Spoon class theory: Difference between revisions
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== Sociological analysis == |
== Sociological analysis == |
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{{Copyedit|date=October 2024|section|for=for grammar, style, and cohesion as it seems to be a literal translation from Korean}} |
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| ⚫ | Hyo Chan Cho |
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=== Gold Spoon as Simulacrum === |
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Young adults preparing for significant life changes, such as college, marriage or employment are concerned they are at a disadvantage.{{according to whom|date=July 2019}} For example, many corporations in Korea require stellar academic performance and [[English as a second or foreign language|English fluency]]. Young upper class individuals can advance themselves given the money and power their parents or family possess, while those from the middle and lower classes are seen as disadvantaged as they are expected to be [[Part-time student|working students]], and lack the same monetary support. This economic polarization not only influences employment, but also affects other prospects like marriage. The causes of inequality in this society are economic and the fact that poverty is passed from generation to generation. This inequality is creating new classes in Korean society. However, some people overcome their parent's low economic class. Some people who were raised in wealthy families criticize this as well. Unfairness in Korean society is becoming a burden for young adults and is making the Korean society similar to the one described in the spoon class theory.<ref>[소태영(Tate Young So), "‘수저계급론' 논쟁의 중심에 선 한국 청년들의 열등감(inferiority) 극복을 위한 영성교육", 기독교교육정보/50(-), 2016, 119-153, 한국기독교교육정보학회]</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Hyo Chan Cho links the concept of the "gold spoon" to Jean Baudrillard's [[simulacrum]]. He argues that the "gold spoon" exists within a simulacrum, representing an image without an origin that has become a hyperreality in modern society. Gold spoon imagery, perpetuated by media and advertising, idealizes nonexistence as existence, wielding significant influence. According to Cho, society increasingly accepts these reproduced images as more real than reality itself. This aligns with Baudrillard's theory of simulacrum, where substance is secondary to the power of the image.<ref>Son of mother's friend' and ‘Gold Spoon': to deconstruct the class discourse and rewriting stories of parents-children on modern society, '엄친아'에서_‘금수저'까지_현대사회의_계급담론을_해체하고_부모자녀의_이야기_다시_쓰기 Kim, Min Hwa, Shinhan University, 2016, p. 21.</ref> |
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=== Economic Polarization and Social Mobility=== |
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| ⚫ | Park Jae-wan, a professor at |
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Young adults preparing for life transitions such as college, marriage, or employment often feel disadvantaged, particularly when compared to their wealthier peers.<ref>[소태영(Tate Young So), "‘수저계급론' 논쟁의 중심에 선 한국 청년들의 열등감(inferiority) 극복을 위한 영성교육", 기독교교육정보/50(-), 2016, 119-153, 한국기독교교육정보학회]</ref> Many corporations in South Korea demand exceptional academic performance and English fluency, prerequisites more accessible to the upper class due to their financial resources. In contrast, middle and lower-class individuals face the dual burden of working while studying and lacking comparable monetary support. |
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Economic inequality influences not only employment prospects but also broader aspects of life, such as marriage. The persistence of generational poverty has created distinct social classes. While some individuals manage to transcend their socioeconomic origins, others criticize the systemic unfairness perpetuated by the "spoon class" theory. This inequality increasingly burdens young adults and mirrors societal structures described in spoon class theory.<ref>[소태영(Tate Young So), "‘수저계급론' 논쟁의 중심에 선 한국 청년들의 열등감(inferiority) 극복을 위한 영성교육", 기독교교육정보/50(-), 2016, 119-153, 한국기독교교육정보학회]</ref> |
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Han Jun, professor of sociology at [[Yonsei University|Yeonsei University]] said, "Raising the possibility of social mobility is also an important task in terms of social vitality and social integration." It requires policy efforts to care for the physical and mental health of low-income vulnerable children, academic aspirations, and cognitive abilities, Emphasis should be given to schools in low-income vulnerable groups and rural areas. "<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Park Jae-wan's Research on Social Mobility === |
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Lee Byeong-hoon, professor of sociology at [[Chung-Ang University]], said, "Negative and critical perceptions of opportunistic inequality in our society seem to be influenced by factors such as hierarchy status and experience of discrimination." According to the analysis, the subject and parental generations have low subjective status, experience of discrimination and disadvantages, and younger and higher educated people have higher negative and critical perception of opportunity inequality. In addition, the perception of socioeconomic opportunity inequality, the severity of inequality in opportunity, and the negative perception of effort achievement were found to be higher in the order of lower income class, middle class, and higher income class.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| ⚫ | Park Jae-wan, a professor at Sungkyunkwan University, analyzed the spoon class theory through the lens of social mobility. He noted that South Korea's income distribution aligns closely with advanced nations, citing indicators like the Gini coefficient and relative poverty rates. However, he argued that the evidence supporting "gold spoon" or "Helos" claims is weak.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.keri.org/web/www/research_0204?p_p_id=EXT_BBS&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_EXT_BBS_struts_action=/ext/bbs/view_message&_EXT_BBS_messageId=354026|title=사회이동성에 대한 진단과 대안모색 - 흙수저는 금수저가 될 수 없는가 - - 한국경제연구원|last=Fu:z|website=www.keri.org|language=ko|access-date=2018-06-29|archive-date=2018-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629130856/http://www.keri.org/web/www/research_0204?p_p_id=EXT_BBS&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_EXT_BBS_struts_action=%2Fext%2Fbbs%2Fview_message&_EXT_BBS_messageId=354026|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Park's research estimated the likelihood of income groups maintaining their socioeconomic status: 29.8% for the low-income class, 38.2% for the middle class, and 32.0% for the high-income class. While mobility remains possible, stratification has slowed since the financial crisis due to entrenched poverty, particularly among the elderly.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Park identified five causes behind the spoon class theory: |
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# Youth unemployment |
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# Intergenerational wealth transfer |
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# Government regulation and vested interests |
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# Relative deprivation among Koreans |
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# Weak social capital<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Han Jun's Recommendations === |
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Han Jun, a sociology professor at Yonsei University, emphasized the importance of enhancing social mobility to improve societal vitality and integration. He advocated for targeted policy interventions, such as improving the physical and mental health of children from low-income families and supporting their academic and cognitive development. Han highlighted the need for focused educational investment in rural and low-income areas.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Lee Byeong-hoon's Observations === |
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Lee Byeong-hoon, a sociology professor at Chung-Ang University, explored public perceptions of inequality. He found that negative views on opportunistic inequality stem from hierarchical structures and experiences of discrimination. Younger, highly educated individuals expressed stronger criticisms of opportunity inequality. Lee's analysis revealed that perceptions of inequality were most pronounced among the lower-income class, followed by the middle class and, to a lesser extent, the upper class.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Conclusion === |
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The gold spoon phenomenon highlights the complex interplay of economic inequality, social mobility, and public perception in South Korea. While some argue that mobility is still possible, systemic barriers persist, exacerbated by entrenched poverty and intergenerational wealth disparities. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated efforts to reduce inequality and foster greater social cohesion. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Latest revision as of 21:24, 10 December 2024
| Spoon class theory | |
| Hangul | 수저 계급론 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 수저 階級論 |
| Revised Romanization | Sujeo Gyegeumnon |
| McCune–Reischauer | Sujŏ Kyegŭmnon |
The spoon class theory (Korean: 수저 계급론) refers to the idea that individuals in a country can be classified into different socioeconomic classes represented by the materials used to make spoons, based on the assets and income level of their parents, and that one's success in life depends entirely on being born into a wealthy family. The term appeared in 2015 and was first widely used among online communities in South Korea.[1]
Theory
[edit]The term is based on the English idiom "born with a silver spoon in one's mouth". In the past, European nobility often used silver dishes, and children were fed by nannies using silver spoons, which indicated the wealth of the family. In South Korea, this idea was taken further to establish several categories to classify individuals based on their family's wealth. Unlike the western idiom which simply denotes those "born with a silver spoon", Korean usage divides society into those born with a variety of spoons ranging from clay, bronze, silver, gold, and even platinum based on their parents' economic status.[2] Those from low-income backgrounds are described as "dirt spoons".[3]
Usage
[edit]Spoon class theory began widely appearing among online communities in South Korea in 2015.[1]
In 2019, Justice Minister Cho Kuk was engulfed in a corruption scandal after revelations that he and his wife had falsified documents for his children's college applications. The scandal resulted in his resignation after acknowledging being a "gold spoon" and led then-president Moon Jae-in to apologize.[3] At the time, The New York Times reported:
The scandal has exploded into the biggest embarrassment of Mr. Moon’s presidency as he has struggled with an ailing economy and a lack of opportunity for many young people. It has particularly fueled outrage about the “gold spoon” children of the elite, who glide into top-flight universities and cushy jobs, leaving their “dirt spoon” peers to struggle in South Korea’s hobbled economy.[4]
Sociological analysis
[edit]Gold Spoon as Simulacrum
[edit]Hyo Chan Cho links the concept of the "gold spoon" to Jean Baudrillard's simulacrum. He argues that the "gold spoon" exists within a simulacrum, representing an image without an origin that has become a hyperreality in modern society. Gold spoon imagery, perpetuated by media and advertising, idealizes nonexistence as existence, wielding significant influence. According to Cho, society increasingly accepts these reproduced images as more real than reality itself. This aligns with Baudrillard's theory of simulacrum, where substance is secondary to the power of the image.[5]
Economic Polarization and Social Mobility
[edit]Young adults preparing for life transitions such as college, marriage, or employment often feel disadvantaged, particularly when compared to their wealthier peers.[6] Many corporations in South Korea demand exceptional academic performance and English fluency, prerequisites more accessible to the upper class due to their financial resources. In contrast, middle and lower-class individuals face the dual burden of working while studying and lacking comparable monetary support.
Economic inequality influences not only employment prospects but also broader aspects of life, such as marriage. The persistence of generational poverty has created distinct social classes. While some individuals manage to transcend their socioeconomic origins, others criticize the systemic unfairness perpetuated by the "spoon class" theory. This inequality increasingly burdens young adults and mirrors societal structures described in spoon class theory.[7]
Park Jae-wan's Research on Social Mobility
[edit]Park Jae-wan, a professor at Sungkyunkwan University, analyzed the spoon class theory through the lens of social mobility. He noted that South Korea's income distribution aligns closely with advanced nations, citing indicators like the Gini coefficient and relative poverty rates. However, he argued that the evidence supporting "gold spoon" or "Helos" claims is weak.[8]
Park's research estimated the likelihood of income groups maintaining their socioeconomic status: 29.8% for the low-income class, 38.2% for the middle class, and 32.0% for the high-income class. While mobility remains possible, stratification has slowed since the financial crisis due to entrenched poverty, particularly among the elderly.[8]
Park identified five causes behind the spoon class theory:
- Youth unemployment
- Intergenerational wealth transfer
- Government regulation and vested interests
- Relative deprivation among Koreans
- Weak social capital[8]
Han Jun's Recommendations
[edit]Han Jun, a sociology professor at Yonsei University, emphasized the importance of enhancing social mobility to improve societal vitality and integration. He advocated for targeted policy interventions, such as improving the physical and mental health of children from low-income families and supporting their academic and cognitive development. Han highlighted the need for focused educational investment in rural and low-income areas.[8]
Lee Byeong-hoon's Observations
[edit]Lee Byeong-hoon, a sociology professor at Chung-Ang University, explored public perceptions of inequality. He found that negative views on opportunistic inequality stem from hierarchical structures and experiences of discrimination. Younger, highly educated individuals expressed stronger criticisms of opportunity inequality. Lee's analysis revealed that perceptions of inequality were most pronounced among the lower-income class, followed by the middle class and, to a lesser extent, the upper class.[8]
Conclusion
[edit]The gold spoon phenomenon highlights the complex interplay of economic inequality, social mobility, and public perception in South Korea. While some argue that mobility is still possible, systemic barriers persist, exacerbated by entrenched poverty and intergenerational wealth disparities. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated efforts to reduce inequality and foster greater social cohesion.
See also
[edit]- Hell Joseon
- Lottery of birth
- Sampo generation
- Economic inequality in South Korea
- Poverty in South Korea
References
[edit]- ^ a b 현실, 한국은 신계급사회로 가고 있다 Archived 2020-10-09 at the Wayback Machine, Kyunghang Shinmun
- ^ Choi, Sung-jin (November 17, 2015). "'Spoon class theory' gains force in Korea". Korea Times.
- ^ a b Choi, Hayoung (November 26, 2019). "No money, no hope: South Korea's 'Dirt Spoons' turn against Moon". Reuters.
- ^ Choe, Sang-Hun (October 21, 2019). "Coddling of 'Gold-Spoon' Children Shakes South Korea's Political Elite". The New York Times.
- ^ Son of mother's friend' and ‘Gold Spoon': to deconstruct the class discourse and rewriting stories of parents-children on modern society, '엄친아'에서_‘금수저'까지_현대사회의_계급담론을_해체하고_부모자녀의_이야기_다시_쓰기 Kim, Min Hwa, Shinhan University, 2016, p. 21.
- ^ [소태영(Tate Young So), "‘수저계급론' 논쟁의 중심에 선 한국 청년들의 열등감(inferiority) 극복을 위한 영성교육", 기독교교육정보/50(-), 2016, 119-153, 한국기독교교육정보학회]
- ^ [소태영(Tate Young So), "‘수저계급론' 논쟁의 중심에 선 한국 청년들의 열등감(inferiority) 극복을 위한 영성교육", 기독교교육정보/50(-), 2016, 119-153, 한국기독교교육정보학회]
- ^ a b c d e Fu:z. "사회이동성에 대한 진단과 대안모색 - 흙수저는 금수저가 될 수 없는가 - - 한국경제연구원". www.keri.org (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2018-06-29.
External links
[edit]- ""It Is Fortunate That I Wasn't Born as a Korean," Ex-Japanese Envoy to Seoul Says in Column - Masatoshi Muto Stirs Controversy in South Korea". The Seoul Times.
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