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The source says the foundation was set up to raise money to create the memorial.
 
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{{Short description|American organization}}
{{Short description|American anti-communist organization}}
{{use mdy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox organization
| name = Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
| name = Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
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| tax_id = 52-1920858
| tax_id = 52-1920858
| founded_date = 1994
| founded_date = 1994
| founders = {{unbulleted list|[[Lee Edwards]]|[[Lev Dobriansky]]|[[Zbigniew Brzezinski]]<ref name=NYT1993/>}}
| founders = {{unbulleted list|[[Lee Edwards]]|[[Lev Dobriansky]]|[[Zbigniew Brzezinski]]<ref name=NYT1993>{{cite news | work=[[The New York Times]] | last=Smith | first=Dinitia | title=For the Victims of Communism | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/23/arts/for-the-victims-of-communism.html | date=December 23, 1995 | access-date=November 4, 2009 | archive-date=September 24, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924092310/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/23/arts/for-the-victims-of-communism.html | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| location = {{flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]]
| location = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| origins =
| origins =
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|[[Edwin Feulner|Edwin J. Feulner]], Chairman| Elizabeth Spalding, Vice Chairman<ref name="leadership">{{cite web |url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:AKx1Sazru74J:https://victimsofcommunism.org/victims-of-communism-memorial-foundation-announces-new-board-leadership/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |title=Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation Announces New Board Leadership |last= |first= |date=December 30, 2020 |website= |publisher=Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation |access-date= |quote= |archive-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205062849/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AAKx1Sazru74J%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fvictimsofcommunism.org%2Fvictims-of-communism-memorial-foundation-announces-new-board-leadership%2F+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| key_people = {{unbulleted list| Elizabeth Spalding, Chairman<ref name="leadership">{{cite web |url=https://victimsofcommunism.org/about/leadership/ |title=Leadership |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation |access-date= August 13, 2023 |quote= }}</ref>}}
| focus = [[Anti-communism]]
| focus = [[Anti-communism]]
| revenue =
| revenue =
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| num_employees =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| num_members =
| homepage = {{url|https://victimsofcommunism.org}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://victimsofcommunism.org}}
}}
}}

The '''Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation''' ('''VOC''') is a [[Non-profit organization|non-profit]] [[troll]] organization in the [[United States]], authorized by a unanimous [[Act of Congress]] in 1993 for the purpose of "educating Americans about the ideology, history and legacy of communism."<ref name=ATL>{{cite news | last=Rauch | first=Jonathan | work=[[The Atlantic]] | date=December 2003 | title=The Forgotten Millions | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200312/rauch | access-date=November 4, 2009 | archive-date=October 11, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011234624/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200312/rauch | url-status=live }}</ref>
The '''Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation''' ('''VOC''') is a [[Non-profit organization|non-profit]] [[anti-communist]] organization in the [[United States]], set up by an [[Act of Congress]] in 1993 to raise money to create "a national memorial to honor the victims of communism".<ref name=ATL>{{cite news | last=Rauch | first=Jonathan | work=[[The Atlantic]] | date=December 2003 | title=The Forgotten Millions | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200312/rauch | access-date=November 4, 2009 | archive-date=October 11, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011234624/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200312/rauch | url-status=live }}</ref>


The organization was responsible for building the [[Victims of Communism Memorial]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] It is a member of the [[European Union]]'s [[Platform of European Memory and Conscience]].
The organization was responsible for building the [[Victims of Communism Memorial]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] It is a member of the [[European Union]]'s [[Platform of European Memory and Conscience]].


== History ==
== History ==
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[[File:Goddess of Democracy DC defy censorship.JPG|thumb|The [[Victims of Communism Memorial]] is a recreation of the [[Goddess of Democracy]], which was destroyed by the government of [[China]] in the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]]]]
In 1991, Republican Senator [[Steve Symms]] and Representative [[Dana Rohrabacher]] introduced [[concurrent resolution|concurrent resolutions]] in the [[United States Congress]] urging the construction of "an International Memorial to the Victims of Communism at an appropriate location within the boundaries of the District of Columbia and for the appointment of a commission to oversee the design, construction and all other pertinent details of the memorial."<ref>{{cite web | title=S. Con. Res. 55 | work=thomas.loc.gov | publisher=Library of Congress | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:S.CON.RES.55: | access-date=November 5, 2009 | date=July 26, 1991 | archive-date=July 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704190126/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:S.CON.RES.55: | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=H. Con. Res. 228 | work=thomas.loc.gov | publisher=Library of Congress | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.228: | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720133025/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.228: | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 20, 2012 | access-date=November 5, 2009 | year=1991 }}</ref>
In 1991, Republican Senator [[Steve Symms]] and Representative [[Dana Rohrabacher]] introduced [[concurrent resolution]]s in the [[United States Congress]] urging the construction of "an International Memorial to the Victims of Communism at an appropriate location within the boundaries of the District of Columbia and for the appointment of a commission to oversee the design, construction and all other pertinent details of the memorial."<ref>{{cite web | title=S. Con. Res. 55 | work=thomas.loc.gov | publisher=Library of Congress | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:S.CON.RES.55: | access-date=November 5, 2009 | date=July 26, 1991 | archive-date=July 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704190126/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:S.CON.RES.55: | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=H. Con. Res. 228 | work=thomas.loc.gov | publisher=Library of Congress | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.228: | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720133025/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.228: | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 20, 2012 | access-date=November 5, 2009 | year=1991 }}</ref>


In 1993, Rohrabacher and fellow Republican Senator [[Jesse Helms]] sponsored [[Amend (motion)|amendments]] to the [[FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993]] which authorized such construction.<ref>{{cite news | work=The New York Times | title=U.S. Laws Catch Up to the New Russia | date=November 29, 1993 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/29/us/us-laws-catch-up-to-the-new-russia.html | access-date=November 5, 2009 | archive-date=May 26, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526095014/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/29/us/us-laws-catch-up-to-the-new-russia.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The act was signed into law by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] President [[Bill Clinton]] on December 17, 1993.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bill Summary and Status | publisher=Library of Congress | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d103:h.r.03000: | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731204215/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d103:h.r.03000: | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 31, 2012 | access-date=November 5, 2009 | date=December 17, 1993 }}</ref> It cited "the deaths of over 100,000,000 victims in an unprecedented imperial holocaust" and resolved that "the sacrifices of these victims should be permanently memorialized so that never again will nations and peoples allow so evil a tyranny to terrorize the world."<ref name=ATL/>
In 1993, Rohrabacher and fellow Republican Senator [[Jesse Helms]] sponsored [[Amend (motion)|amendments]] to the [[FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993]] which authorized such construction.<ref>{{cite news | work=The New York Times | title=U.S. Laws Catch Up to the New Russia | date=November 29, 1993 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/29/us/us-laws-catch-up-to-the-new-russia.html | access-date=November 5, 2009 | archive-date=May 26, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526095014/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/29/us/us-laws-catch-up-to-the-new-russia.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The act was signed into law by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] President [[Bill Clinton]] on December 17, 1993.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bill Summary and Status | publisher=Library of Congress | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d103:h.r.03000: | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731204215/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d103:h.r.03000: | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 31, 2012 | access-date=November 5, 2009 | date=December 17, 1993 }}</ref> It cited "the deaths of over 100,000,000 victims in an unprecedented imperial holocaust" and resolved that "the sacrifices of these victims should be permanently memorialized so that never again will nations and peoples allow so evil a tyranny to terrorize the world."<ref name=ATL/>


⚫
According to Title IX, Section 905 of Public Law 103–199, an independent organization was to be established to construct, maintain, and operate the [[Victims of Communism Memorial]] in Washington, D.C., as well as to collect the contributions for the establishment of the memorial and to encourage the participation of all groups suffered under [[Communist regime]]s.<ref name=s905>{{cite web |url=http://www.mega.nu/ampp/pl103-199.html |title=Public Law 103-199 |publisher=United States Congress|access-date=November 3, 2009 |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614061958/http://www.mega.nu/ampp/pl103-199.html |url-status=live|via=Mega.nu}}</ref> In 2007, the foundation completed the Victims of Communism Memorial, which was dedicated by Republican President [[George W. Bush]].<ref name="reuters">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-communism-idUSPEK20924820070614|title=China Blasts Bush Tribute to Victims of Communism|publisher=Reuters|date=June 13, 2007|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=March 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306065609/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-communism-idUSPEK20924820070614|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, the foundation released a list of 51 [[prisoners of conscience]] in Cuba just before Democratic President [[Barack Obama]] visit and meeting with Cuban leader [[Raúl Castro]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4266636/cuba-political-prisoners-castro/|title=Advocates List Cuba's Political Prisoners After Castro Says There Are None|magazine=Time|first=Maya|last=Rhodan|date=March 21, 2016|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=May 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517134548/http://time.com/4266636/cuba-political-prisoners-castro/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, the organization released a report alleging [[Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China|organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners]] and [[Persecution of Uyghurs in China|Uyghurs]] in China.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lipes|first=Joshua|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/organs-03122020163712.html|title=Uyghur, Falun Gong Detainees Likely Source for China's Organ Market: Report|date=March 12, 2020|agency=[[Radio Free Asia]]|access-date=March 16, 2020|archive-date=March 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316004043/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/organs-03122020163712.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Goddess of Democracy DC defy censorship.JPG|thumb|left|upright|The [[Victims of Communism Memorial]] is a recreation of the "[[Goddess of Democracy]]", which was destroyed in [[Tiananmen Square]] by the government of the [[People's Republic of China]]]]
⚫
According to Title IX, Section 905 of Public Law 103–199, an independent organization was to be established to construct, maintain, and operate the [[Victims of Communism Memorial]] in Washington, D.C., as well as to collect the contributions for the establishment of the memorial and to encourage the participation of all groups suffered under [[Communist regime]]s.<ref name=s905>{{cite web |url=http://www.mega.nu/ampp/pl103-199.html |title=Public Law 103-199 |publisher=United States Congress|access-date=November 3, 2009 |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614061958/http://www.mega.nu/ampp/pl103-199.html |url-status=live|via=Mega.nu}}</ref> In 2007, the foundation completed the Victims of Communism Memorial, which was dedicated by Republican President [[George W. Bush]].<ref name="reuters">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-communism-idUSPEK20924820070614|title=China Blasts Bush Tribute to Victims of Communism|publisher=Reuters|date=June 13, 2007|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=March 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306065609/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-communism-idUSPEK20924820070614|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, the foundation released a list of 51 [[prisoners of conscience]] in Cuba just before Democratic President [[Barack Obama]] visit and meeting with Cuban leader [[Raúl Castro]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/4266636/cuba-political-prisoners-castro/|title=Advocates List Cuba's Political Prisoners After Castro Says There Are None|magazine=Time|first=Maya|last=Rhodan|date=March 21, 2016|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=May 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517134548/http://time.com/4266636/cuba-political-prisoners-castro/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, the organization released a report alleging [[Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China|organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners]] and [[Uyghur genocide|Uyghurs]] in China.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lipes|first=Joshua|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/organs-03122020163712.html|title=Uyghur, Falun Gong Detainees Likely Source for China's Organ Market: Report|date=March 12, 2020|agency=[[Radio Free Asia]]|access-date=March 16, 2020|archive-date=March 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316004043/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/organs-03122020163712.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Programs==
==Programs==
===Victims of Communism Memorial===
===Victims of Communism Memorial===
The memorial was dedicated on June 12, 2007, the 20th anniversary of Republican President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s "[[Tear down this wall]]" speech in [[Berlin]]. The unveiling of the statue in Washington DC earned international press attention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-10890/r_530/Communist_deaths/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010005710/http://www.kommersant.com/p-10890/r_530/Communist_deaths/|title=Bush Blames 100 Million Deaths on Communists |publisher=Kommersant |date= June 13, 2007| access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref>
The memorial was dedicated on June 12, 2007, the 20th anniversary of Republican President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s [[Tear down this wall!]] speech in [[Berlin]]. The unveiling of the statue in Washington DC earned international press attention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-10890/r_530/Communist_deaths/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010005710/http://www.kommersant.com/p-10890/r_530/Communist_deaths/|title=Bush Blames 100 Million Deaths on Communists |publisher=Kommersant |date= June 13, 2007| access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref>


The land was a gift of the [[National Park Service]], and the remaining cost, over $1 million, was raised from private sources.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/a-tale-of-two-monuments-washington-vs-ottawa|title=A tale of Two Monuments: Washington vs. Ottawa|publisher=Ottawa Citizen|first=Don|last=Butler|date=March 6, 2015|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=May 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503004540/http://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/a-tale-of-two-monuments-washington-vs-ottawa|url-status=live}}</ref> Sculpted by Thomas Marsh, it is a 10-foot bronze replica of the [[Papier-mâché]] [[Goddess of Democracy]] statue made by student democracy protesters leading up to the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Tiananmen Square massacre]] in 1989.<ref name=NR2>{{cite news | work=The National Review | last=Miller | first=John | date=December 12, 2005 | title=Memorial Day: Honoring the victims of Communism | url=http://www.nationalreview.com/miller/miller200512120846.asp | access-date=November 4, 2009 | archive-date=September 18, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918104346/http://www.nationalreview.com/miller/miller200512120846.asp | url-status=live }}</ref>
The land was a gift of the [[National Park Service]], and the remaining cost, over $1 million, was raised from private sources.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/a-tale-of-two-monuments-washington-vs-ottawa|title=A tale of Two Monuments: Washington vs. Ottawa|publisher=Ottawa Citizen|first=Don|last=Butler|date=March 6, 2015|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=May 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503004540/http://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/a-tale-of-two-monuments-washington-vs-ottawa|url-status=live}}</ref> Sculpted by Thomas Marsh, it is a 10-foot bronze replica of the [[Papier-mâché]] [[Goddess of Democracy]] statue made by student democracy protesters leading up to the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Tiananmen Square massacre]] in 1989.<ref name=NR2>{{cite news | work=The National Review | last=Miller | first=John | date=December 12, 2005 | title=Memorial Day: Honoring the victims of Communism | url=http://www.nationalreview.com/miller/miller200512120846.asp | access-date=November 4, 2009 | archive-date=September 18, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918104346/http://www.nationalreview.com/miller/miller200512120846.asp | url-status=live }}</ref>


===Museum===
===Museum===
The foundation opened a museum at 900 15th St NW two blocks from the [[White House]] in June 2022. It is across the street from [[McPherson Square]] Park and [[McPherson Square Station|McPherson Metro Station]] The grand opening featured three permanent galleries and a temporary gallery focused on the victims of communism. In the Washington Post, columnist George F. Will wrote that “Visitors to the museum will experience a wholesome immersion in the nation’s anti-communist success. And they will be reminded that this work is unfinished".<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | last=George| first=Will| title=D.C.'s new Victims of Communism Museum tells a vital, unfinished tale | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/08/24/victims-communism-museum-dc/ | date=August 24, 2022| access-date=August 13, 2023 }}</ref>
The foundation aims to build a museum in Washington, D.C.<ref name=NYT1993>{{cite news | work=[[The New York Times]] | last=Smith | first=Dinitia | title=For the Victims of Communism | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/23/arts/for-the-victims-of-communism.html | date=December 23, 1995 | access-date=November 4, 2009 | archive-date=September 24, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924092310/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/23/arts/for-the-victims-of-communism.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The foundation is working on a proposed budget for a museum near the [[National Mall]], and has received a $1 million grant toward the museum from the government of [[Hungary]].<ref name=jac>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jun/17/museum-honor-victims-communism-seek-spot-national-/|title=Cold War Casualties of Communism Seek Museum on National Mall|publisher=The Washington Times|first=Jacqueline|last=Kilmas|date=June 17, 2014|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603155139/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jun/17/museum-honor-victims-communism-seek-spot-national-/|url-status=live}}</ref> Plans for the museum include exhibit space, an auditorium, archives, and resident scholars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/first-a-memorial-then-a-museum/article/819714|title=First a Memorial, Then a Museum|publisher=The Weekly Standard|first=Jonathan|last=Last|date=December 1, 2014|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601092152/http://www.weeklystandard.com/first-a-memorial-then-a-museum/article/819714|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/25/communism-s-victims-deserve-a-museum.html|title=Communism's Victims Deserve a Museum|newspaper=The Daily Beast|first=James|last=Kirchick|date=August 25, 2014|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=April 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421084006/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/25/communism-s-victims-deserve-a-museum.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The museum opened on June 13, 2022.<ref>{{cite news | work=[[The Washington Times]] | last=Salai | first=Sean | title=Victims of Communism Museum to open in nation's capital | url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/may/31/victims-communism-museum-open-nations-capital/ | date=May 31, 2022 | access-date=June 11, 2022 | archive-date=May 31, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531174558/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/may/31/victims-communism-museum-open-nations-capital/ | url-status=live }}</ref>


===Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom===
===Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom===
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===Projects===
===Projects===
In 2015, the foundation released a biopic video series called Witness Project, featuring interviews with witnesses of communism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philanthropydaily.com/what-about-communism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028171155/http://www.philanthropydaily.com/what-about-communism/|url-status=live|archive-date=October 28, 2016|title=What About Communism|publisher=Philanthropy Daily|author=Abigail Clevenger|date=May 8, 2014|access-date=May 24, 2016}}</ref> Other projects include national seminars for high-school teachers and for college campuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/52-1920858|title=Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation Programs|website=www.guidestar.org|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=August 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802064943/https://www.guidestar.org/profile/52-1920858|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2015, the foundation released a biopic video series called Witness Project, featuring interviews with witnesses of communism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philanthropydaily.com/what-about-communism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028171155/http://www.philanthropydaily.com/what-about-communism/|url-status=live|archive-date=October 28, 2016|title=What About Communism|publisher=Philanthropy Daily|author=Abigail Clevenger|date=May 8, 2014|access-date=May 24, 2016}}</ref>


===Lobbying===
==Personnel==
⚫
[[File:Ed Feulner.jpg|thumb|Chairman emeritus [[Edwin Feulner]]]]
The foundation opposed the [[Foreign Cultural Exchange Jurisdictional Immunity Clarification Act]] on the grounds that it would protect unlawfully acquired artwork held by Russian museums.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gwoździewicz-Matan |first1=Paulina |last2=Jakubowski |first2=Andrzej |title=Enhancing the mobility of collections and access to cultural heritage: immunity of cultural objects from seizure in Poland |journal=International Journal of Cultural Policy |date=2019 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=350–362 |doi=10.1080/10286632.2017.1284827|s2cid=157736409 }}</ref>
⚫
VOC's chairman is Elizabeth Edwards Spalding. Its chairman emeritus and co-founder is scholar [[Edwin Feulner]].<ref name="leadership"/> Its previous chairman emeritus is [[Lee Edwards]], a founding member of the conservative youth activism organization [[Young Americans for Freedom]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/lee-edwards-when-the-new-right-was-new/|title=Lee Edwards: When the 'New Right' Was New|last=Olmstead|first=Gracy|website=The American Conservative|date=February 14, 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=6 June 2020|archive-date=August 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814104358/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/lee-edwards-when-the-new-right-was-new/|url-status=live}}</ref> and distinguished fellow at [[The Heritage Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/staff/lee-edwards |title=Lee Edwards, Ph.D. |work=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603213818/https://www.heritage.org/staff/lee-edwards |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lev Dobriansky]], economics professor and chairman of the anti-communist [[National Captive Nations Committee]], previously served as chairman emeritus.<ref name="leadership"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/05/AR2008020503179.html?tid=informbox|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|title=Lev E. Dobriansky, 89; Professor and Foe of Communism|date=February 6, 2008|first=Joe|last=Holley}}</ref> Its vice chairman is Randal Teague.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randal Cornell Teague |url=https://victimsofcommunism.org/leader/randal-teague/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Victims of Communism |language=en}}</ref>


[[Andrew Bremberg]], former department manager for federally funded not-for-profit defence research contractor [[MITRE]] and former director of the [[Domestic Policy Council]] for U.S. President [[Donald Trump]],<ref name=NYT2may17>{{cite news|last1=Michael Shear|title=Trump Discards Obama Legacy, One Rule at a Time|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/us/politics/trump-overturning-regulations.html|access-date=29 November 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 May 2017|page=A1}}</ref> serves as president of VOC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andrew Bamberg|url=https://victimsofcommunism.org/leader/ambassador-andrew-bremberg/|website=Victims of Communism|access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref> Ken Pope is the current CEO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ken Pope|url=https://victimsofcommunism.org/leader/ken-pope/|website=Victims of Communism|access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref>
==People==
⚫
[[File:Ed Feulner.jpg|thumb|175px|Chairman [[Edwin J. Feulner]]]]
⚫
VOC's chairman is [[Edwin Feulner]], founder and former president of the American [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] think tank [[The Heritage Foundation]]. Its chairman emeritus and co-founder is scholar [[Lee Edwards]],<ref name="leadership"/> a founding member of the conservative youth activism organization [[Young Americans for Freedom]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/lee-edwards-when-the-new-right-was-new/|title=Lee Edwards: When the 'New Right' Was New|last=Olmstead|first=Gracy|website=The American Conservative|language=en-US|access-date=6 June 2020|archive-date=August 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814104358/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/lee-edwards-when-the-new-right-was-new/|url-status=live}}</ref> and distinguished fellow at The Heritage Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/staff/lee-edwards |title=Lee Edwards, Ph.D. |work=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603213818/https://www.heritage.org/staff/lee-edwards |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lev Dobriansky]], economics professor and chairman of the anti-communist [[National Captive Nations Committee]], previously served as chairman emeritus.<ref name="leadership"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/05/AR2008020503179.html?tid=informbox|work=[[Washington Post]]|title=Lev E. Dobriansky, 89; Professor and Foe of Communism|date=February 6, 2008|first=Joe|last=Holley}}</ref>


The advisory council includes [[Sali Berisha]], [[Dennis DeConcini]], [[Carl Gershman]], [[Mart Laar]], [[Vytautas Landsbergis]], [[Katrina Lantos Swett]], [[Daniel Lipinski]], [[Guntis Ulmanis]], [[Armando Valladares]], and others.<ref name="leadership"/>
[[Jay K. Katzen]], former [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] member of the [[Virginia House of Delegates]], was the foundation's president from June 2003 until his death in April 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation Launches Search for New CEO |url=https://victimsofcommunism.org/victims-of-communism-memorial-foundation-launches-search-for-new-ceo/ |website=Victims of Communism |date=20 January 2021 |access-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126084334/https://victimsofcommunism.org/victims-of-communism-memorial-foundation-launches-search-for-new-ceo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Andrew Bremberg]], former department manager for federally funded not-for-profit defence research contractor [[MITRE]] and former director of the [[Domestic Policy Council]] for [[U.S. President Donald Trump]],<ref name=NYT2may17>{{cite news|last1=Michael Shear|title=Trump Discards Obama Legacy, One Rule at a Time|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/us/politics/trump-overturning-regulations.html|access-date=29 November 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 May 2017|page=A1}}</ref> was appointed as president and CEO on 30 Mar 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amb. Andrew Bremberg appointed as new president and CEO of Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation |url=https://victimsofcommunism.org/amb-andrew-bremberg-new-president-and-ceo-of-victims-of-communism-memorial-foundation/ |website=Victims of Communism |date=30 March 2021 |access-date=November 29, 2021 |archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513141644/https://victimsofcommunism.org/amb-andrew-bremberg-new-president-and-ceo-of-victims-of-communism-memorial-foundation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The national advisory council includes [[Dennis DeConcini]], [[John Earl Haynes]], and [[George Weigel]]. Former or deceased members include [[Robert Conquest]], [[Richard Pipes]], [[Rudolph Rummel]], [[Jack Kemp]], [[Paul Hollander]], and [[John K. Singlaub]].<ref name=advisory>{{cite web|url=http://victimsofcommunism.org/mission/board-advisory-councils/|title=Board & Advisory Councils|publisher=Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325203039/http://victimsofcommunism.org/mission/board-advisory-councils/|archive-date=March 25, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The international advisory council includes [[Sali Berisha]], [[Emil Constantinescu]], [[Mart Laar]], [[Vytautas Landsbergis]], [[Guntis Ulmanis]], [[Armando Valladares]], and [[Lech Wałęsa|Lech Walesa]]. Former members include [[Yelena Bonner]], [[Vladimir Bukovsky]], [[Brian Crozier]], [[Árpád Göncz]], and [[Václav Havel]].<ref name=advisory/>

==Reception==
According to specialists in Russian studies [[Kristen Ghodsee]] and [[Scott Sehon]], the estimate of 100 million dead favored by the organization is dubious, as their source for this is the introduction to ''[[The Black Book of Communism]]'' by [[Stéphane Courtois]]<ref name="GhodseeSehon"/> which has attracted praise but also criticism from historians. Ghodsee and Sehon write that while "quibbling about numbers is unseemly. What matters is that many, many people were killed by communist regimes." Ghodsee posits that the foundation, along with counterpart [[conservative]] and [[anti-communist]] organizations in Eastern Europe, seeks to institutionalize the "Victims of Communism" narrative with the [[double genocide theory]], or the alleged moral equivalence between the [[Nazi Holocaust]] and [[Mass killings under communist regimes|mass killings]] and [[crimes against humanity under communist regimes]].<ref name="GhodseeSehon">Ghodsee, Kristen; Sehon, Scott; Dresser, Sam, ed. (March 22, 2018). [https://aeon.co/essays/the-merits-of-taking-an-anti-anti-communism-stance "The merits of taking an anti-anti-communism stance"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925141956/https://aeon.co/essays/the-merits-of-taking-an-anti-anti-communism-stance |date=September 25, 2018 }}. ''[[Aeon (digital magazine)|Aeon]]''. Retrieved February 11, 2020.</ref><ref name="Ghodsee2014">Ghodsee, Kristen (Fall 2014). [https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/history_of_the_present_galleys.pdf "A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122030324/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/history_of_the_present_galleys.pdf |date=November 22, 2020 }}. ''History of the Present: A Journal of Critical History''. '''4''' (2): 116–117, 136. {{doi|10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115}}. {{JSTOR|10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115}}.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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==External links==
==External links==
* {{official website}}
* {{official website}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Victims Of Communism Memorial Foundation}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Victims Of Communism Memorial Foundation}}

Latest revision as of 06:13, 10 December 2024

Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
Founded1994
Founders
TypeNon-profit
52-1920858
FocusAnti-communism
Location
Key people
  • Elizabeth Spalding, Chairman[2]
Websitevictimsofcommunism.org

The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation (VOC) is a non-profit anti-communist organization in the United States, set up by an Act of Congress in 1993 to raise money to create "a national memorial to honor the victims of communism".[3]

The organization was responsible for building the Victims of Communism Memorial in Washington, D.C. It is a member of the European Union's Platform of European Memory and Conscience.

History

[edit]
The Victims of Communism Memorial is a recreation of the Goddess of Democracy, which was destroyed by the government of China in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

In 1991, Republican Senator Steve Symms and Representative Dana Rohrabacher introduced concurrent resolutions in the United States Congress urging the construction of "an International Memorial to the Victims of Communism at an appropriate location within the boundaries of the District of Columbia and for the appointment of a commission to oversee the design, construction and all other pertinent details of the memorial."[4][5]

In 1993, Rohrabacher and fellow Republican Senator Jesse Helms sponsored amendments to the FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 which authorized such construction.[6] The act was signed into law by Democratic President Bill Clinton on December 17, 1993.[7] It cited "the deaths of over 100,000,000 victims in an unprecedented imperial holocaust" and resolved that "the sacrifices of these victims should be permanently memorialized so that never again will nations and peoples allow so evil a tyranny to terrorize the world."[3]

According to Title IX, Section 905 of Public Law 103–199, an independent organization was to be established to construct, maintain, and operate the Victims of Communism Memorial in Washington, D.C., as well as to collect the contributions for the establishment of the memorial and to encourage the participation of all groups suffered under Communist regimes.[8] In 2007, the foundation completed the Victims of Communism Memorial, which was dedicated by Republican President George W. Bush.[9] In 2016, the foundation released a list of 51 prisoners of conscience in Cuba just before Democratic President Barack Obama visit and meeting with Cuban leader Raúl Castro.[10] In 2020, the organization released a report alleging organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners and Uyghurs in China.[11]

Programs

[edit]

Victims of Communism Memorial

[edit]

The memorial was dedicated on June 12, 2007, the 20th anniversary of Republican President Ronald Reagan's Tear down this wall! speech in Berlin. The unveiling of the statue in Washington DC earned international press attention.[12]

The land was a gift of the National Park Service, and the remaining cost, over $1 million, was raised from private sources.[13] Sculpted by Thomas Marsh, it is a 10-foot bronze replica of the Papier-mâché Goddess of Democracy statue made by student democracy protesters leading up to the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989.[14]

Museum

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The foundation opened a museum at 900 15th St NW two blocks from the White House in June 2022. It is across the street from McPherson Square Park and McPherson Metro Station The grand opening featured three permanent galleries and a temporary gallery focused on the victims of communism. In the Washington Post, columnist George F. Will wrote that “Visitors to the museum will experience a wholesome immersion in the nation’s anti-communist success. And they will be reminded that this work is unfinished".[15]

Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom

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The foundation annually presents its Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom at an event which honors opponents of communism and has been used to raise funds for the construction of the memorial.[16] Past recipients include Myroslav Marynovych, Chen Guangcheng, Tom Lantos, Pope John Paul II, Vaclav Havel, Yang Jianli, Thadeus Nguyễn Văn Lý, Yelena Bonner, William F. Buckley Jr., Richard Pipes, Guillermo Fariñas, Lane Kirkland, Armando Valladares, János Horváth, Lech Wałęsa, Anna Walentynowicz, National Endowment for Democracy, and Henry M. Jackson.[16][17][18][19]

Projects

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In 2015, the foundation released a biopic video series called Witness Project, featuring interviews with witnesses of communism.[20]

Personnel

[edit]
Chairman emeritus Edwin Feulner

VOC's chairman is Elizabeth Edwards Spalding. Its chairman emeritus and co-founder is scholar Edwin Feulner.[2] Its previous chairman emeritus is Lee Edwards, a founding member of the conservative youth activism organization Young Americans for Freedom[21] and distinguished fellow at The Heritage Foundation.[22] Lev Dobriansky, economics professor and chairman of the anti-communist National Captive Nations Committee, previously served as chairman emeritus.[2][23] Its vice chairman is Randal Teague.[24]

Andrew Bremberg, former department manager for federally funded not-for-profit defence research contractor MITRE and former director of the Domestic Policy Council for U.S. President Donald Trump,[25] serves as president of VOC.[26] Ken Pope is the current CEO.[27]

The advisory council includes Sali Berisha, Dennis DeConcini, Carl Gershman, Mart Laar, Vytautas Landsbergis, Katrina Lantos Swett, Daniel Lipinski, Guntis Ulmanis, Armando Valladares, and others.[2]

See also

[edit]

Other notable memorials

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Smith, Dinitia (December 23, 1995). "For the Victims of Communism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d "Leadership". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  3. ^ a b Rauch, Jonathan (December 2003). "The Forgotten Millions". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  4. ^ "S. Con. Res. 55". thomas.loc.gov. Library of Congress. July 26, 1991. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  5. ^ "H. Con. Res. 228". thomas.loc.gov. Library of Congress. 1991. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  6. ^ "U.S. Laws Catch Up to the New Russia". The New York Times. November 29, 1993. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  7. ^ "Bill Summary and Status". Library of Congress. December 17, 1993. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  8. ^ "Public Law 103-199". United States Congress. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009 – via Mega.nu.
  9. ^ "China Blasts Bush Tribute to Victims of Communism". Reuters. June 13, 2007. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  10. ^ Rhodan, Maya (March 21, 2016). "Advocates List Cuba's Political Prisoners After Castro Says There Are None". Time. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  11. ^ Lipes, Joshua (March 12, 2020). "Uyghur, Falun Gong Detainees Likely Source for China's Organ Market: Report". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  12. ^ "Bush Blames 100 Million Deaths on Communists". Kommersant. June 13, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  13. ^ Butler, Don (March 6, 2015). "A tale of Two Monuments: Washington vs. Ottawa". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  14. ^ Miller, John (December 12, 2005). "Memorial Day: Honoring the victims of Communism". The National Review. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  15. ^ George, Will (August 24, 2022). "D.C.'s new Victims of Communism Museum tells a vital, unfinished tale". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  16. ^ a b Clyne, Meghan (December 13, 2005). "D.C. Monument To Be Built In Honor of Victims of Communism". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  17. ^ Nordlinger, Jay (July 25, 2014). "Sweet Solidarity, Part II". National Review. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  18. ^ "Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  19. ^ "Chinese Dissident Receives Political Award in Washington". Asia Times. November 16, 2015. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  20. ^ Abigail Clevenger (May 8, 2014). "What About Communism". Philanthropy Daily. Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
  21. ^ Olmstead, Gracy (February 14, 2018). "Lee Edwards: When the 'New Right' Was New". The American Conservative. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
  22. ^ "Lee Edwards, Ph.D." The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
  23. ^ Holley, Joe (February 6, 2008). "Lev E. Dobriansky, 89; Professor and Foe of Communism". Washington Post.
  24. ^ "Randal Cornell Teague". Victims of Communism. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  25. ^ Michael Shear (May 2, 2017). "Trump Discards Obama Legacy, One Rule at a Time". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  26. ^ "Andrew Bamberg". Victims of Communism. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  27. ^ "Ken Pope". Victims of Communism. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  28. ^ Chernova, Anna. "Historic Russian Human Rights Center Closes, Warns of "Return to the Totalitarian Past"". CNN. Retrieved April 5, 2022.

Further reading

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  • Neumayer, Laure (2018). "Introduction". The Criminalisation of Communism in the European Political Space after the Cold War. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781351141741.
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