Yamaguchi|page=86|publisher=[[Hiroshima University]]|archive-date=9 July 2020|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref> Michizane is traditionally credited with the ''[[Shinsen Man'yōshū]]'', but the attribution has been challenged.<ref name="Keene 239-15">Keene 1999 : 239, note 15.</ref>
-His primary interest was ''kanshi'', because in those days the immersion in the Chinese culture was regarded as a proof of refinement and scholarship. Since his excellence in ''kanshi'' was well known throughout the Court, [[Emperor Daigo]] suggested him to compile his Chinese poems, and therefore he published {{nihongo|[[Kanke Bunsō]]|菅家文草||extra="Chinese poetry by Sugawara no Michizane"}} and dedicated it to the emperor in 900. After his exile he continued to work on ''kanshi'' and compiled them into the {{nihongo|''[[Kanke Kōshū]]''|菅家後集||extra="later anthology of Sugawara no Michizane"}}.<ref name="Keene 197">Keene 1999 : 197.</ref> The work contained 46 ''kanshi'', was completed sometime before his death in 903.<ref name="Koshu">''Digital Daijisen'' entry "Kanke Kōshū". Shogakukan.</ref> He sent it to {{nihongo|[[Ki no Haseo]]|紀長谷雄}} right before his death.<ref name="Koshu"/>
-One of his poems was included in [[Fujiwara no Teika]]'s ''[[Ogura Hyakunin Isshu]]'':
+One of his {{transliteration|ja|waka}} was included in [[Fujiwara no Teika]]'s ''[[Ogura Hyakunin Isshu]]'':
 {|align=center cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#e7e8ff;"
 |- align=center bgcolor=#d7a8ff
@@ Line 54: / Line 55: @@
 </poem>
 |
-<poem style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><i>Kono tabi wa
+<poem style="margin-left: 1.6em; font-style: italic">''Kono tabi wa
 Nusa mo toriaezu
 Tamuke-yama
 Momiji no nishiki
-Kami no mani-mani
+Kami no mani-mani''
-</i></poem>
+</poem>
 |
 <poem style="margin-left: 1.6em;">
@@ Line 75: / Line 76: @@
 [[File:Dazaifu Tenmangu Plum Tree 2004-03-07.jpg|right|thumb|''tobi-ume'' or the "flying plum" at [[Dazaifu Tenmangū]]]]
-Another of his famous waka is a poem written in 901 just before he left Kyoto for [[Dazaifu Tenmangū|Daizaifu]] by demotion. He felt deep sorrow that he would never see his precious plum tree in his residence in Kyoto again, so he talked endearingly to it:
+Another of his famous {{transliteration|ja|waka}} is a poem written in 901 just before he left Kyoto for [[Dazaifu Tenmangū|Daizaifu]] by demotion. He felt deep sorrow that he would never see his precious plum tree in his residence in Kyoto again, so he talked endearingly to it:
 {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" style="margin:auto; border:1px solid black; background:#e7e8ff;"
@@ Line 90: / Line 91: @@
 </poem>
 |
-<poem style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><i>Kochi fukaba
+<poem style="margin-left: 1.6em; font-style: italic">Kochi fukaba
 Nioi okose yo
 Ume no hana
 Aruji nashi tote
 Haru o wasuru na
-</i></poem>
+</poem>
 |
 <poem style="margin-left: 1.6em;">
@@ Line 108: / Line 109: @@
 |}
-''Nioi okose yo'' can be interpreted as "spread your scent" rather than "flourish in full bloom", although such a usage of the word ''nioi'' as "scent" or "smell" is relatively modern and rare in the classical period. The above is from the 1006th poem of the ''[[Shūi Wakashū]]''; although this is the original form of this poem, when re-collected later in ''[[Hōbutsushū]]'', the last phrase was modified into ''haru na wasure so'' (meaning remains unchanged), which became its popular variation.
+''Nioi okose yo'' can be interpreted as "spread your scent" rather than "flourish in full bloom", although such a usage of the word ''nioi'' as "scent" or "smell" is relatively modern and rare in the classical period. The above is from the 1006th poem of the ''[[Shūi Wakashū]]''; although this is the original form of this poem, when re-collected later in ''[[Hōbutsushū]]'', the last phrase was modified into ''haru na wasure so'' (meaning remains unchanged), which became its popular variation. A romantic legend says the plum tree was so fond of its master that it finally flew to Dazaifu, and that tree became known as {{nihongo|''tobi-ume''|[[:ja:飛梅|飛梅]]|'the flying plum'}} at [[Dazaifu Tenman-gū]] (a shrine dedicated to its master). A more realistic legend says Michizane or his friend transplanted its seedling to Dazaifu.<ref name="mynavi0930"/>
+He was also interested in ''kanshi'', because in those days the immersion in the Chinese culture was regarded as a proof of refinement and scholarship. Since his excellence in ''kanshi'' was well known throughout the court, [[Emperor Daigo]] suggested he compile his Chinese poems, and therefore he published {{nihongo|[[Kanke Bunsō]]|菅家文草||extra="Chinese poetry by Sugawara no Michizane"}} and dedicated it to the emperor in 900. After his exile he continued to work on ''kanshi'' and compiled them into the {{nihongo|''[[Kanke Kōshū]]''|菅家後集||extra="later anthology of Sugawara no Michizane"}}.<ref name="Keene 197">Keene 1999 : 197.</ref> The work contained 46 ''kanshi'', was completed sometime before his death in 903.<ref name="Koshu">''Digital Daijisen'' entry "Kanke Kōshū". Shogakukan.</ref> He sent it to {{nihongo|[[Ki no Haseo]]|紀長谷雄}} right before his death.<ref name="Koshu"/>
-A romantic legend says the plum tree was so fond of its master that it finally flew to Dazaifu, and that tree became known as {{nihongo|''tobi-ume''|[[:ja:飛梅|飛梅]]|'the flying plum'}} at [[Dazaifu Tenman-gū]] (a shrine dedicated to its master). A more realistic legend says Michizane or his friend transplanted its seedling to Dazaifu.
-Michizane is traditionally credited with the ''[[Shinsen Man'yōshū]]'', but the attribution has been challenged.<ref name="Keene 239-15">Keene 1999 : 239, note 15.</ref>
 ==Honours==
@@ Line 135: / Line 134: @@
 * [[Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku]], the last of the [[Six National Histories]]; the ''de jure'' lead editor was Fujiwara no Tokihira but the ''de facto'' lead editors were Michizane and Ōkura no Yoshiyuki ([[:ja:大蔵善行|大蔵善行]]).
 * [[Ruijū Kokushi]], a categorized and chronological history text
-* [[Kitano Tenman-gū]]
+* [[Tenmangū]]
-* [[Dazaifu Tenman-gū]]
+* [[Kitano Tenman-gū|Kitano Tenmangū]]
-* [[Yushima Tenman-gū]]
+* [[Hattori Tenjin-gū|Hattori Tenjingū]]
+:During his travel to Fukuoka, Michizane suffered from a leg Ailment and stopped by at the Hattori Tenjingu Shrine in Osaka where it was said to be cured in order for him to continue his travels.
-* Tenjin is also revered each July at two ''yamaboko'' floats—[https://www.gionfestival.org/abura-tenjin-yama/ Abura Tenjin Yama] and [https://www.gionfestival.org/arare-tenjin-yama/ Arare Tenjin Yama]—in Kyoto's famous [[Gion Festival]].
+* [[Tenjin Matsuri]]
+* Tenjin is also revered each July at two ''yamaboko'' floats—[https://www.gionfestival.org/abura-tenjin-yama/ Abura Tenjin Yama] and [https://www.gionfestival.org/arare-tenjin-yama/ Arare Tenjin Yama]—in Kyoto's famous [[Gion Festival]].
 * [[Taira no Masakado]], another influential figure from Japan's past who, like Michizane, was eventually deified as a guardian spirit
@@ Line 159: / Line 160: @@
   | location = New York
   | year = 1999<!-- Paperback edition: originally published 1993. How do I include this info in the template? -->
-  | ISBN = 978-0-231-11441-7
+  | isbn = 978-0-231-11441-7
   }}
 *McMillan, Peter 2010 (1st ed. 2008). ''One Hundred Poets, One Poem Each''. New York: Columbia University Press.
@@ Line 166: / Line 167: @@
 ==Further reading==
 <!--Sugawara is the family name! -->
-* Morris, Ivan (1975).  ''The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan.'' London: [[Secker & Warburg]]. {{ISBN|978-0-436-28809-8}}.
+* Morris, Ivan (1975). ''The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan.'' London: [[Secker & Warburg]]. {{ISBN|978-0-436-28809-8}}.
 {{Japanese poetry}}
+{{Tenjin Faith}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 177: / Line 178: @@
 [[Category:903 deaths]]
 [[Category:Articles containing Japanese poems]]
-[[Category:Deified people]]
 [[Category:Japanese deities]]
 [[Category:Japanese male poets]]
@@ Line 190: / Line 190: @@
 [[Category:9th-century Japanese calligraphers]]
 [[Category:Japanese ambassadors to the Tang dynasty]]
-[[Category:Deified Japanese people]]
+[[Category:Tenjin (kami)]]
+[[Category:Deified Japanese men]]
+[[Category:Kabuki characters]]
+[[Category:Sugawara clan]]
+[[Category:Demigods]]

v t e Japanese poetry
Major forms	haikai kanshi waka haiku hokku renga renku senryū tanka
Poetry works and collections	List of Japanese poetry anthologies Kaifūsō Man'yōshū Nijūichidaishū Kai Ōi Iroha
Individuals and groups of Japanese poets	Japanese poets (category list) Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry Rokkasen
Individual poems	Articles with poems

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Netherlands Norway Korea Sweden Poland Israel
Academics	CiNii
Artists	ULAN
Other	IdRef SNAC