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''For other persons known as Princess Mary, see [[Princess Mary]]''
{{for|other persons known as Princess Mary|Princess Mary (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox British Royalty|royal|consort
{{Infobox royalty
| name =Princess Mary
| title =Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel
| consort = yes
| spouse =[[Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse]]
| name = Mary of Great Britain
| succession = [[Landgravine consort of Hesse-Kassel]]
| issue =Prince William of Hesse<br />[[William I, Elector of Hesse]]<br />[[Charles of Hesse]]<br />[[Prince Frederick of Hesse]]
| image = Landgräfin Marie von Hessen-Kassel.jpg
| royal house =[[House of Hanover]]
| caption = Portrait by [[Johann Heinrich Tischbein]], {{circa|1754}}
| titles =''HRH'' The Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel<br />''HRH'' Princess Frederick of Hesse-Cassel<br />''HRH'' The Princess Mary<br />''HRH'' Princess Mary of Wales
| father =[[George II of Great Britain|George II]]
| reign = 1 February 1760 – 14 January 1772
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]]|1740|1754|end=separated}}
| mother =[[Caroline of Ansbach]]
| issue = {{Plainlist|
| date of birth =[[5 March]] [[1723]]
*Prince William
| place of birth =[[Leicester House]], [[London]]
*[[William I, Elector of Hesse]]
| date of death =[[14 January]] [[1772]]
*[[Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel|Prince Charles]]
| place of death =[[Hanau]], [[Germany]]
*[[Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel|Prince Frederick]]}}
| date of burial =[[1 February]] [[1772]]
| house = [[House of Hanover|Hanover]]
| place of burial =[[Hanau]], [[Germany]]
| father = [[George II of Great Britain]]
|}}
| mother = [[Caroline of Ansbach]]
'''The Princess Mary''' ([[5 March]] [[1723]] &ndash; [[14 January]] [[1772]]) was a member of the [[British Royal Family]], a daughter of [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]] and [[Caroline of Ansbach|Queen Caroline]].
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1723|3|5|df=y}} ([[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style]])
| birth_place = [[Leicester House, Westminster|Leicester House]], [[London]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1772|1|14|1723|3|5|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Hanau]], Germany
| burial_date = 1 February 1772
| burial_place = Marienkirche, Hanau, Germany
}}
'''Mary of Great Britain''' (5 March 1723 – 14 January 1772) was the second-youngest daughter of [[George II of Great Britain]] and his wife, [[Caroline of Ansbach]], and [[Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel]] as the wife of [[Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
[[File:Amigoni - Mary of Great Britain.png|left|thumb|197x197px|Princess Mary, by [[Jacopo Amigoni]]]]
Princess Mary was born at [[Leicester House]], [[London]]. Her father was ''HRH'' '''[[George II of Great Britain|The Prince of Wales]]'''. Her mother was [[Caroline of Ansbach]], daughter of [[Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach]].
Princess Mary was born at [[Leicester House, Westminster|Leicester House]], [[Westminster]], [[London]].<ref name=Weir284>{{cite book|first=Alison|last=Weir|author-link=Alison Weir|title=Britain's Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy|publisher=Vintage Books|location=London|year=2008|isbn=978-0-09-953973-5|page=284}}</ref> Her father was the [[Prince of Wales]], later [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]]. Her mother was [[Caroline of Ansbach]], daughter of [[Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach]].<ref name=Weir284/>


Her father succeeded, as George II, on 11 June 1727, and she became "HRH The Princess Mary". Upon her death in 1737, her mother, Queen Caroline, entrusted Mary to her elder sister Caroline, urging her to "do what she could to support the meek and mild disposition of Princess Mary".<ref>Michael A. Beatty: The English Royal Family of America, from Jamestown to the American Revolution</ref>
At her birth she was styled ''HRH'' '''Princess Mary of Wales'''.

Her father succeeded as '''George II''' on [[11 June]] [[1727]], and she became ''HRH'' '''The Princess Mary'''


==Marriage==
==Marriage==
On [[28 June]] [[1740]], Princess Mary married [[Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel|Frederick of Hesse-Kassel]] at [[Kassel|Cassel]]. They separated in [[1754]], having had four sons, three of whom survived to adulthood. Her husband succeeded his father as Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in [[1760]], and so Mary was technically Landgravine consort for the last twelve years of her life, despite her estrangement from her husband.


[[File:Tischbein - Erbprinz Friedrich II. mit seiner Familie - Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel.png|thumb|Mary as Hereditary Princess of Hesse-Kassel with her family in 1754. Painting by [[Johann Heinrich Tischbein]].]]
Mary died in [[1772]], aged 48 at [[Hanau]], [[Germany]].
A marriage was negotiated with [[Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel|Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Kassel]], the only son and heir of [[William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]].<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB
| first = David | last = Williamson
| year = 2004
| title = Mary, Princess (1723–1772)
| doi =10.1093/ref:odnb/18253
| url =http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18253
| access-date =15 March 2011
}}</ref> For the marriage, [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] voted Mary £40,000.<ref name=odnb/>


They [[proxy marriage|married by proxy]] at the Chapel Royal of [[St. James's Palace]] in [[London]] on 8 May, then in person on 28 June 1740 at [[Bellevue Palace, Kassel|Bellevue Palace]], [[Kassel]].<ref name=Weir284/>
==Titles, styles, honours and arms==
They had four sons, three of whom survived to adulthood.<ref name=odnb/>
===Titles===

*'''[[1723]]-[[1727]]''': ''Her Royal Highness'' Princess Mary of Wales
The marriage was unhappy, and Frederick was said to be "brutal" and "a boor". Frederick reportedly subjected Mary to spousal abuse.<ref name="ReferenceA">James Panton:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy</ref>
*'''[[1727]]-[[1740]]''': ''Her Royal Highness'' The Princess Mary
In late 1746, Mary made an extended trip to Britain to escape his maltreatment. The couple separated in 1754 on Frederick's conversion to [[Roman Catholicism]]. She was supported by her father-in-law, who provided her with a residence in Hanau, as she did not wish to return to Great Britain, but to stay on the continent to raise her children.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*'''[[1740]]-[[1760]]''': ''Her Royal Highness'' Princess Frederick of Hesse-Cassel

*'''[[1760]]-[[1772]]''': ''Her Royal Highness'' The Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel
In 1756, Mary moved to Denmark, to take care of the children of her sister [[Louise of Great Britain]], who had died in 1751. She took her children with her, and they were raised at the royal court and her sons were married to Danish princesses. Her husband succeeded his father as Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1760, and so Mary was technically Landgravine consort for the last twelve years of her life, despite her estrangement from her husband.

Mary died on 14 or 16 January 1772, aged 48 at [[Hanau]], [[Germany]].<ref name=Weir284/>

==Archive Information==
Mary's personal library and documents are preserved in the Archive of the House of Hesse, which is kept in [[Fasanerie]] Palace in Eichenzell, Hesse, Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schloss-fasanerie.de/en/schloss-fasanerie/house-of-hesse-archive/ | title=House of Hesse Archive. | publisher=Museum Schloss Fasanerie. | access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref>

==Arms==
On 30 August 1727, as a child of the sovereign, Mary was granted use of the arms of the realm, differenced by a ''label argent of three points, each bearing a canton gules''.<ref>[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family]</ref>

{| border="0" align="center" width="60%"
|-
!width=50% |[[File:Coat of Arms of Mary, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel.svg|center|200px]]
|}


==Issue==
==Issue==
{| class="wikitable"
{| border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|+
|- bgcolor=cccccc
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
!Name
!Birth
!Death
!Notes
|-
|-
|Prince William of Hesse-Cassel||[[1741]]||[[1742]]||died in infancy
|Prince William of Hesse-Kassel
|25 December 1741
|1 July 1742
|died in infancy
|-
|-
|[[William I, Elector of Hesse]]||[[1743]]||[[1821]]||married, [[1763]], Caroline of Denmark; had issue
|[[William I, Elector of Hesse]]
|3 June 1743
|27 February 1821
|married, 1763, [[Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark and Norway]]; had issue
|-
|-
|[[Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel]]
|[[Charles of Hesse]]||[[1744]]||[[1836]]||married, [[1766]], [[Princess Louise of Denmark and Norway]]; had issue
|19 December 1744
|17 August 1836
|married, 1766, [[Princess Louise of Denmark (1750–1831)|Louise of Denmark]]; had issue
|-
|-
|[[Prince Frederick of Hesse]]||[[1747]]||[[1837]]||married, Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen; had issue
|[[Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel]]
|11 September 1747
|20 May 1837
|married, 1786, [[Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen|Caroline of Nassau-Usingen]]; had issue
|}
|}

==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Princess Mary of Great Britain'''
|2= 2. [[George II of Great Britain]]
|3= 3. [[Caroline of Ansbach|Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]
|4= 4. [[George I of Great Britain]]
|5= 5. [[Sophia Dorothea of Celle|Duchess Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Celle]]
|6= 6. [[John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]
|7= 7. [[Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach]]
|8= 8. [[Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover]]
|9= 9. [[Sophia of Hanover|Princess Sophia of the Palatinate]]
|10= 10. [[George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
|11= 11. [[Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse]]
|12= 12. [[Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]
|13= 13. [[Sophie Margarete of Oettingen-Oettingen|Countess Sophie Margarete of Oettingen-Oettingen]]
|14= 14. [[John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach]]
|15= 15. [[Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein (1632–1701)|Johannetta, Countess of Sayn-Altenkirchen]]
}}


==References==
==References==
<references />
<references />
*[http://ftp.cac.psu.edu/~saw/royal/r10.html#I330 Henry Churchyard "Royal Genealogies, Part 10"]
*[http://www.anusha.com/pafg751.htm#24181 Sam Sloan "Big Combined Family Trees (pafg751)"]


==Sources==
{{Commons category|Princess Mary of Great Britain}}
* {{cite DNB|wstitle=Mary (1723-1772)|first=James McMullen|last= Rigg|volume=36}}
* {{cite book|first=Alison|last=Weir|author-link=Alison Weir|title=Britain's Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy|publisher=Vintage Books|location=London|year=2008|isbn=978-0-09-953973-5}}
* {{cite ODNB
| first = David | last = Williamson
| year = 2004
| title = Mary, Princess (1723–1772)
| doi =10.1093/ref:odnb/18253
| url =http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18253
| access-date =15 March 2011
}}


==External links==
* {{NPG name|name=Princess Mary}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Hanover]]|5 March|1723|14 January|1772|[[House of Welf]]}}
{{s-roy|de}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=[[Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Landgravine consort of Hesse-Kassel]]|years=1 February 1760 – 14 January 1772}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Margravine Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt|Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt]]}}
{{s-end}}


{{British princesses}}
[[Category:House of Hanover|Mary, Princess of Great Britain]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:English and British princesses|Mary, Princess of Great Britain]]
[[Category:People from London|Mary, Princess of Great Britain]]
[[Category:1723 births|Mary, Princess of Great Britain]]
[[Category:1772 deaths|Mary, Princess of Great Britain]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mary Of Great Britain, Princess}}
[[da:Marie af Storbritannien]]
[[Category:1723 births]]
[[de:Maria von Hannover]]
[[sv:Maria av England]]
[[Category:1772 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century British people]]
[[Category:18th-century British women]]
[[Category:18th-century German women]]
[[Category:British princesses]]
[[Category:Hereditary princesses of Hesse-Kassel]]
[[Category:Landgravines of Hesse-Kassel]]
[[Category:House of Hanover]]
[[Category:House of Hesse-Kassel]]
[[Category:People from Westminster]]
[[Category:English people of German descent]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Children of George II of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Daughters of kings]]
[[Category:Mothers of German monarchs]]
[[Category:Daughters of prince-electors]]

Latest revision as of 04:08, 10 December 2024

For other persons known as Princess Mary, see Princess Mary (disambiguation).

Mary of Great Britain
Portrait by Johann Heinrich Tischbein, c. 1754
Landgravine consort of Hesse-Kassel
Tenure1 February 1760 – 14 January 1772
Born(1723-03-05)5 March 1723 (New Style)
Leicester House, London, England
Died14 January 1772(1772-01-14) (aged 48)
Hanau, Germany
Burial1 February 1772
Marienkirche, Hanau, Germany
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1740; sep. 1754)​
Issue
HouseHanover
FatherGeorge II of Great Britain
MotherCaroline of Ansbach

Mary of Great Britain (5 March 1723 – 14 January 1772) was the second-youngest daughter of George II of Great Britain and his wife, Caroline of Ansbach, and Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel as the wife of Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.

Early life

[edit]
Princess Mary, by Jacopo Amigoni

Princess Mary was born at Leicester House, Westminster, London.[1] Her father was the Prince of Wales, later King George II. Her mother was Caroline of Ansbach, daughter of Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.[1]

Her father succeeded, as George II, on 11 June 1727, and she became "HRH The Princess Mary". Upon her death in 1737, her mother, Queen Caroline, entrusted Mary to her elder sister Caroline, urging her to "do what she could to support the meek and mild disposition of Princess Mary".[2]

Marriage

[edit]
Mary as Hereditary Princess of Hesse-Kassel with her family in 1754. Painting by Johann Heinrich Tischbein.

A marriage was negotiated with Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Kassel, the only son and heir of William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.[3] For the marriage, Parliament voted Mary £40,000.[3]

They married by proxy at the Chapel Royal of St. James's Palace in London on 8 May, then in person on 28 June 1740 at Bellevue Palace, Kassel.[1] They had four sons, three of whom survived to adulthood.[3]

The marriage was unhappy, and Frederick was said to be "brutal" and "a boor". Frederick reportedly subjected Mary to spousal abuse.[4] In late 1746, Mary made an extended trip to Britain to escape his maltreatment. The couple separated in 1754 on Frederick's conversion to Roman Catholicism. She was supported by her father-in-law, who provided her with a residence in Hanau, as she did not wish to return to Great Britain, but to stay on the continent to raise her children.[4]

In 1756, Mary moved to Denmark, to take care of the children of her sister Louise of Great Britain, who had died in 1751. She took her children with her, and they were raised at the royal court and her sons were married to Danish princesses. Her husband succeeded his father as Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1760, and so Mary was technically Landgravine consort for the last twelve years of her life, despite her estrangement from her husband.

Mary died on 14 or 16 January 1772, aged 48 at Hanau, Germany.[1]

Archive Information

[edit]

Mary's personal library and documents are preserved in the Archive of the House of Hesse, which is kept in Fasanerie Palace in Eichenzell, Hesse, Germany.[5]

Arms

[edit]

On 30 August 1727, as a child of the sovereign, Mary was granted use of the arms of the realm, differenced by a label argent of three points, each bearing a canton gules.[6]

Issue

[edit]
Name Birth Death Notes
Prince William of Hesse-Kassel 25 December 1741 1 July 1742 died in infancy
William I, Elector of Hesse 3 June 1743 27 February 1821 married, 1763, Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark and Norway; had issue
Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel 19 December 1744 17 August 1836 married, 1766, Louise of Denmark; had issue
Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel 11 September 1747 20 May 1837 married, 1786, Caroline of Nassau-Usingen; had issue

Ancestors

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Weir, Alison (2008). Britain's Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy. London: Vintage Books. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-09-953973-5.
  2. ^ Michael A. Beatty: The English Royal Family of America, from Jamestown to the American Revolution
  3. ^ a b c Williamson, David (2004). "Mary, Princess (1723–1772)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18253. Retrieved 15 March 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ^ a b James Panton:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy
  5. ^ "House of Hesse Archive". Museum Schloss Fasanerie. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  6. ^ Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family

Sources

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princess Mary of Great Britain.
[edit]
Princess Mary of Great Britain
Cadet branch of the House of Welf
Born: 5 March 1723 Died: 14 January 1772
German royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden 		Landgravine consort of Hesse-Kassel
1 February 1760 – 14 January 1772 		Vacant
Title next held by
Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Princess_Mary_of_Great_Britain&oldid=1262203547"