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{{short description|American physician (1798–1859)}}
'''William Andrus Alcott''' (1798–1859) wrote many books on the topics of education and health. He was a [[physician]] and [[teacher]], and the uncle of American novelist Louisa May Alcott (who lived 1832-1888). He had earned his M.D. degree by May 1836, when he wrote a letter to the editor of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal titled "The Graham System" (May 4, p. 199-201); he signed it "M.D." The cause of greatest interest to Dr. Alcott througout his life was vegetarianism.


{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2013}}
In 1850 he wrote three long letters on vegetarianism to the editor of the New-York Tribune - at the request of the editor (Aug. 14, Nov. 6). Here he shows clearly that his preferece was for a diet that used no animal pruducts - what would today be called a vegan diet.
{{Infobox person
| name = William Alcott
| image = William Alexander Alcott Wellcome M0017312.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names = William Alexander Alcott
| birth_name = William Andrus Alcott
| birth_date = {{birth date|1798|08|06}}
| birth_place = [[Wolcott, Connecticut]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1859|03|29|1798|08|06}}
| death_place = [[Auburndale, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| known_for =
| education = [[Yale School of Medicine]]
| occupation = Educator, physician, author
| signature = Signature of William Andrus Alcott.png
}}


'''William Andrus Alcott''' (August 6, 1798 – March 29, 1859), also known as '''William Alexander Alcott''', was an American educator, educational reformer, physician, vegetarian and author of many books. His works, which include a wide range of topics including [[educational reform]], [[physical education]], [[One-room school|school house]] design, family life, and [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]], are still widely cited today.
Dr. Alcott wrote ''The Phisology of Marriage'' in 1856. He deplored free [[courtship]] manners. He specifically deplored "conversation which is too excitable", "presence of exciting books", "unnecessary heat", and many other courtship practices prevalent in 18th century America but steadily going out of fashion by 1856. He warned young people of the dangers of courtship.


==Early life and family==
He is criticized by modern day [[feminists]] for his "rigidity".{{Fact|date=April 2009}}


William Alcott was born in [[Wolcott, Connecticut]].<ref name="AMB">{{Cite AMB1920|wstitle=Alcott, William Alexander}}</ref> His father, Obedience Alcox<!---do not change the spelling. This is the original spelling.---> (1776–1847), was a farmer; in the 1820s, like many members of the family, he altered the spelling of his last name, which on his tombstone appears as "Obid. Alcott".<ref group="lower-alpha">Photographs are available on the commercial site Ancestry.com in several family trees</ref> His mother was Anna Andrus (1777–1864), who was the daughter of a [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] soldier and William's most important educational influence.<ref>Orcutt, Samuel, History of the Town of Wolcott, Waterbury, Conn.: American Printing company, 1873, pp. 265-267, 435.</ref> He attended local schools and became a close friend of his near neighbor [[Amos Bronson Alcott]], who would later enjoy wide fame as a philosopher and as the father of writer [[Louisa May Alcott]]. Although sometimes described simply as "cousins" the two were actually second cousins; William's grandfather David Alcott (1740–1841) was the brother of Amos Bronson Alcott's grandfather, Captain John Alcott. The two boys shared books, exchanged ideas, and started a small library together. Odell Shepard had written of Amos Bronson Alcott, "Indeed there is a sense in which nearly everything Alcott wrote and did is attributable to William".<ref>The Journals of Bronson Alcott, edited by Odell Shepard. Boston: Little Brown, 1958, p. xv.</ref>
William Alcott was a founding member (in 1850) and the first president of the [[American Vegetarian Society]].<ref>[http://www.ivu.org/history/societies/americanvs.html International Vegetarian Union - History of Vegetarianism - American Vegetarian Society<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> He was also the author of ''The Vegetable Diet As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages''. He also founded the [[The American Physiological Society]] in 1837, the world's first physiological society.<ref>[http://www.ivu.org/history/usa19/william-alcott.html History of Vegetarianism - William Andrus Alcott (1798-1859)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> He died on March 29, 1859.

Alcott lived in [[Dedham, Massachusetts]], where he was the superintendent of the Sunday School at the [[Allin Congregational Church]].<ref name=clarke>{{cite book | page=9 | title = Mid-Century Memories of Dedham | first = Wm. Horatio | last = Clarke | location = [[Dedham Historical Society]] |year = 1903}}</ref> He was known to walk barefoot on summer mornings from his home in the village up to Federal Hill to obtain a bucket of milk.<ref name=clarke/>

==Teaching and medical education==

At the age of 18 Alcott began teaching in a school located just a few yards from his father's house. With brief interruptions, he would continue to teach for the next nine years. His experiences as a student country school teacher would later become the subject of many of his later publications. He observed that the benches used by students were often painful and, at his own expense built backs onto the benches; these became the ancestors of the later school desks. He campaigned for better heating and ventilation in schools. He labored to improve the intellectual content of classrooms. While he was successful as a teacher,<ref>"Dr. William A. Alcott", Memoirs of Teachers, Educators and Promoters of Education Literature and Science, edited by Henry Bernard; New York Brownell, 1859a, pp. 249-267.</ref> in the summer of 1824 he suffered an attack of the disfiguring, dangerous skin infection [[erysipelas]],<ref>Orcott 1873, p. 268</ref> and about this time was beginning to suffer from [[tuberculosis]]. He would suffer symptoms of both for the remainder of his life.<ref>"Dr. William Alcott," Historical Magazine, June 1859b, p. 193</ref> He began studying medicine, with the thought that the extra knowledge would aid his teaching.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alcott |first=William A. | lccn=01019657 | title=Forty years in the wilderness of pills and powders |url=https://archive.org/details/fortyyearsinwil01alcogoog | publisher=J. P. Jewett | year=1859 | location=Boston}}</ref> His formal study of medicine was brief. In the winter of 1825–26 he attended "a regular course of medical studies" in [[New Haven, Connecticut]]. In March 1826 he was granted a license to practice medicine. In addition to teaching, he practiced medicine at least until 1829.<ref>"Dr. William A. Alcott, 1859a, p. 257.</ref>

==William Channing Woodbridge and early writing==

In the spring of 1830 he met [[William Channing Woodbridge]]. Woodbridge had just returned from Europe and was in the process of revising his second geography. Alcott at first worked as an assistant to Woodbridge<ref name="BDA1906" /> for which he was paid twelve dollars a month to check facts and improve maps. The two became close friends. In 1831, Woodbridge purchased the ''American Journal of Education'' and renamed it ''American Annals of Education And Instruction''. The two men then moved to Boston. Alcott wrote many articles for the journal, especially those dealing with school design and physical education. Even after Woodbridge lost control of the Journal in 1836 and became its foreign editor, Alcott became its Editor in 1837.<ref>"Dr. William A. Alcott", 1859a, pp. 163-164.</ref> He would later publish a poignant memoir of Woodbridge's life.<ref>Alcott, William A. "William C. Woodbridge," Memoirs of Teachers, Educators and Promoters of Education Literature and Science, edited by Henry Bernard, New York: Brownell, 1859, p. 51–64.</ref> While still teaching he had begun to contribute articles to newspapers and started work on the book that would become ''The Young Man's Guide''.<ref>"Dr. William A. Alcott, 1859a, p. 266.</ref>

==Later life==

On June 14, 1836, he married Phebe Lewis Bronson (June 14, 1812 – November 9, 1907). They had three children. For a time they shared a house, Cottage Place, with the family of his old friend and cousin Amos Bronson Alcott. In the 1840s William moved to the town of [[Newton, Massachusetts]], just outside Boston. Eventually he would settle into a house in [[Auburndale, Massachusetts|Auburndale]] in the town of Newton. He died here<ref name="BDA1906" /> of a lung infection. He worked until the day before he died. William Alcott is buried in Newton Cemetery.<ref>Orcutt 1873, p. 267</ref>

== ''"Vegetable Diet"'' ==
[[File:The American Vegetarian and Health Journal.jpg|200px|thumb|The American Vegetarian and Health Journal - Published by The American Vegetarian Society (AVS) - 1853]]

Alcott published "''Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages.''" in 1838. It is his best known work<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Vegetarianism - William Andrus Alcott (1798-1859)|url=https://ivu.org/history/usa19/william-alcott.html|access-date=2020-06-30|website=ivu.org}}</ref> and is significant to the medical literature about a vegetarian diet.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bramen|first=Lisa|title=The Long Marriage of Vegetarianism and Social Activism|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-long-marriage-of-vegetarianism-and-social-activism-104917526/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> A second edition was published in 1849 "with an added cookbook and medical testimonies supporting what today would be called a vegan diet."<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Alcott and the cultural meaning of medical knowledge in the nineteenth century - Hektoen International|url=https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/william-alcott-and-the-cultural-meaning-of-medical-knowledge-in-the-nineteenth-century/|access-date=2020-08-23|website=hekint.org}}</ref>

In 2009, author Andrew Smith said in the book "Eating History" that "Vegetable Diet" was "America's first vegetarian cookbook."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Andrew F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxmNAgAAQBAJ&q=Dr.+Alcott+%22Vegetable+Diet%22&pg=PA31|title=Eating History: Thirty Turning Points in the Making of American Cuisine|date=2009-09-18|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51175-9|language=en}}</ref> In 2020, journalist [[Avery Yale Kamila]] wrote: "The book is considered a seminal work in the cannon of American [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] literature."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kamila|first=Avery Yale|date=2020-03-29|title=Vegan Kitchen: A meat-free diet in Maine is nothing new|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2020/03/29/a-meat-free-diet-in-maine-is-nothing-new/|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Press Herald}}</ref> The book contains letters written by physicians, including [[Horace A. Barrows]], about vegetarian diets. The book is still in print.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daley|first=Bill|date=2013-12-04|title=The history of America, in cookbooks|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/life/food-drink/the-history-of-america-in-cookbooks/|access-date=2020-06-30|website=The Seattle Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

The book is included in the American Antiquarian Cookbook Collection.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delicious history: The American story told in cookbook series {{!}} Food and Cooking {{!}} siouxcityjournal.com|url=https://siouxcityjournal.com/lifestyles/food-and-cooking/delicious-history-the-american-story-told-in-cookbook-series/article_cd3b547d-4069-5c68-8f6c-e8c315d71ddc.amp.html|access-date=2020-10-12|website=siouxcityjournal.com|date=December 4, 2013 }}</ref> In 2012, the book was republished by Andrews McMeel publishing with an introduction by [[Anna Thomas]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vegetable Diet|url=https://publishing.andrewsmcmeel.com/book/vegetable-diet/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=Andrews McMeel Publishing|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Ideas, diet and morals==

Alcott became one of the most prolific authors in early American history. He wrote frequently on the topics of education and health. In 1836 he wrote a letter to the editor of the ''[[Boston Medical and Surgical Journal]]'' titled "The Graham System" (May 4, p.&nbsp;199-201; he signed it "M.D." The cause of greatest interest to Alcott throughout his life was vegetarianism. In 1850 he wrote three long letters on vegetarianism to the editor of the ''[[New York Tribune]]'' - at the request of the editor (Aug 14, Nov. 6). Here he shows clearly that his preference was for a diet that used no animal products - what would today be called a [[Veganism|vegan]] diet.

Alcott opposed the consumption of [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], [[coffee]], [[meat]], [[spices]] and [[tea]].<ref name="Smith 2013">Smith, Andrew F. (2013). ''Food and Drink in American History, Volume 1''. ABC-CLIO. p. 16. {{ISBN|978-1-61069-232-8}}</ref> He argued against the use of [[condiment]]s which were "stimulating" substances. He rejected the use of ginger, fennel, cardamom, mace, nutmeg and coriander. He believed that [[garlic]], [[horseradish]], [[molasses]] and [[sauce]]s were disgusting and indecent "drugs".<ref name="Smith 2013"/>

Alcott wrote ''The Physiology of Marriage'' in 1856. He deplored free [[courtship]] manners. He specifically deplored "conversation which is too excitable", "presence of exciting books", "unnecessary heat", and many other courtship practices prevalent in 18th century America but steadily going out of fashion by 1856. He warned young people of the dangers of courtship. He is criticized by modern-day feminists for his "rigidity".{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

In Boston, Alcott edited the ''Moral Reformer'' (1835–1839), a journal dedicated to eliminating intemperance, gluttony, and licentiousness.<ref name="Fletcher 1971">Fletcher, Robert Samuel. (1971). ''A History of Oberlin College: From its Foundation Through the Civil War, Volume 1''. Arno Press. p. 319</ref><ref>Numbers, Ronald L. (2008). ''Prophetess of Health: A Study of Ellen G. White''. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 105. {{ISBN|978-0-8028-0395-5}}</ref> He was the editor of the vegetarian ''Library of Health'' journal.<ref>Shprintzen, Adam D. (2013). ''The Vegetarian Crusade: The Rise of an American Reform Movement, 1817-1921''. University of North Carolina Press. p. 37. {{ISBN|978-1-4696-0891-4}}</ref> In 1840, the ''Moral Reformer'' and ''[[The Graham Journal of Health and Longevity]]'' were merged in the ''Library of Health''.<ref name="Fletcher 1971"/>

Alcott was a founding member of the [[American Physiological Society (1837 organization)|American Physiological Society]] in 1837, America's first vegetarian organization.<ref>Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael. (2004). ''Vegetarian America: A History''. Praeger Publishing. pp. 36-37. {{ISBN|978-0275975197}}</ref> He was a founding member (in 1850) and the first president of the American Vegetarian Society.<ref>[http://www.ivu.org/history/societies/americanvs.html International Vegetarian Union – History of Vegetarianism – American Vegetarian Society<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==Books==
==Books==
In all, he wrote about one hundred books, which were influential in reforming educational methods and improving people's physical and moral well-being.<ref name="BDA1906" />
*''Confessions of a School Master'' 1839<ref>[http://www.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?DocID=2047 Old Sturbridge Village | Explore & Learn | OSV Documents - William Alcott’s First Day as a School Master<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

*''The Young Man’s Guide'' 1834<ref>[http://www.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?DocID=1131 Old Sturbridge Village | Explore & Learn | OSV Documents - Advice on Choosing a Wife<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.nimbus.org/ElectronicTexts/YgMnsGde.1836.html online text</ref>
*''The Young Woman's Guide''<ref>[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=9054 Project Gutenberg Edition of The Young Woman's Guide<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''The Young Woman's Guide'', 1833<ref>[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=9054 Project Gutenberg Edition of The Young Woman's Guide<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[https://www.gallerybookshop.com/book/9781835917831 "First published in 1833"]</ref>
*''The Young Man's Guide'', 1834
*''The Use of Tobacco: Its Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Effects on The Human System'' 1836<ref>[http://medicolegal.tripod.com/alcott1836.htm Use of Tobacco: Physical, Intellectual, Moral Effects on Human System (1836), by Alcott, William A., M.D<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*[https://archive.org/details/moralreformeran00alcogoog/page/n6/mode/2up ''The Moral Reformer, and Teacher on the Human Constitution''], Vol. 1, 1835; Vol. 2, 1836. Edited by Alcott.
*''Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men, and by Experience in All Ages'' 1838
*''The Use of Tobacco: Its Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Effects on The Human System'', 1836<ref>[http://medicolegal.tripod.com/alcott1836.htm Use of Tobacco: Physical, Intellectual, Moral Effects on Human System (1836), by Alcott, William A., M.D<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''Art of Good Behavior'' 1848
*[https://archive.org/details/houseilivein00alcorich/page/n13/mode/2up ''The House I Live In; or The Human Body''], 1837
*''The Young Housekeeper'' 1842<ref>[http://www.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?Action=View&DocID=864 Old Sturbridge Village | Explore & Learn | OSV Documents - The Ward Families and Their "Helps": Domestic Work, Workers, and Relationships on a New England Farm, 1787-1866<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*[https://archive.org/details/vegetabledietass00alco ''Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men, and by Experience in All Ages''], 1838
*''The Young Mother Or Management Of Children In Regard To Health''<ref>[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=10482 Project Gutenberg Edition of The Young Mother: or, Management of Children in Regard to Health<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*[https://archive.org/details/63830040R.nlm.nih.gov/page/n1/mode/2up ''Tea And Coffee''], 1839
*''Tea And Coffee: Their Physical, Intellectual And Moral Effect On The Human System And Are They Injurious?''
*''Confessions of a School Master'', 1839<ref>[http://www.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?DocID=2047 Old Sturbridge Village | Explore & Learn | OSV Documents - William Alcott’s First Day as a School Master<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''The Young Housekeeper'', 1842<ref>[http://www.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?Action=View&DocID=864 Old Sturbridge Village | Explore & Learn | OSV Documents - The Ward Families and Their "Helps": Domestic Work, Workers, and Relationships on a New England Farm, 1787-1866<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''The Boy’s Guide to Usefulness'', 1845
*''Art of Good Behavior'', 1848
*''The Young Mother: or, Management of Children in Regard to Health''<ref>[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=10482 Project Gutenberg Edition of The Young Mother: or, Management of Children in Regard to Health<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''The Young Mother''
*''The Young Mother''
*''Adventures of Lot, the Nephew of Abraham''<ref>[http://www.nimbus.org/ElectronicTexts/Adventures.of.Lot.html Electronic Text of William A Alcott's "The Adventures Of Lot"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''Adventures of Lot, the Nephew of Abraham''<ref>[http://www.nimbus.org/ElectronicTexts/Adventures.of.Lot.html Electronic Text of William A Alcott's "The Adventures Of Lot"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''Familiar letters to young men on various subjects.: Designed as a companion to The young man's guide.''<ref>http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=AJF2317 page images</ref>
*[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=AJF2317 ''Familiar letters to young men on various subjects.: Designed as a companion to The young man's guide''], 1850
*''TRUST IN THE LORD; OR THE STORY OF ELIJAH AND THE RAVENS.''<ref>[http://www.nimbus.org/ElectronicTexts/ElijahandtheRavens.html Elijah the Tishbite - Alcott, Wm A<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''Trust in the Lord; or the Story of Elijah and the Ravens.''<ref>[http://www.nimbus.org/ElectronicTexts/ElijahandtheRavens.html Elijah the Tishbite - Alcott, Wm A<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''S T O R I E S Of ELIOT AND THE INDIANS.''<ref>[http://www.nimbus.org/ElectronicTexts/eliotandindians.html Stories of Eliot and the Indians<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''Stories of Eliot and the Indians''<ref>[http://www.nimbus.org/ElectronicTexts/eliotandindians.html Stories of Eliot and the Indians<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''Lectures on Life and Health, Or, The Laws and Means of Physical Culture'' 1853<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&id=5QIAAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22William+A+Alcott%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=p6x1NvvmEJ&sig=of2O1KkEuJ1o-kcUnNKjvS578-s google books text]</ref>
*''Lectures on Life and Health, Or, The Laws and Means of Physical Culture'', 1853<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lecturesonlifea00alcogoog <!-- quote="William A Alcott". --> Internet Archive text]</ref>
* ''The Physiology of Marriage'', 1856
*''The House I Live In'' The first Anatomy book for the general public.<ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/sci;302/5643/232.pdf ''The Anatomical mission to Burma'' Sciencemag]</ref>
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34038 ''Forty Years in the Wilderness of Pills and Powders''], 1859
*[http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/61360070R ''The Laws of Health: Or, Sequel to "The House I Live In"''], 1859

==See also==
*[[List of vegetarians]]


== References ==
== References ==

Hyowitz, Carol; Weissman, Michaele: A History of Women In America
===Notes===
<references/>
<references group="lower-alpha" />

===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="BDA1906">{{harvnb|Johnson|1906|p=69}}</ref>
}}

===Sources===
* Alcott, William A. "Memoir of William C. Woodbridge" ''American Journal of Education'' 5 (1858) 51-64
* Hyowitz, Carol; Weissman, Michaele: ''A History of Women In America''
* {{BDA1906 |wstitle= Alcott, William Alexander |volume= 1 |page=69 |short=}}
* {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Alcott, William Alexander |short=x}}
* {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Alcott, William Alexander |short=x}}
* {{Cite AMB1920|wstitle=Alcott, William Alexander |short=x}}

==External links==
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/27/opinion/27sat2.html For Want of a Nurse
* {{Gutenberg author | id=2959}}
*http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Alcott%2C%20William%20A.%20(William%20Andrus)%2C%201798-1859
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Andrus Alcott}}
*{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n50-82820}}
*{{Gutenberg author|id=William_A._Alcott|name=William A. Alcott}}
* {{Librivox author |id=10017}}
* [http://www.animal-rights-library.com/authors-c/alcott.htm William A. Alcott] at the Animal Rights Library

{{Vegetarianism<!--|state=expanded-->}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Children's literature|Food|Medicine|United States}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Alcott, William}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alcott, William}}
[[Category:American writers]]
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:American vegetarians]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American educators]]
[[Category:19th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American physicians]]
[[Category:American children's writers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American vegetarianism activists]]
[[Category:People associated with physical culture]]
[[Category:Opponents of tea drinking]]
[[Category:American magazine editors]]
[[Category:Writers from Dedham, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Alcott family]]

Latest revision as of 21:30, 10 December 2024

William Alcott
Born
William Andrus Alcott

(1798-08-06)August 6, 1798
Wolcott, Connecticut, U.S.
DiedMarch 29, 1859(1859-03-29) (aged 60)
Auburndale, Massachusetts, U.S.
Other namesWilliam Alexander Alcott
EducationYale School of Medicine
Occupation(s)Educator, physician, author
Signature

William Andrus Alcott (August 6, 1798 – March 29, 1859), also known as William Alexander Alcott, was an American educator, educational reformer, physician, vegetarian and author of many books. His works, which include a wide range of topics including educational reform, physical education, school house design, family life, and diet, are still widely cited today.

Early life and family

[edit]

William Alcott was born in Wolcott, Connecticut.[1] His father, Obedience Alcox (1776–1847), was a farmer; in the 1820s, like many members of the family, he altered the spelling of his last name, which on his tombstone appears as "Obid. Alcott".[a] His mother was Anna Andrus (1777–1864), who was the daughter of a Revolutionary War soldier and William's most important educational influence.[2] He attended local schools and became a close friend of his near neighbor Amos Bronson Alcott, who would later enjoy wide fame as a philosopher and as the father of writer Louisa May Alcott. Although sometimes described simply as "cousins" the two were actually second cousins; William's grandfather David Alcott (1740–1841) was the brother of Amos Bronson Alcott's grandfather, Captain John Alcott. The two boys shared books, exchanged ideas, and started a small library together. Odell Shepard had written of Amos Bronson Alcott, "Indeed there is a sense in which nearly everything Alcott wrote and did is attributable to William".[3]

Alcott lived in Dedham, Massachusetts, where he was the superintendent of the Sunday School at the Allin Congregational Church.[4] He was known to walk barefoot on summer mornings from his home in the village up to Federal Hill to obtain a bucket of milk.[4]

Teaching and medical education

[edit]

At the age of 18 Alcott began teaching in a school located just a few yards from his father's house. With brief interruptions, he would continue to teach for the next nine years. His experiences as a student country school teacher would later become the subject of many of his later publications. He observed that the benches used by students were often painful and, at his own expense built backs onto the benches; these became the ancestors of the later school desks. He campaigned for better heating and ventilation in schools. He labored to improve the intellectual content of classrooms. While he was successful as a teacher,[5] in the summer of 1824 he suffered an attack of the disfiguring, dangerous skin infection erysipelas,[6] and about this time was beginning to suffer from tuberculosis. He would suffer symptoms of both for the remainder of his life.[7] He began studying medicine, with the thought that the extra knowledge would aid his teaching.[8] His formal study of medicine was brief. In the winter of 1825–26 he attended "a regular course of medical studies" in New Haven, Connecticut. In March 1826 he was granted a license to practice medicine. In addition to teaching, he practiced medicine at least until 1829.[9]

William Channing Woodbridge and early writing

[edit]

In the spring of 1830 he met William Channing Woodbridge. Woodbridge had just returned from Europe and was in the process of revising his second geography. Alcott at first worked as an assistant to Woodbridge[10] for which he was paid twelve dollars a month to check facts and improve maps. The two became close friends. In 1831, Woodbridge purchased the American Journal of Education and renamed it American Annals of Education And Instruction. The two men then moved to Boston. Alcott wrote many articles for the journal, especially those dealing with school design and physical education. Even after Woodbridge lost control of the Journal in 1836 and became its foreign editor, Alcott became its Editor in 1837.[11] He would later publish a poignant memoir of Woodbridge's life.[12] While still teaching he had begun to contribute articles to newspapers and started work on the book that would become The Young Man's Guide.[13]

Later life

[edit]

On June 14, 1836, he married Phebe Lewis Bronson (June 14, 1812 – November 9, 1907). They had three children. For a time they shared a house, Cottage Place, with the family of his old friend and cousin Amos Bronson Alcott. In the 1840s William moved to the town of Newton, Massachusetts, just outside Boston. Eventually he would settle into a house in Auburndale in the town of Newton. He died here[10] of a lung infection. He worked until the day before he died. William Alcott is buried in Newton Cemetery.[14]

"Vegetable Diet"

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The American Vegetarian and Health Journal - Published by The American Vegetarian Society (AVS) - 1853

Alcott published "Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages." in 1838. It is his best known work[15] and is significant to the medical literature about a vegetarian diet.[16] A second edition was published in 1849 "with an added cookbook and medical testimonies supporting what today would be called a vegan diet."[17]

In 2009, author Andrew Smith said in the book "Eating History" that "Vegetable Diet" was "America's first vegetarian cookbook."[18] In 2020, journalist Avery Yale Kamila wrote: "The book is considered a seminal work in the cannon of American vegetarian literature."[19] The book contains letters written by physicians, including Horace A. Barrows, about vegetarian diets. The book is still in print.[20]

The book is included in the American Antiquarian Cookbook Collection.[21] In 2012, the book was republished by Andrews McMeel publishing with an introduction by Anna Thomas.[22]

Ideas, diet and morals

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Alcott became one of the most prolific authors in early American history. He wrote frequently on the topics of education and health. In 1836 he wrote a letter to the editor of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal titled "The Graham System" (May 4, p. 199-201; he signed it "M.D." The cause of greatest interest to Alcott throughout his life was vegetarianism. In 1850 he wrote three long letters on vegetarianism to the editor of the New York Tribune - at the request of the editor (Aug 14, Nov. 6). Here he shows clearly that his preference was for a diet that used no animal products - what would today be called a vegan diet.

Alcott opposed the consumption of alcohol, coffee, meat, spices and tea.[23] He argued against the use of condiments which were "stimulating" substances. He rejected the use of ginger, fennel, cardamom, mace, nutmeg and coriander. He believed that garlic, horseradish, molasses and sauces were disgusting and indecent "drugs".[23]

Alcott wrote The Physiology of Marriage in 1856. He deplored free courtship manners. He specifically deplored "conversation which is too excitable", "presence of exciting books", "unnecessary heat", and many other courtship practices prevalent in 18th century America but steadily going out of fashion by 1856. He warned young people of the dangers of courtship. He is criticized by modern-day feminists for his "rigidity".[citation needed]

In Boston, Alcott edited the Moral Reformer (1835–1839), a journal dedicated to eliminating intemperance, gluttony, and licentiousness.[24][25] He was the editor of the vegetarian Library of Health journal.[26] In 1840, the Moral Reformer and The Graham Journal of Health and Longevity were merged in the Library of Health.[24]

Alcott was a founding member of the American Physiological Society in 1837, America's first vegetarian organization.[27] He was a founding member (in 1850) and the first president of the American Vegetarian Society.[28]

Books

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In all, he wrote about one hundred books, which were influential in reforming educational methods and improving people's physical and moral well-being.[10]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Photographs are available on the commercial site Ancestry.com in several family trees

Citations

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  1. ^ Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.). "Alcott, William Alexander" . American Medical Biographies . Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company.
  2. ^ Orcutt, Samuel, History of the Town of Wolcott, Waterbury, Conn.: American Printing company, 1873, pp. 265-267, 435.
  3. ^ The Journals of Bronson Alcott, edited by Odell Shepard. Boston: Little Brown, 1958, p. xv.
  4. ^ a b Clarke, Wm. Horatio (1903). Mid-Century Memories of Dedham. Dedham Historical Society. p. 9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ "Dr. William A. Alcott", Memoirs of Teachers, Educators and Promoters of Education Literature and Science, edited by Henry Bernard; New York Brownell, 1859a, pp. 249-267.
  6. ^ Orcott 1873, p. 268
  7. ^ "Dr. William Alcott," Historical Magazine, June 1859b, p. 193
  8. ^ Alcott, William A. (1859). Forty years in the wilderness of pills and powders. Boston: J. P. Jewett. LCCN 01019657.
  9. ^ "Dr. William A. Alcott, 1859a, p. 257.
  10. ^ a b c Johnson 1906, p. 69
  11. ^ "Dr. William A. Alcott", 1859a, pp. 163-164.
  12. ^ Alcott, William A. "William C. Woodbridge," Memoirs of Teachers, Educators and Promoters of Education Literature and Science, edited by Henry Bernard, New York: Brownell, 1859, p. 51–64.
  13. ^ "Dr. William A. Alcott, 1859a, p. 266.
  14. ^ Orcutt 1873, p. 267
  15. ^ "History of Vegetarianism - William Andrus Alcott (1798-1859)". ivu.org. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  16. ^ Bramen, Lisa. "The Long Marriage of Vegetarianism and Social Activism". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  17. ^ "William Alcott and the cultural meaning of medical knowledge in the nineteenth century - Hektoen International". hekint.org. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  18. ^ Smith, Andrew F. (September 18, 2009). Eating History: Thirty Turning Points in the Making of American Cuisine. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51175-9.
  19. ^ Kamila, Avery Yale (March 29, 2020). "Vegan Kitchen: A meat-free diet in Maine is nothing new". Press Herald. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  20. ^ Daley, Bill (December 4, 2013). "The history of America, in cookbooks". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  21. ^ "Delicious history: The American story told in cookbook series | Food and Cooking | siouxcityjournal.com". siouxcityjournal.com. December 4, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  22. ^ "Vegetable Diet". Andrews McMeel Publishing. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  23. ^ a b Smith, Andrew F. (2013). Food and Drink in American History, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-61069-232-8
  24. ^ a b Fletcher, Robert Samuel. (1971). A History of Oberlin College: From its Foundation Through the Civil War, Volume 1. Arno Press. p. 319
  25. ^ Numbers, Ronald L. (2008). Prophetess of Health: A Study of Ellen G. White. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-8028-0395-5
  26. ^ Shprintzen, Adam D. (2013). The Vegetarian Crusade: The Rise of an American Reform Movement, 1817-1921. University of North Carolina Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-4696-0891-4
  27. ^ Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael. (2004). Vegetarian America: A History. Praeger Publishing. pp. 36-37. ISBN 978-0275975197
  28. ^ International Vegetarian Union – History of Vegetarianism – American Vegetarian Society
  29. ^ Project Gutenberg Edition of The Young Woman's Guide
  30. ^ "First published in 1833"
  31. ^ Use of Tobacco: Physical, Intellectual, Moral Effects on Human System (1836), by Alcott, William A., M.D
  32. ^ Old Sturbridge Village | Explore & Learn | OSV Documents - William Alcott’s First Day as a School Master
  33. ^ Old Sturbridge Village | Explore & Learn | OSV Documents - The Ward Families and Their "Helps": Domestic Work, Workers, and Relationships on a New England Farm, 1787-1866
  34. ^ Project Gutenberg Edition of The Young Mother: or, Management of Children in Regard to Health
  35. ^ Electronic Text of William A Alcott's "The Adventures Of Lot"
  36. ^ Elijah the Tishbite - Alcott, Wm A
  37. ^ Stories of Eliot and the Indians
  38. ^ Internet Archive text

Sources

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Wikiquote has quotations related to William Alcott.
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