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{{Short description|British-Jamaican radical and abolitionist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Jamaican English|date=March 2012}}
{{Use Jamaican English|date=March 2012}}
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| death_date = 1835/1836?<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_date = 1835/1836?<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_place = [[London]], England
| death_place = [[London]], England
| known_for = Anti-slavery advocate
| known_for = ''The Horrors of Slavery'', published in 1824
| parents = [[James Wedderburn-Colville|James Wedderburn]]<br> Rosanna
}}
}}


'''Robert Wedderburn''' (1762 &ndash; 1835/1836?) was a [[Jamaica|Jamaican-born]] [[radicalism (historical)|ultra-radical]] leader of mixed race, and anti-slavery advocate in early 19th-century London. He was the illegitimate son of the planter [[James Wedderburn]] and the grandson of [[Sir John Wedderburn, 5th Baronet of Blackness]], a [[Jacobite]] who was executed for treason following the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|Forty-five Rebellion]]. During his life Wedderburn sought to reconcile his political priorities and religious views. Influenced by [[Millenarianism|millenarian]] ideas, he moved from [[Methodism]] and towards [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] leanings, before rejecting Christianity and embracing a [[deism|deist]] outlook. An early [[freethinking|freethinker]], the combination of his deist views, associations with well-known radicals and atheists, and utopian political ideals, led to his arrest for breach of [[blasphemy law]]s. In 1824 he published ''The Horrors of Slavery'', a tract which influenced the [[Abolitionism|Abolitionist]] movement.
'''Robert Wedderburn''' (1762 &ndash; 1835/1836?) was a British-Jamaican radical and abolitionist of multiracial descent active in [[Regency era|early 19th-century]] London. Wedderburn was born in [[Kingston, Jamaica]], an illegitimate son of an enslaved [[Black women|Black woman]], Rosanna, and Scottish [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugar planter]] [[James Wedderburn-Colville|James Wedderburn]]. During his life, Robert Wedderburn sought to reconcile his political priorities and religious views.
Influenced by [[Millenarianism|millenarian]] ideas, he moved from [[Methodism]] and towards [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] leanings, before rejecting Christianity and embracing a [[deism|deist]] outlook. An early [[freethinking|freethinker]], the combination of his deist views, associations with well-known radicals and atheists, and utopian political ideals, led to his arrest for breach of [[blasphemy law]]s. In 1824 he published ''The Horrors of Slavery'', a tract which influenced the [[Abolitionism|Abolitionist]] movement.


==Biography==
==Biography==
===Early life===
===Early life===
[[File:Sir John Wedderburn, 5th Baronet of Blackness.jpg|thumb|Sir John Wedderburn, 5th Baronet of Blackness; Robert Wedderburn's grandfather]]
[[File:Sir John Wedderburn, 5th Baronet of Blackness.jpg|thumb|Sir John Wedderburn, 5th Baronet of Blackness; Robert Wedderburn's grandfather]]
Robert Wedderburn was born in [[Jamaica]] in around 1762. His mother, Rosanna, had been born in Africa, and was enslaved. His father was [[James Wedderburn-Colville|James Wedderburn]], who was born in Scotland, and was the son of [[Sir John Wedderburn, 5th Baronet of Blackness]], who was executed for treason following the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]]. Following this catastrophe, the young James and his brother [[John Wedderburn of Ballendean]] fled Scotland for the West Indies. James Wedderburn settled in [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], making a living as a medical doctor before making his fortune as a [[sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugar plantation]] owner. While in Jamaica he had children by several different enslaved women.<ref name="HoS">Robert Wedderburn, ''The Horrors of Slavery'', 1824.</ref><ref name="McCalman 1986 100">McCalman (1986), 107.</ref>
Robert Wedderburn was born in [[Jamaica]] in around 1762. His mother Rosanna was a black woman of dark brown complexion, and was enslaved in his white Scottish father's house as a house worker. His father was [[James Wedderburn-Colville|James Wedderburn]], a slave-owner and plantation owner who was born in Scotland, and was the son of [[Sir John Wedderburn, 5th Baronet of Blackness]], who was executed for treason following the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]]. Following this catastrophe, the young James and his brother [[John Wedderburn of Ballendean]] fled Scotland for the West Indies. James Wedderburn settled in [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], making a living as a medical doctor before making his fortune as a [[sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugar plantation]] owner. While in Jamaica he fathered children with several enslaved women.<ref name="HoS">Robert Wedderburn, ''The Horrors of Slavery'', 1824.</ref><ref name="McCalman 1986 100">McCalman (1986), 107.</ref>


After Rosanna had given birth to two of Wedderburn's children,<ref name="HoS"/> and five months pregnant with his third child, James Wedderburn sold Rosanna back to her previous owner.<ref name="HoS"/> James Wedderburn stipulated, however, that Rosanna's child when born should be legally free, and he officially registered both Robert and an elder brother James as free men.<ref name="HoS"/><ref name="ODNB">Malcolm Chase, "Wedderburn, Robert (1762–1835/6?)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47120, online edn], May 2008, accessed 17 November 2012.</ref> In later years, James Wedderburn returned to live in Britain, where his legitimate son and heir [[Andrew Colville]] defended his father when these details were made public in the British press, denied the paternity and further claimed Rosanna was both promiscuous and unable to control her temper.
While Rosanna was five months pregnant with his third child, having already given birth to two children prior to that, he sold her to her previous enslaver.<ref name="HoS" />
James Wedderburn stipulated, however, that Rosanna's child when born should be legally free, and he officially registered both Robert and an elder brother James as free men.<ref name="HoS" /><ref name="ODNB">Malcolm Chase, "Wedderburn, Robert (1762–1835/6?)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47120, online edn], May 2008, accessed 17 November 2012.</ref> In later years, James Wedderburn returned to live in Britain, where his legitimate son and heir [[Andrew Colvile]] defended his father when these details were made public in the British press, denied the paternity and further claimed Rosanna was both promiscuous and unable to control her temper.


Although born free, Wedderburn was raised in a harsh environment, as his mother was often flogged due to her "violent and rebellious temper". She was eventually re-sold away from her son,<ref name="McCalman 1986 100"/> who was then raised by his maternal grandmother, a woman known as "Talkee Amy".<ref>McCalman (1986), 100–101.</ref>
Although born free, Wedderburn was raised in a harsh environment, as his mother was often flogged due to her "violent and rebellious temper". She was eventually re-sold away from her son,<ref name="McCalman 1986 100"/> who was then raised by his maternal grandmother, a woman known as "Talkee Amy".<ref>McCalman (1986), 100–101.</ref>


To escape the insecurity and abuse of the plantation, Wedderburn signed on with the Royal Navy at the age of 16.<ref name="McCalman 1986 101">McCalman (1986), 101.</ref> On the ships, food and living conditions were horrific, and it was during this time that Wedderburn became increasingly aghast at the [[Cat o' nine tails#Naval types and use|method of punishments]] used by the [[Royal Navy]] and in [[British America]].<ref name="McCalman 1986 101"/>
To escape the insecurity and abuse of the plantation, Wedderburn signed on with the [[Royal Navy]] at the age of 16.<ref name="McCalman 1986 101">McCalman (1986), 101.</ref> On the ships, the quality of food and living conditions were abysmal, and it was during this time that Wedderburn became increasingly opposed to the [[Cat o' nine tails#Naval types and use|method of punishments]] used by the Royal Navy.<ref name="McCalman 1986 101"/>


===Arrival in Britain===
===Arrival in Britain===
Robert Wedderburn arrived in Britain aged 17 and lived in the district of [[St. Giles, London]], among a community of runaway slaves, Jamaican ex-servicemen, and other immigrant minorities including Jews, [[Lascar]]s and Irish.<ref>McCalman (1986), 102.</ref> Known as the "London blackbirds", this ethnically diverse subculture is reported{{Where|date=July 2011}} to have been free of the racial discrimination so prevalent elsewhere in this era. However, as people living on the margins, the "blackbirds" often relied on criminal activity in order to survive.
Robert Wedderburn arrived in Britain aged 17 and settled down in [[St. Giles, London|St. Giles]], [[London]], an ethnically diverse [[List of areas of London|district of the city]] which was inhabited by numerous [[Free people of color|free people of colour]], [[British Jews|Jews]], [[Lascar|Indian sailors]] and [[Irish migration to Great Britain|Irish immigrants]].<ref>McCalman (1986), 102.</ref> During this period, Wedderburn found employment as a tailor, becoming trained in the profession; though he was also reported to have been involved in occasional incidents of [[petty theft]] as well.<ref name="ODNB">Malcolm Chase, "Wedderburn, Robert (1762–1835/6?)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47120, online edn], May 2008, accessed 17 November 2012.</ref>


Through means that remain unclear (it is possible that he had been an apprentice in Jamaica or had learned while in the Navy), Wedderburn became a journeyman tailor.<ref>McCalman (1986), 103.</ref> As he referred to himself as a "flint"<ref>'1764: Chron. in Ann. Reg. 66/2: Journeymen taylors..who, refusing to comply with the masters terms, and the regulations of the magistrate, call themselves Flints, in contradistinction to those who submit, and are in derision stiled by the first Dungs.'"flint, n.". OED Online. September 2013. Oxford University Press. 28 October 2013.</ref> tailor, this suggests he was registered in the book of trades and shared values typical of other artisans - including pride in his craft and a belief in economic independence.<ref name="McCalman 1986 104">McCalman (1986) 104.</ref> Unfortunately, the instability of his career made him increasingly susceptible to the effects of a trade recession, inflation and food shortages, and he was soon reduced to part-time mending work on the outskirts of town.<ref name="McCalman 1986 104"/>
Through means that remain unclear (it is possible that he had been an apprentice in Jamaica or had learned while in the Navy), Wedderburn eventually became a journeyman tailor.<ref>McCalman (1986), 103.</ref> As he referred to himself as a "flint"<ref>'1764: Chron. in Ann. Reg. 66/2: Journeymen taylors..who, refusing to comply with the masters terms, and the regulations of the magistrate, call themselves Flints, in contradistinction to those who submit, and are in derision stiled by the first Dungs.'"flint, n.". OED Online. September 2013. Oxford University Press. 28 October 2013.</ref> tailor, this suggests he was registered in the book of trades and shared values typical of other artisans - including pride in his craft and a belief in economic independence.<ref name="McCalman 1986 104">McCalman (1986) 104.</ref> Unfortunately, the instability of his career made him increasingly susceptible to the effects of a trade recession, inflation and food shortages, and he was soon reduced to part-time mending work on the outskirts of town.<ref name="McCalman 1986 104"/>


By now married and desperate for money during one of his wife's pregnancies, Wedderburn visited his father's family at [[Inveresk]] near [[Edinburgh]]. He recalled that his father did not deny him to be his son "but called me a ''lazy fellow'', and said he would do nothing for me. From his cook I had one draught of [[small beer]], and his footman gave me a cracked [[Sixpence (British coin)|sixpence]]".<ref>McCalman (1986), 60.</ref> Wedderburn thereafter dabbled in petty theft and keeping a [[bawdy house]]. In 1824, ''[[Bell's Life in London]]'' published a letter from Robert Wedderburn addressed to [[William Wilberforce]] giving an account of his origins and his father's failure to provide for him. It also published his alleged half-brother, [[Andrew Colvile]]'s, reply citing his father's denial of paternity and threatening to sue the paper if it published any further slanders.<ref>James Raffan, ''Emperor of the North: Sir George Simpson and the Remarkable Story of the Hudson's Bay Company'', 2007, p. 52.</ref>
By now married and desperate for money during one of his wife's pregnancies, Wedderburn visited his father's family at [[Inveresk]] near [[Edinburgh]]. He recalled that his father did not deny him to be his son "but called me a ''lazy fellow'', and said he would do nothing for me. From his cook I had one draught of [[small beer]], and his footman gave me a cracked [[Sixpence (British coin)|sixpence]]".<ref>McCalman (1986), 60.</ref> Wedderburn thereafter dabbled in petty theft and keeping a [[bawdy house]]. In 1824, ''[[Bell's Life in London]]'' published a letter from Robert Wedderburn addressed to [[William Wilberforce]] giving an account of his origins and his father's failure to provide for him. It also published his alleged half-brother, [[Andrew Colvile]]'s, reply citing his father's denial of paternity and threatening to sue the paper if it published any further slanders.<ref>James Raffan, ''Emperor of the North: Sir George Simpson and the Remarkable Story of the Hudson's Bay Company'', 2007, p. 52.</ref>


===Radicalism and activity===
===Radicalism and activity===
[[File:Robert Wedderburn by George Cruikshank.png|thumb|Robert Wedderburn by George Cruikshank]]
[[File:Robert Wedderburn by George Cruikshank.png|thumb|''A Peep into the City of London Tavern'' by George Cruikshank, 1817, caricatures [[Robert Owen]] (centre) and Robert Wedderburn (right).]]
In 1786, Wedderburn stopped to listen to a [[John Wesley|Wesleyan]] preacher he heard in [[Seven Dials, London|Seven Dials]]. Influenced by a mixture of [[Arminian]], [[millenarian]], [[Calvinist]], and [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] ideas, he converted to be a [[Methodist]], and soon published a small theological tract called ''Truth Self Supported: or, a Refutation of Certain Doctrinal Errors Generally Adopted in the Christian Church''. Although this work contained no explicit mention of slavery, it does suggest Wedderburn's future path in subversive and radical political action.
In 1786, Wedderburn stopped to listen to a [[John Wesley|Wesleyan]] preacher he heard in [[Seven Dials, London|Seven Dials]]. Influenced by a mixture of [[Arminian]], [[millenarian]], [[Calvinist]], and [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] ideas, he converted to be a [[Methodist]], and soon published a small theological tract called ''Truth Self Supported: or, a Refutation of Certain Doctrinal Errors Generally Adopted in the Christian Church''. Although this work contained no explicit mention of slavery, it does suggest Wedderburn's future path in subversive and radical political action. {{fact|date=September 2021}}

Wedderburn was sufficiently well known to be the subject of at least one satirical print by the caricaturist [[George Cruikshank]], who in 1817 published "''A Peep into The City of London Tavern''" in which Wedderburn is caricatured alongside the social reformer [[Robert Owen]].<ref name="rylands">[https://rylandscollections.com/2020/10/19/black-history-month-robert-wedderburn-revolutionary-and-abolitionist/ Annie Dickinson, rylandscollections.com] Retrieved 21 September 2021</ref> The central figure in Cruikshank's 1819 print ''The New Union Club'' may also be a caricature of Wedderburn. <ref name="rylands"/>


Politically influenced by [[Thomas Spence]], Wedderburn was an impassioned speaker and became de facto leader of the Spencean Society in 1817 after the nominal leaders were arrested on suspicion of high treason.<ref name="McCalman 1986 100" /> Wedderburn published fiery periodicals advocating republican revolution, using violence if necessary, to bring about redistribution of property in Britain and the West Indies.<ref>McCalman (1986), 108.</ref> In 1824, he published an anti-slavery book entitled ''The Horrors of Slavery'', printed by [[William Dugdale (publisher)|William Dugdale]] and possibly coauthored by [[George Cannon (publisher)|George Cannon]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Neither Fugitive Nor Free: Atlantic Slavery, Freedom Suits, and the Legal Culture of Travel |series=America and the long 19th century | first=Edlie L. | last=Wong | publisher=NYU Press | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-8147-9456-2 | page=276 }}</ref>
Politically influenced by [[Thomas Spence]], Wedderburn was an impassioned speaker and became de facto leader of the Spencean Society in 1817 after the nominal leaders were arrested on suspicion of high treason.<ref name="McCalman 1986 100" /> Wedderburn published fiery periodicals advocating republican revolution, using violence if necessary, to bring about redistribution of property in Britain and the West Indies.<ref>McCalman (1986), 108.</ref> In 1824, he published an anti-slavery book entitled ''The Horrors of Slavery'', printed by [[William Dugdale (publisher)|William Dugdale]] and possibly coauthored by [[George Cannon (publisher)|George Cannon]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Neither Fugitive Nor Free: Atlantic Slavery, Freedom Suits, and the Legal Culture of Travel |series=America and the long 19th century | first=Edlie L. | last=Wong | publisher=NYU Press | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-8147-9456-2 | page=276 }}</ref>


To promote his religious message, he opened his own [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] chapel in Hopkins Street in [[Soho]], [[London]]. After he began to question Christian tenets<ref>''The Times'' (London), Saturday, 26 February 1820; p. 3. Wedderburn was charged with blasphemy for holding a debate at Hopkins-street chapel which referred to "the absurdities" contained in the Bible. In his defence he said "he was the offspring of a slave, and had been neglected by a Christian father. As he was a Christian himself, he thought, when at home, that if he could once get to a Christian country he should be happy; but, on his arrival here, he found the number of sects so great, that his mind was distracted with doubts...."</ref> He was later associated with the [[freethought|freethought movement]], including popular [[deism|deists]] and atheists such as [[Richard Carlile]].<ref>A woman describing her husband in court said: "He is one of your Deists, and a follower of [[Richard Carlile|Mr. Carlile]]...and there is another fellow he goes after, a black preacher of the name of Wedderburn..." ''The Times'' (London), 12 August 1829; p. 3.</ref> He also campaigned for freedom of speech.
To promote his religious message, he opened his own [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] chapel in Hopkins Street in [[Soho]], [[London]]. After, he began to question Christian tenets.<ref>''The Times'' (London), Saturday, 26 February 1820; p. 3. Wedderburn was charged with blasphemy for holding a debate at Hopkins-street chapel which referred to "the absurdities" contained in the Bible. In his defence he said "he was the offspring of a slave, and had been neglected by a Christian father. As he was a Christian himself, he thought, when at home, that if he could once get to a Christian country he should be happy; but, on his arrival here, he found the number of sects so great, that his mind was distracted with doubts...."</ref> He was later associated with the [[freethought|freethought movement]], including popular [[deism|deists]] and atheists such as [[Richard Carlile]].<ref>A woman describing her husband in court said: "He is one of your Deists, and a follower of [[Richard Carlile|Mr. Carlile]]...and there is another fellow he goes after, a black preacher of the name of Wedderburn..." ''The Times'' (London), 12 August 1829; p. 3.</ref> He also campaigned for freedom of speech.


===Prison===
===Prison===
[[File:New Union Club by George Cruikshank.png|thumb|right|300px|''New Union Club'' by George Cruikshank, 1819. The central figure may be a caricature of Robert Wedderburn]]
Robert Wedderburn served several prison terms. According to [[Peter Linebaugh]] (2000)<ref>Peter Linebaugh, Marcus Rediker, ''The Many-headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden'', 2000, p. 288.</ref> it is recorded that Wedderburn "did time in [[Cold Bath Fields]], Dorchester,<ref>May 1820: Wedderburn was sentenced to two years' imprisonment at Dorchester-gaol for blasphemy: ''The Times'' (London), 26 February 1820; p. 3.</ref> and [[Giltspur Street Compter]] prisons for theft, blasphemy, and keeping a bawdy house." While imprisoned, alongside his associate Richard Carlile, Wedderburn wrote a letter to [[Francis Place]].
Robert Wedderburn served several prison terms. According to [[Peter Linebaugh]] (2000)<ref>Peter Linebaugh, Marcus Rediker, ''The Many-headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden'', 2000, p. 288.</ref> it is recorded that Wedderburn "did time in [[Cold Bath Fields]], Dorchester,<ref>May 1820: Wedderburn was sentenced to two years' imprisonment at Dorchester-gaol for blasphemy: ''The Times'' (London), 26 February 1820; p. 3.</ref> and [[Giltspur Street Compter]] prisons for theft, blasphemy, and keeping a bawdy house." While imprisoned, alongside his associate Richard Carlile, Wedderburn wrote a letter to [[Francis Place]].


Line 51: Line 60:
==Descendants==
==Descendants==
The British Labour politician [[Bill Wedderburn, Baron Wedderburn of Charlton]], was a direct descendant of Robert Wedderburn.<ref>Bill McCarthy, [https://www.theguardian.com/law/2012/mar/12/lord-wedderburn-of-charlton "Lord Wedderburn of Charlton obituary"], ''The Guardian'', 12 March 2012.</ref>
The British Labour politician [[Bill Wedderburn, Baron Wedderburn of Charlton]], was a direct descendant of Robert Wedderburn.<ref>Bill McCarthy, [https://www.theguardian.com/law/2012/mar/12/lord-wedderburn-of-charlton "Lord Wedderburn of Charlton obituary"], ''The Guardian'', 12 March 2012.</ref>

==Representation in Media==
Robert Wedderburn features in a short animation titled ''The Axe Laid to the Root''{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} written and directed by Jason Young.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}


==References==
==References==
Line 69: Line 75:
* [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/euroleader/wedderburn/robert.htm A genealogical study: Robert Wedderburn]
* [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/euroleader/wedderburn/robert.htm A genealogical study: Robert Wedderburn]
* [http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=763&issue=132 "Robert Wedderburn: race, religion and revolution"] in ''[[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism]], 132, (2011)
* [http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=763&issue=132 "Robert Wedderburn: race, religion and revolution"] in ''[[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism]], 132, (2011)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZK7hbiKuXj0 Trailer - The Horrors of Slavery]


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Latest revision as of 18:53, 10 December 2024

Robert Wedderburn
Born1762
Jamaica
Died1835/1836?
London, England
Known forThe Horrors of Slavery, published in 1824
Parent(s)James Wedderburn
Rosanna

Robert Wedderburn (1762 – 1835/1836?) was a British-Jamaican radical and abolitionist of multiracial descent active in early 19th-century London. Wedderburn was born in Kingston, Jamaica, an illegitimate son of an enslaved Black woman, Rosanna, and Scottish sugar planter James Wedderburn. During his life, Robert Wedderburn sought to reconcile his political priorities and religious views.

Influenced by millenarian ideas, he moved from Methodism and towards Unitarian leanings, before rejecting Christianity and embracing a deist outlook. An early freethinker, the combination of his deist views, associations with well-known radicals and atheists, and utopian political ideals, led to his arrest for breach of blasphemy laws. In 1824 he published The Horrors of Slavery, a tract which influenced the Abolitionist movement.

Biography

[edit]

Early life

[edit]
Sir John Wedderburn, 5th Baronet of Blackness; Robert Wedderburn's grandfather

Robert Wedderburn was born in Jamaica in around 1762. His mother Rosanna was a black woman of dark brown complexion, and was enslaved in his white Scottish father's house as a house worker. His father was James Wedderburn, a slave-owner and plantation owner who was born in Scotland, and was the son of Sir John Wedderburn, 5th Baronet of Blackness, who was executed for treason following the Jacobite rising of 1745. Following this catastrophe, the young James and his brother John Wedderburn of Ballendean fled Scotland for the West Indies. James Wedderburn settled in Kingston, making a living as a medical doctor before making his fortune as a sugar plantation owner. While in Jamaica he fathered children with several enslaved women.[1][2]

While Rosanna was five months pregnant with his third child, having already given birth to two children prior to that, he sold her to her previous enslaver.[1]

James Wedderburn stipulated, however, that Rosanna's child when born should be legally free, and he officially registered both Robert and an elder brother James as free men.[1][3] In later years, James Wedderburn returned to live in Britain, where his legitimate son and heir Andrew Colvile defended his father when these details were made public in the British press, denied the paternity and further claimed Rosanna was both promiscuous and unable to control her temper.

Although born free, Wedderburn was raised in a harsh environment, as his mother was often flogged due to her "violent and rebellious temper". She was eventually re-sold away from her son,[2] who was then raised by his maternal grandmother, a woman known as "Talkee Amy".[4]

To escape the insecurity and abuse of the plantation, Wedderburn signed on with the Royal Navy at the age of 16.[5] On the ships, the quality of food and living conditions were abysmal, and it was during this time that Wedderburn became increasingly opposed to the method of punishments used by the Royal Navy.[5]

Arrival in Britain

[edit]

Robert Wedderburn arrived in Britain aged 17 and settled down in St. Giles, London, an ethnically diverse district of the city which was inhabited by numerous free people of colour, Jews, Indian sailors and Irish immigrants.[6] During this period, Wedderburn found employment as a tailor, becoming trained in the profession; though he was also reported to have been involved in occasional incidents of petty theft as well.[3]

Through means that remain unclear (it is possible that he had been an apprentice in Jamaica or had learned while in the Navy), Wedderburn eventually became a journeyman tailor.[7] As he referred to himself as a "flint"[8] tailor, this suggests he was registered in the book of trades and shared values typical of other artisans - including pride in his craft and a belief in economic independence.[9] Unfortunately, the instability of his career made him increasingly susceptible to the effects of a trade recession, inflation and food shortages, and he was soon reduced to part-time mending work on the outskirts of town.[9]

By now married and desperate for money during one of his wife's pregnancies, Wedderburn visited his father's family at Inveresk near Edinburgh. He recalled that his father did not deny him to be his son "but called me a lazy fellow, and said he would do nothing for me. From his cook I had one draught of small beer, and his footman gave me a cracked sixpence".[10] Wedderburn thereafter dabbled in petty theft and keeping a bawdy house. In 1824, Bell's Life in London published a letter from Robert Wedderburn addressed to William Wilberforce giving an account of his origins and his father's failure to provide for him. It also published his alleged half-brother, Andrew Colvile's, reply citing his father's denial of paternity and threatening to sue the paper if it published any further slanders.[11]

Radicalism and activity

[edit]
A Peep into the City of London Tavern by George Cruikshank, 1817, caricatures Robert Owen (centre) and Robert Wedderburn (right).

In 1786, Wedderburn stopped to listen to a Wesleyan preacher he heard in Seven Dials. Influenced by a mixture of Arminian, millenarian, Calvinist, and Unitarian ideas, he converted to be a Methodist, and soon published a small theological tract called Truth Self Supported: or, a Refutation of Certain Doctrinal Errors Generally Adopted in the Christian Church. Although this work contained no explicit mention of slavery, it does suggest Wedderburn's future path in subversive and radical political action. [citation needed]

Wedderburn was sufficiently well known to be the subject of at least one satirical print by the caricaturist George Cruikshank, who in 1817 published "A Peep into The City of London Tavern" in which Wedderburn is caricatured alongside the social reformer Robert Owen.[12] The central figure in Cruikshank's 1819 print The New Union Club may also be a caricature of Wedderburn. [12]

Politically influenced by Thomas Spence, Wedderburn was an impassioned speaker and became de facto leader of the Spencean Society in 1817 after the nominal leaders were arrested on suspicion of high treason.[2] Wedderburn published fiery periodicals advocating republican revolution, using violence if necessary, to bring about redistribution of property in Britain and the West Indies.[13] In 1824, he published an anti-slavery book entitled The Horrors of Slavery, printed by William Dugdale and possibly coauthored by George Cannon.[14]

To promote his religious message, he opened his own Unitarian chapel in Hopkins Street in Soho, London. After, he began to question Christian tenets.[15] He was later associated with the freethought movement, including popular deists and atheists such as Richard Carlile.[16] He also campaigned for freedom of speech.

Prison

[edit]
New Union Club by George Cruikshank, 1819. The central figure may be a caricature of Robert Wedderburn

Robert Wedderburn served several prison terms. According to Peter Linebaugh (2000)[17] it is recorded that Wedderburn "did time in Cold Bath Fields, Dorchester,[18] and Giltspur Street Compter prisons for theft, blasphemy, and keeping a bawdy house." While imprisoned, alongside his associate Richard Carlile, Wedderburn wrote a letter to Francis Place.

In 1831, at the age of 68, he was arrested and sent to Giltspur Street Prison and sentenced to two years in jail, having been convicted of keeping a brothel. On his release he appears to have gone to New York City, where a newspaper[19] records his involvement in a fraud case and refers to him as "a tailor and breeches maker, field preacher, anti-bank deposite politician, romance writer, circulating librarian, and ambulating dealer in drugs, deism, and demoralization in general".[3] He returned to London shortly after.[3] His last mention in the historical record was in March 1834 when a Home Office informer listed him as present among the congregation at the Theobald's Road Institute.[3]

Death and legacy

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The exact year of his death is unknown, although it appears to have been before official registers of death began to be kept in 1837.[3] He may be the "Robert Wedderborn" who died aged 72 in Bethnal Green and was buried in a non-conformist ceremony on 4 January 1835.[20]

Some have located Wedderburn's deism, radicalism, and secularism within a history of British humanism. The Humanist Heritage website recalls that "Wedderburn and others like him fostered a humanist tradition of rationalism, compassion, and tolerance, suffering the effects of blasphemy laws the like of which humanists continue to fight today."[21]

Descendants

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The British Labour politician Bill Wedderburn, Baron Wedderburn of Charlton, was a direct descendant of Robert Wedderburn.[22]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Robert Wedderburn, The Horrors of Slavery, 1824.
  2. ^ a b c McCalman (1986), 107.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Malcolm Chase, "Wedderburn, Robert (1762–1835/6?)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2008, accessed 17 November 2012.
  4. ^ McCalman (1986), 100–101.
  5. ^ a b McCalman (1986), 101.
  6. ^ McCalman (1986), 102.
  7. ^ McCalman (1986), 103.
  8. ^ '1764: Chron. in Ann. Reg. 66/2: Journeymen taylors..who, refusing to comply with the masters terms, and the regulations of the magistrate, call themselves Flints, in contradistinction to those who submit, and are in derision stiled by the first Dungs.'"flint, n.". OED Online. September 2013. Oxford University Press. 28 October 2013.
  9. ^ a b McCalman (1986) 104.
  10. ^ McCalman (1986), 60.
  11. ^ James Raffan, Emperor of the North: Sir George Simpson and the Remarkable Story of the Hudson's Bay Company, 2007, p. 52.
  12. ^ a b Annie Dickinson, rylandscollections.com Retrieved 21 September 2021
  13. ^ McCalman (1986), 108.
  14. ^ Wong, Edlie L. (2009). Neither Fugitive Nor Free: Atlantic Slavery, Freedom Suits, and the Legal Culture of Travel. America and the long 19th century. NYU Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-8147-9456-2.
  15. ^ The Times (London), Saturday, 26 February 1820; p. 3. Wedderburn was charged with blasphemy for holding a debate at Hopkins-street chapel which referred to "the absurdities" contained in the Bible. In his defence he said "he was the offspring of a slave, and had been neglected by a Christian father. As he was a Christian himself, he thought, when at home, that if he could once get to a Christian country he should be happy; but, on his arrival here, he found the number of sects so great, that his mind was distracted with doubts...."
  16. ^ A woman describing her husband in court said: "He is one of your Deists, and a follower of Mr. Carlile...and there is another fellow he goes after, a black preacher of the name of Wedderburn..." The Times (London), 12 August 1829; p. 3.
  17. ^ Peter Linebaugh, Marcus Rediker, The Many-headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden, 2000, p. 288.
  18. ^ May 1820: Wedderburn was sentenced to two years' imprisonment at Dorchester-gaol for blasphemy: The Times (London), 26 February 1820; p. 3.
  19. ^ New York Evening Star, 6 January 1834.
  20. ^ "England and Wales, Non-Conformist Record Indexes (RG4-8)", index, FamilySearch; accessed 17 November 2012.
  21. ^ "Robert Wedderburn". Humanist Heritage. Humanists UK. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  22. ^ Bill McCarthy, "Lord Wedderburn of Charlton obituary", The Guardian, 12 March 2012.

Sources

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