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Coordinates: 52°14′28″N 21°00′41″E / 52.24111°N 21.01139°E / 52.24111; 21.01139
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{{Infobox building
{{Infobox building
|image=Obel2.jpg
|image = Obel2.jpg
|image_size= 252px
|image_size = 252px
|caption=Saxon Palace, ca. 1890
|caption = Saxon Palace, ca. 1890
| name = Saxon Palace
|name = Saxon Palace
| native_name = Pałac Saski
|native_name = Pałac Saski
| native_name_lang = pl
|native_name_lang = pl
|location_town=[[Warsaw]]
|location_town = [[Warsaw]]
|location_country=Poland
|location_country = Poland
⚫
|coordinates = {{Coord|52|14|28|N|21|00|41|E|region:PL-MZ_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|architect=[[Adam Idźkowski]] (1838)
|architect = [[Adam Idźkowski]] (1838)
|client=
|client =
|engineer=
|engineer =
|construction_start_date=1666<ref>{{citation |title = Oś Saska. Pałac Saski |trans-title=Saxon Axis. Saxon Palace |language = Polish |url = http://www.warszawa.ap.gov.pl/saska/21222.html |author = State Archive of the Capital City of Warsaw |accessdate = 2013-01-16}}</ref>
|construction_start_date = 1666<ref>{{citation |title = Oś Saska. Pałac Saski |trans-title=Saxon Axis. Saxon Palace |language = Polish |url = http://www.warszawa.ap.gov.pl/saska/21222.html |author = State Archive of the Capital City of Warsaw |access-date = 2013-01-16}}</ref>
|completion_date=
|completion_date =
|destroyed=1944
|destroyed = 1944
|cost=
|renovation_date = 2030 (in progress)<ref>{{cite web |title=Reconstruction of Warsaw palace destroyed in WWII begins |url=https://tvpworld.com/61899593/reconstruction-of-warsaw-palace-destroyed-in-wwii-begins |website=tvpworld.com |access-date=7 October 2022 |language=en |date=18 August 2022}}</ref>
⚫
|structural_system=
|cost =
⚫
|style=[[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] (1838)
⚫
|structural_system =
⚫
|style = [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] (1838)
}}
}}
[[Image:OgrodSaskiStary.jpg|thumb|right|258px|Saxon Palace in the 18th century, view from the Saxon Garden.]]
[[Image:OgrodSaskiStary.jpg|thumb|right|258px|Saxon Palace in the 18th century, view from the Saxon Garden.]]
[[File:The Saxon Palace, Warsaw 1.jpg|right|258px|thumb|Saxon Palace, seen from [[Saxon Square]]. Before the arcade housing the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Warsaw|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] stands [[Bertel Thorvaldsen|Thorvaldsen]]'s [[Monument to Prince Józef Poniatowski in Warsaw|equestrian statue]] of Prince [[Józef Poniatowski]] (after World War II, relocated to ''[[Krakowskie Przedmieście]]'', in front of the [[Presidential Palace in Warsaw|Presidential Palace]]).]]
[[File:The Saxon Palace, Warsaw 1.jpg|right|258px|thumb|Saxon Palace, seen from [[Saxon Square]]. Before the arcade housing the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Warsaw|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] stands [[Bertel Thorvaldsen|Thorvaldsen]]'s [[Monument to Prince Józef Poniatowski in Warsaw|equestrian statue]] of Prince [[Józef Poniatowski]] (after World War II, relocated to ''[[Krakowskie Przedmieście]]'', in front of the [[Presidential Palace in Warsaw|Presidential Palace]]).]]


The '''Saxon Palace''' ({{lang-pl|pałac Saski w Warszawie}}) was one of the most distinctive buildings in prewar [[Warsaw]], Poland. It was destroyed in [[World War II]] and not rebuilt as of 2019. There are however discussions regarding [[Reconstruction (architecture)|reconstruction]] of the building.
The '''Saxon Palace''' ({{langx|pl|pałac Saski w Warszawie}}) was, before [[World War II]], one of the most distinctive buildings in [[Warsaw]], Poland. After the suppression of the 1944 [[Warsaw Uprising]], the palace was destroyed by German armed forces as part of their [[Destruction of Warsaw|deliberate destruction of Warsaw]].

After the Polish government announced plans to [[Reconstruction (architecture)|reconstruct]] the building, ground work commenced in August 2022. Rebuilding is expected to be completed by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poland begins work to rebuild historic Saxon Palace: officials |url=https://www.polskieradio.pl/395/7784/Artykul/3022082,Poland-begins-work-to-rebuild-historic-Saxon-Palace-officials |website=PolskieRadio.pl |access-date=7 October 2022 |language=En |date=19 August 2022}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
⚫
===To World War I===
⚫
The Saxon Palace had been preceded by a manor houses ([[Manor houses of Polish nobility|dwór]]) belonging to {{ill|Tobiasz Morsztyn|pl}}. After 1661 his brother and heir [[Jan Andrzej Morsztyn]] had replaced the manor with a [[baroque]] palace with four towers, known as the ''Morsztyn Palace'' ({{langx|pl|Pałac Morsztynów}}).


⚫
In 1713 the Morsztyn Palace was purchased by the first of Poland's two [[Saxony|Saxon]] kings, [[August II of Poland|Augustus II]] (reigned in Poland 1697–1706 and 1709–33), who had it expanded and remodeled as part of his architectural concept of the [[Saxon Axis]]. Work on the palace was completed in 1748 by his son, King [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus III]].
⚫
===Up to World War I===
⚫
The Saxon Palace had been preceded by a [[manor house]] belonging to [[:pl:Tobiasz Morsztyn|Tobiasz Morsztyn]]. After 1661 his brother and heir [[Jan Andrzej Morsztyn]] had replaced the manor house with a [[baroque]] palace (''Pałac Morsztynów'', "the Morsztyn Palace") with four towers.

⚫
In 1713 the Morsztyn Palace was purchased by the first of Poland's two [[Saxony|Saxon]] kings, [[August II of Poland|Augustus II]] (reigned in Poland 1697–1706 and 1709–33), who began enlarging it. In 1748 the palace's rebuilding was completed by his son, King [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus III]].


In the early 19th century, the Saxon Palace housed the [[Warsaw Lyceum]] in which [[Frédéric Chopin]]'s father [[Nicolas Chopin]] taught [[French language|French]], living with his family on the palace grounds.
In the early 19th century, the Saxon Palace housed the [[Warsaw Lyceum]] in which [[Frédéric Chopin]]'s father [[Nicolas Chopin]] taught [[French language|French]], living with his family on the palace grounds.


The Palace was remodeled in 1842.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilczek |first1=Maria |title=Warsaw palace destroyed in WWII to be rebuilt |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/07/07/warsaw-palace-destroyed-in-wwii-to-be-rebuilt/ |website=Notes From Poland |access-date=7 October 2022 |date=7 July 2021}}</ref>
The Palace was remodelled in 1842.


===Interbellum===
===Interbellum===
⚫
After [[World War I]], the Saxon Palace was the seat of the [[Polish General Staff]]. In 1925, the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] was established within the [[colonnade]]-topped [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]] that joined the Palace's two symmetric wings.

⚫
After World War I, the Saxon Palace was the seat of the Polish General Staff. In 1925, the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] was established within the [[colonnade]]-topped [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]] that joined the Palace's two symmetric wings.


The Palace continued to be sandwiched between the [[Saxon Garden]], to its rear, and the [[Saxon Square]] in front (which would be renamed [[Piłsudski Square]] after [[Józef Piłsudski|the Marshal]]'s death in 1935).
The Palace continued to be sandwiched between the [[Saxon Garden]], to its rear, and the [[Saxon Square]] in front (which would be renamed [[Piłsudski Square]] after [[Józef Piłsudski|the Marshal]]'s death in 1935).
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In this building, the German [[Enigma machine]] [[cipher]] was first broken in December 1932 and then read for several years before the General Staff [[Biuro Szyfrow|Cipher Bureau]] German section's 1937 move to new, specially designed quarters near [[Pyry (neighborhood)|Pyry]] in the [[Kabaty Woods]] south of Warsaw.
In this building, the German [[Enigma machine]] [[cipher]] was first broken in December 1932 and then read for several years before the General Staff [[Biuro Szyfrow|Cipher Bureau]] German section's 1937 move to new, specially designed quarters near [[Pyry (neighborhood)|Pyry]] in the [[Kabaty Woods]] south of Warsaw.


During World War II, after the German suppression of the 1944 [[Warsaw Uprising]], the Saxon Palace was blown up by the Germans as part of their [[planned destruction of Warsaw]].<ref>{{citation |title = O Placu Piłsudskiego, tożsamości i ładzie |trans-title=Marshall Pilsudski Square in Warsaw - good or wrong? - identity, harmony, catastrophy |language = Polish, English |author = A. Franta |url = http://baztech.icm.edu.pl/baztech/cgi-bin/btgetdoc.cgi?BSW1-0032-0003 |accessdate = 2013-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.e-warsaw.pl/inwestycje/rewitalizacja.htm |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917183853/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/inwestycje/rewitalizacja.htm |archivedate = 2008-09-17 |title = Urban revitalization. Breathing New Live into Historic Sites |work = The official website of the City of Warsaw}}</ref> Only parts of the central [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]] remained, housing the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]], which escaped destruction.<ref>{{citation |title = Oś Saska. Druga Wojna Światowa |trans-title=Saxon Axis. Second World War |language = Polish |author = State Archive of the Capital City of Warsaw |url = http://www.warszawa.ap.gov.pl/saska/21306.html |accessdate = 2013-01-16}}</ref>
During World War II, two months after the German suppression of the 1944 [[Warsaw Uprising]], the Saxon Palace was blown up by the Germans as part of their [[planned destruction of Warsaw]].<ref>{{citation |title = O Placu Piłsudskiego, tożsamości i ładzie |trans-title=Marshall Pilsudski Square in Warsaw - good or wrong? - identity, harmony, catastrophy |language = Polish, English |author = A. Franta |url = http://baztech.icm.edu.pl/baztech/cgi-bin/btgetdoc.cgi?BSW1-0032-0003 |access-date = 2013-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.e-warsaw.pl/inwestycje/rewitalizacja.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917183853/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/inwestycje/rewitalizacja.htm |archive-date = 2008-09-17 |title = Urban revitalization. Breathing New Live into Historic Sites |work = The official website of the City of Warsaw}}</ref> Only parts of the central [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]] remained, housing the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]], which escaped destruction.<ref>{{citation |title = Oś Saska. Druga Wojna Światowa |trans-title=Saxon Axis. Second World War |language = Polish |author = State Archive of the Capital City of Warsaw |url = http://www.warszawa.ap.gov.pl/saska/21306.html |access-date = 2013-01-16}}</ref>


===Since World War II===
===Since World War II===
There are plans to reconstruct the Saxon Palace.<ref>{{citation |title = The City Voice. As good as new |work = The official website of the City of Warsaw |url = http://www.e-warsaw.pl/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=551&kat=3 |date = 2006-03-01 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080520104216/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=551&kat=3 |archivedate = 2008-05-20}}</ref> The palace cellars were excavated in 2006, uncovering some 20,000 objects. The palace's reconstruction was formerly scheduled for completion by 2010.<ref>{{citation |title = History Unearthed at Saski Palace |work = The Warsaw Voice |date = 2006-12-06 |url = http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/13251/ |accessdate = 2013-01-16}}</ref> The reconstructed building was planned to house Warsaw's city hall, but due to Warsaw's budget problems caused by [[Great Recession|the recent global financial crisis]], and subsequent cuts, the reconstruction has been on hold. On 11 November 2018, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of Poland's post-[[World War I]] independence, President [[Andrzej Duda]] reaffirmed the intent to rebuild the palace.<ref>{{citation |title = Up, up and away: president announces plans to rebuild historic palace in the heart of Warsaw|work = The First News|date = 2018-11-18 |url = https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/up-up-and-away-president-announces-plans-to-rebuild-historic-palace-in-the-heart-of-warsaw-3343 |accessdate = 2019-03-31}}</ref>
There are plans to reconstruct the Saxon Palace.<ref>{{citation |title = The City Voice. As good as new |work = The official website of the City of Warsaw |url = http://www.e-warsaw.pl/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=551&kat=3 |date = 2006-03-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080520104216/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=551&kat=3 |archive-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> The palace cellars were excavated in 2006, uncovering some 20,000 objects. The palace's reconstruction was formerly scheduled for completion by 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=History Unearthed at Saski Palace |url=https://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/13251/ |website=The Warsaw Voice |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218012737/https://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/13251/ |archive-date=18 February 2007 |language=En |date=6 December 2006}}</ref> The reconstructed building was planned to house Warsaw's city hall, but due to Warsaw's budget problems caused by the [[Great Recession|Great Recession (2000s)]], and subsequent cuts, the reconstruction has been on hold. On 11 November 2018, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of Poland's post-[[World War I]] independence, President [[Andrzej Duda]] reaffirmed the intent to rebuild the palace.<ref>{{citation |title = Up, up and away: president announces plans to rebuild historic palace in the heart of Warsaw|work = The First News|date = 2018-11-18 |url = https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/up-up-and-away-president-announces-plans-to-rebuild-historic-palace-in-the-heart-of-warsaw-3343 |access-date = 2019-03-31}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery style="margin:2px auto; text-align:center">
<gallery style="margin:2px auto; text-align:center">
Image:Plac 04.jpg|The Palace (''middle'') and [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]] (''top'') before 1924, when the Cathedral's demolition began
Image:Plac 04.jpg|The Palace (''middle'') and [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]] (''top'') before 1924, when the cathedral's demolition began
Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-001-0251-09, Warschau, Parade deutscher Truppen.jpg|German horse artillery parading before the Palace, autumn 1939
Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-001-0251-09, Warschau, Parade deutscher Truppen.jpg|German horse artillery parading before the Palace, autumn 1939
Image:The Saski Palace Warsaw, destroyed by Germans in 1944.jpg|Remains of the Palace, 1945
Image:The Saski Palace Warsaw, destroyed by Germans in 1944.jpg|Remains of the Palace, 1945
Image:Grob Nieznanego Zołnierza w Warszawie 2010 (2).JPG|Remains of the Palace, 2010
File:Palac saki pn.jpg|Excavated foundations of the Palace
File:Palac saki pn.jpg|Excavated foundations of the Palace
Image:Warszawa-Saski-Foundations.jpg|Excavated foundations of the Palace
Image:Warszawa-Saski-Foundations.jpg|Excavated foundations of the Palace
Line 57: Line 60:


==See also==
==See also==
{{commons category|Saxon Palace}}
{{Commons category|Saxon Palace}}
* [[Saxon Axis]]
* [[Saxon Axis]]
* [[Brühl palace, Warsaw|Brühl Palace]]
* [[Brühl palace, Warsaw|Brühl Palace]]
* [[Planned destruction of Warsaw]]
* [[Planned destruction of Warsaw]]


⚫
==References==
'''Bold text'''==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
'''''it is very ugly i know but u got to live with it'''Italic text''''''
[[File:Corel paint|thumb]]

⚫
==References==
* [[Władysław Kozaczuk]], ''Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II'', edited and translated by [[Christopher Kasparek]], Frederick, Maryland, University Publications of America, 1984, {{ISBN|0-89093-547-5}}.
* [[Władysław Kozaczuk]], ''Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II'', edited and translated by [[Christopher Kasparek]], Frederick, Maryland, University Publications of America, 1984, {{ISBN|0-89093-547-5}}.


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* {{in lang|pl}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818124745/http://www.studiop2.pl/starawarszawa/saski/index.html Picture gallery of Saxon Square]
* {{in lang|pl}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818124745/http://www.studiop2.pl/starawarszawa/saski/index.html Picture gallery of Saxon Square]
* {{in lang|pl}} [http://www.warszawa.ap.gov.pl/saska/index.html History of the Saxon Palace and the Saxon Axis]
* {{in lang|pl}} [http://www.warszawa.ap.gov.pl/saska/index.html History of the Saxon Palace and the Saxon Axis]
⚫
{{coord|52|14|28|N|21|00|41|E|region:PL-MZ_type:landmark|display=title}}


{{Royal Residences in Poland}}
{{Royal Residences in Poland}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Houses completed in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Houses completed in the 17th century]]
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Poland destroyed during World War II]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Poland destroyed during World War II]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Poland]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Poland]]
[[Category:Destroyed landmarks in Poland]]
[[Category:Former palaces in Poland]]
[[Category:Former palaces in Poland]]
[[Category:World War II sites in Warsaw]]
[[Category:Former buildings and structures in Poland]]
[[Category:Former buildings and structures in Warsaw]]

Latest revision as of 18:51, 10 December 2024

Saxon Palace
Pałac Saski
Saxon Palace, ca. 1890
Map
General information
Architectural styleNeoclassical (1838)
Town or cityWarsaw
CountryPoland
Coordinates52°14′28″N 21°00′41″E / 52.24111°N 21.01139°E / 52.24111; 21.01139
Construction started1666[1]
Renovated2030 (in progress)[2]
Destroyed1944
Design and construction
Architect(s)Adam Idźkowski (1838)
Saxon Palace in the 18th century, view from the Saxon Garden.
Saxon Palace, seen from Saxon Square. Before the arcade housing the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier stands Thorvaldsen's equestrian statue of Prince Józef Poniatowski (after World War II, relocated to Krakowskie Przedmieście, in front of the Presidential Palace).

The Saxon Palace (Polish: pałac Saski w Warszawie) was, before World War II, one of the most distinctive buildings in Warsaw, Poland. After the suppression of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, the palace was destroyed by German armed forces as part of their deliberate destruction of Warsaw.

After the Polish government announced plans to reconstruct the building, ground work commenced in August 2022. Rebuilding is expected to be completed by 2030.[3]

History

[edit]

To World War I

[edit]

The Saxon Palace had been preceded by a manor houses (dwór) belonging to Tobiasz Morsztyn [pl]. After 1661 his brother and heir Jan Andrzej Morsztyn had replaced the manor with a baroque palace with four towers, known as the Morsztyn Palace (Polish: Pałac Morsztynów).

In 1713 the Morsztyn Palace was purchased by the first of Poland's two Saxon kings, Augustus II (reigned in Poland 1697–1706 and 1709–33), who had it expanded and remodeled as part of his architectural concept of the Saxon Axis. Work on the palace was completed in 1748 by his son, King Augustus III.

In the early 19th century, the Saxon Palace housed the Warsaw Lyceum in which Frédéric Chopin's father Nicolas Chopin taught French, living with his family on the palace grounds.

The Palace was remodeled in 1842.[4]

Interbellum

[edit]

After World War I, the Saxon Palace was the seat of the Polish General Staff. In 1925, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was established within the colonnade-topped arcade that joined the Palace's two symmetric wings.

The Palace continued to be sandwiched between the Saxon Garden, to its rear, and the Saxon Square in front (which would be renamed Piłsudski Square after the Marshal's death in 1935).

In this building, the German Enigma machine cipher was first broken in December 1932 and then read for several years before the General Staff Cipher Bureau German section's 1937 move to new, specially designed quarters near Pyry in the Kabaty Woods south of Warsaw.

During World War II, two months after the German suppression of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, the Saxon Palace was blown up by the Germans as part of their planned destruction of Warsaw.[5][6] Only parts of the central arcade remained, housing the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, which escaped destruction.[7]

Since World War II

[edit]

There are plans to reconstruct the Saxon Palace.[8] The palace cellars were excavated in 2006, uncovering some 20,000 objects. The palace's reconstruction was formerly scheduled for completion by 2010.[9] The reconstructed building was planned to house Warsaw's city hall, but due to Warsaw's budget problems caused by the Great Recession (2000s), and subsequent cuts, the reconstruction has been on hold. On 11 November 2018, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of Poland's post-World War I independence, President Andrzej Duda reaffirmed the intent to rebuild the palace.[10]

[edit]
  • The Palace (middle) and Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (top) before 1924, when the cathedral's demolition began
    The Palace (middle) and Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (top) before 1924, when the cathedral's demolition began
  • German horse artillery parading before the Palace, autumn 1939
    German horse artillery parading before the Palace, autumn 1939
  • Remains of the Palace, 1945
    Remains of the Palace, 1945
  • Remains of the Palace, 2010
    Remains of the Palace, 2010
  • Excavated foundations of the Palace
    Excavated foundations of the Palace
  • Excavated foundations of the Palace
    Excavated foundations of the Palace

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saxon Palace.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ State Archive of the Capital City of Warsaw, Oś Saska. Pałac Saski [Saxon Axis. Saxon Palace] (in Polish), retrieved 2013-01-16
  2. ^ "Reconstruction of Warsaw palace destroyed in WWII begins". tvpworld.com. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  3. ^ "Poland begins work to rebuild historic Saxon Palace: officials". PolskieRadio.pl. 19 August 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  4. ^ Wilczek, Maria (7 July 2021). "Warsaw palace destroyed in WWII to be rebuilt". Notes From Poland. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  5. ^ A. Franta, O Placu Piłsudskiego, tożsamości i ładzie [Marshall Pilsudski Square in Warsaw - good or wrong? - identity, harmony, catastrophy] (in Polish and English), retrieved 2013-01-16
  6. ^ "Urban revitalization. Breathing New Live into Historic Sites". The official website of the City of Warsaw. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17.
  7. ^ State Archive of the Capital City of Warsaw, Oś Saska. Druga Wojna Światowa [Saxon Axis. Second World War] (in Polish), retrieved 2013-01-16
  8. ^ "The City Voice. As good as new", The official website of the City of Warsaw, 2006-03-01, archived from the original on 2008-05-20
  9. ^ "History Unearthed at Saski Palace". The Warsaw Voice. 6 December 2006. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  10. ^ "Up, up and away: president announces plans to rebuild historic palace in the heart of Warsaw", The First News, 2018-11-18, retrieved 2019-03-31
[edit]
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