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{{short description|Legal system of Shetland and Orkney}}
{{redirects|Udal|the legendary general|Udal of Mahoba|modern people with surname Udal|Udal (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Missing information|details of what Udal law is and how it differs from other systems of law|date=August 2008}}


{{Other uses|Udal (disambiguation){{!}}Udal}}
'''Udal law''' is a [[Norsemen|Norse]] derived [[legal system]], which is found in [[Shetland]] and [[Orkney]], [[Scotland]] and in [[Manx law]] <ref>[http://ariadne.uio.no/colmed/z-psan95.htm Collegium Medievale 8.1 (1995, publ. 1996), 5-49]</ref> in the [[Isle of Man]]. It is closely related to [[Odelsrett]].

'''Udal law''' is a [[Norsemen|Norse]]-derived [[legal system]], found in [[Shetland]] and [[Orkney]] in [[Scotland]], and in [[Manx law]]<ref>[http://ariadne.uio.no/colmed/z-psan95.htm Collegium Medievale 8.1 (1995, publ. 1996), 5-49] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623082011/http://ariadne.uio.no/colmed/z-psan95.htm |date=2007-06-23 }}</ref> in the [[Isle of Man]]. It is closely related to [[Odelsrett]]; both terms are from [[Proto-Germanic]] [[Odal (rune)|*''Ōþalan'']], meaning "heritage; inheritance".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.charles-tait.co.uk/guide/orkguide/pages/udal_law.html|title=Orkney Guide Book: Udal Law|website=www.charles-tait.co.uk|access-date=2020-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510163053/http://www.charles-tait.co.uk/guide/orkguide/pages/udal_law.html|archive-date=2020-05-10|url-status=live}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Udal law was codified by the kings [[Magnus I of Norway]] "the good" and [[Magnus VI of Norway]] "lawmender". The [[Treaty of Perth]] transferred the [[Outer Hebrides]] and Isle of Man to [[Scots law]] while Norse law and rule still applied for Shetland and Orkney.
Udal law was codified by the Norwegian kings [[Magnus I of Norway|Magnus I]] and [[Magnus VI]]. The [[Treaty of Perth]] transferred the [[Outer Hebrides]] and [[Isle of Man]] to [[Scots law]], while Norse law and rule still applied for [[Shetland]] and [[Orkney]].


[[Scottish Courts]] have intermittently acknowledged the supremacy of Udal law in property cases up to the present day. Major differences from [[Scots law]] include shore ownership rights, important for [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]]s and buried [[electrical cable|cable]]s.
The [[courts of Scotland]] have intermittently acknowledged the supremacy of udal law in property cases up to the present day. Major differences from Scots law include shore ownership rights, important for [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]]s and buried [[electrical cable|cable]]s.


Udal law generally holds sway in Shetland and Orkney, along with [[Scots law]].
Udal law generally holds sway in Shetland and Orkney, along with [[Scots law]].
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Not all land in Shetland and Orkney can be described as falling under udal tenure. The type of tenure depends on how the title arose:<ref name="L32ROS"/>
Not all land in Shetland and Orkney can be described as falling under udal tenure. The type of tenure depends on how the title arose:<ref name="L32ROS"/>


#Unwritten udal title, while rare, does exist, as udal law did not require written title deeds.
#Unwritten udal title, while rare, does exist, for udal law did not require written title deeds.
#Recorded udal titles, as entered in the [[Sasine Register]], provides proof by [[Custom (law)|prescription]] for the purposes of the Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type = act|year = 1973|chapter = 52|act = Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973}}</ref>
#Recorded udal titles, as entered in the [[Sasine Register]], provide proof by [[Custom (law)|prescription]] for the purposes of the [[Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973]].<ref>{{cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1973 |chapter=52 |act=Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973}}</ref>
#Some udal proprietors resigned their lands to the Crown in exchange for a grant of feudal title to the ''[[dominium utile]]'', thus removing the land from udal law.
#Some udal proprietors resigned their lands to [[the Crown]] in exchange for a grant of feudal title to the ''[[dominium utile]]'', thus removing the land from udal law.
#Where some [[Feu (land tenure)|feu disposition]]s arose in quasi-feudal circumstances, such as sales under the [[right to buy]] legislation with respect to [[council house]]s, the terms of the relevant deed will govern which tenure applies.
#Where some [[Feu (land tenure)|feu disposition]]s arose in quasi-feudal circumstances, such as sales under the [[right to buy]] legislation with respect to [[council house]]s, the terms of the relevant deed will govern which tenure applies.


The udal tenant held without charter by uninterrupted possession on payment to [[the Crown]], the [[kirk]], or a grantee from the Crown of a [[tribute]] called skat ({{lang-no|skatt}}, now meaning "tax"), or without such payment, the latter right being more strictly the udal right. They were convertible into [[Feu (land tenure)|feu]]s at the option of the udallers.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Udal |volume=27 |page=556}}</ref> [[Succession law]] had unique traits, as the eldest son inherited the father's main residence, while the rest of the property was shared among siblings, daughters inheriting half as much as sons.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.charles-tait.co.uk/guide/udal_law.html|title= Udal law|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 2002|website= charles-tait.co.uk|publisher= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060210015314/http://www.charles-tait.co.uk/guide/udal_law.html|archive-date= 10 February 2006|dead-url= yes}}</ref>
The udal tenant held without charter by uninterrupted possession on payment to the Crown, the [[kirk]], or a grantee from the Crown of a [[tribute]] called skat ({{langx|no|skatt}}), now meaning "tax". This is cognate with the English term [[Scot and lot|scot]], which referred to a similar payment), or without such payment, the latter right being more strictly the udal right. They were convertible into [[Feu (land tenure)|feu]]s at the option of the udallers.<ref>{{EB1911 |inline=1 |wstitle=Udal |volume=27 |page=556}}</ref> [[Succession law]] had unique traits, as the eldest son inherited the father's main residence, while the rest of the property was shared among siblings, daughters inheriting half as much as sons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charles-tait.co.uk/guide/udal_law.html |title=Udal law |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2002 |website=charles-tait.co.uk |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060210015314/http://www.charles-tait.co.uk/guide/udal_law.html |archive-date=10 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


There are several significant aspects on udal law that are not seen elsewhere in the UK:
Several significant aspects of udal law are not seen elsewhere in the UK:


#While in the rest of Britain ownership of land extends only to the [[high water mark]] (where the Crown is deemed to own what lies below it), in Orkney and Shetland it extends to the [[lowest astronomical tide]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.udallaw.com/|title= Wake Up Scotland!|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website= udallaw.com|publisher= Shetland & Orkney Udal Law Group}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050224005623/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/geography/s008.pdf|title= Research Summary: Udal law and coastal property ownership|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 2002|website= |publisher= [[University of Dundee]]}}</ref> This caused complications during the development of the [[North Sea oil|North Sea oilfields]], as builders of [[pipeline transport|pipelines]] needed permission from the foreshore owners in order to proceed with their work.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Norse landing|url= http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/norse-landing-1-547117|newspaper= [[The Scotsman]]|location= |date= 22 February 2003|access-date= }}</ref> Under the Land Registration etc. (Scotland) Act 2012,<ref>''Land Registration etc. (Scotland) Act 2012'', [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2012/5/contents/enacted 2012 asp 5]</ref> entry of title onto the [[Registers of Scotland|Land Register of Scotland]] must include a [[cadastre|cadastral plan]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ros.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/11386/General_Guidance_CM_water_boundaries.pdf|title= The cadastral map{{em dash}}the land register and land covered by water|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 17 June 2016|publisher= [[Registers of Scotland]]}}</ref> but the foreshore on such plans needs only to be drawn at the mean low water mark of ordinary spring tides.<ref name="ULOS">{{cite web |url= https://rosdev.atlassian.net/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=74548536|title= Udal Law and the Foreshore in Orkney & Shetland|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 13 March 2017|publisher= [[Registers of Scotland]]}}</ref> Where udal title exists, an appropriate note must be inserted on the plan to indicate that title extends to the lowest ebb.<ref name="ULOS"/>
#While in the rest of Britain ownership of land extends only to the [[high water mark]] (where the Crown is deemed to own what lies below it), in Orkney and Shetland it extends to the [[lowest astronomical tide]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.udallaw.com/ |title=Wake Up Scotland! |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=udallaw.com |publisher=Shetland & Orkney Udal Law Group |access-date=2004-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050123154951/http://udallaw.com/ |archive-date=2005-01-23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/geography/s008.pdf |title= Research Summary: Udal law and coastal property ownership |author= <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2002 |publisher=[[University of Dundee]] |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050224005623/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/geography/s008.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2005 }}</ref> This caused complications during the development of the [[North Sea oil]]fields, for builders of [[pipeline transport|pipelines]] needed permission from the foreshore owners in order to proceed with their work.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Norse landing |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/norse-landing-1-547117 |newspaper=[[The Scotsman]] |date=22 February 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603024733/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/norse-landing-1-547117 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the [[Land Registration etc. (Scotland) Act 2012]],<ref>''Land Registration etc. (Scotland) Act 2012'', [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2012/5/contents/enacted 2012 asp 5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410191611/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2012/5/contents/enacted |date=2017-04-10 }}</ref> entry of title onto the [[Registers of Scotland|Land Register of Scotland]] must include a [[cadastre|cadastral plan]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ros.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/11386/General_Guidance_CM_water_boundaries.pdf|title= The cadastral map{{em dash}}the land register and land covered by water|author= <!--Not stated-->|date= 17 June 2016|publisher= [[Registers of Scotland]]|access-date= 16 March 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233426/https://www.ros.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/11386/General_Guidance_CM_water_boundaries.pdf|archive-date= 17 March 2017|url-status= dead}}</ref> but the foreshore on such plans needs only to be drawn at the mean low water mark of ordinary spring tides.<ref name="ULOS">{{cite web |url=https://rosdev.atlassian.net/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=74548536 |title=Udal Law and the Foreshore in Orkney & Shetland |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=13 March 2017 |publisher=[[Registers of Scotland]] |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317144349/https://rosdev.atlassian.net/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=74548536 |archive-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Where udal title exists, an appropriate note must be inserted on the plan to indicate that title extends to the lowest ebb.<ref name="ULOS"/>
#[[Swan]]s, which are the property of the Crown elsewhere in the UK, are the property of the people in Orkney and Shetland.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Sir Peter's taste for swan has him fall foul of law|url= http://www.scotsman.com/news/sir-peter-s-taste-for-swan-has-him-fall-foul-of-law-1-740320|newspaper= [[The Scotsman]]|location= |date= 19 March 2005|access-date= }}</ref>
#[[Swan]]s, which are the property of the Crown elsewhere in the UK, are the property of the people in Orkney and Shetland.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Sir Peter's taste for swan has him fall foul of law |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/sir-peter-s-taste-for-swan-has-him-fall-foul-of-law-1-740320 |newspaper=[[The Scotsman]] |date=19 March 2005 |access-date=December 11, 2024}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725172726/http://www.scotsman.com/news/sir-peter-s-taste-for-swan-has-him-fall-foul-of-law-1-740320 |archive-date=25 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Modern land reform==
==Modern land reform==
The [[Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000]] extinguished any remaining obligations to pay skat, effective 28 November 2004.<ref name="L32ROS">{{cite web |url= https://rosdev.atlassian.net/wiki/display/2ARM/Udal+Tenure|title= Legal Manual - L32: Udal Tenure|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 21 July 2015 |publisher= [[Registers of Scotland]]}}</ref> In addition, the Land Registration (Scotland) Act 1979 (as amended by the [[Title Conditions (Scotland) Act 2003]]) provides that, as of 1 April 2003, first registration will be required on any transfer of an interest in udal tenure that had not previously been entered in the [[Registers of Scotland|Land Register]], as real rights can only be obtained by registration.<ref name="L32ROS"/>
The [[Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000]] extinguished any remaining obligations to pay skat (ignoring whatever vestigial or forgotten laws not in effect), effective 28 November 2004.<ref name="L32ROS">{{cite web |url=https://rosdev.atlassian.net/wiki/display/2ARM/Udal+Tenure |title=Legal Manual - L32: Udal Tenure |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=21 July 2015 |publisher=[[Registers of Scotland]] |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418045606/https://rosdev.atlassian.net/wiki/display/2ARM/Udal+Tenure |archive-date=18 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the Land Registration (Scotland) Act 1979 (as amended by the [[Title Conditions (Scotland) Act 2003]]) provides that, as of 1 April 2003, first registration will be required on any transfer of an interest in udal tenure that had not previously been entered in the [[Registers of Scotland|Land Register]], as real rights can only be obtained by registration.<ref name="L32ROS"/>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 36: Line 38:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last= Drever|first= W.P.|date= 1900|title= Udal Law in the Orkneys and Zetland|url= |location= Edinburgh|publisher= William Green & Sons|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |editor-last= Chisholm|editor-first= J.|last=Drever |first=W. P. |date=1900 |title=Green's Encyclopaedia of the Law of Scotland|volume=XIII|pages=28–38|chapter=Udal Law |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/greensencyclopae13chis/page/n39|location=Edinburgh |publisher=William Green & Sons }}
* {{cite journal |last1= Drever|first1= W.P.|date= 1904|title= Udal Law and the Foreshore|url= http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jure16&div=16&id=&page=|journal= The Juridical Review|volume= 16|issue= |pages= 189|doi= |access-date= }}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Drever |first1=W. P. |date=1904 |title=Udal Law and the Foreshore |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jure16&div=16&id=&page= |journal=The Juridical Review |volume=16 |pages=189 }}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite book |last= Jones|first= Michael R.H.|date= 1996|title= Shetland's Northern Links: Language & History|chapter= Perceptions of Udal Law in Orkney and Shetland|chapter-url= https://ssns.org.uk/resources/Documents/Books/ShetlandNL_1996/14_Jones_ShetlandNL_1996_pp_186-204.pdf|location= Edinburgh|publisher= Scottish Society for Northern Studies|pages= 186-204|isbn= 0-95059949-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Michael R. H. |date=1996 |title=Shetland's Northern Links: Language & History |chapter=Perceptions of Udal Law in Orkney and Shetland |chapter-url=https://ssns.org.uk/resources/Documents/Books/ShetlandNL_1996/14_Jones_ShetlandNL_1996_pp_186-204.pdf |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Scottish Society for Northern Studies |pages=186–204 |isbn=0-95059949-2 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181017001847/https://ssns.org.uk/resources/Documents/Books/ShetlandNL_1996/14_Jones_ShetlandNL_1996_pp_186-204.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2018}}
* {{cite thesis |last= Linklater|first= Eileen|date= 2002|title= Udal Law - Past, Present and Future?|type= LLB (Hons) |publisher= [[University of Strathclyde]] |url= http://www.udallaw.com/downloads/dissertation.pdf|ref=harv}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Linklater |first=Eileen |date=2002 |title=Udal Law – Past, Present and Future? |type=LLB (Hons) |publisher=[[University of Strathclyde]] |url=http://www.udallaw.com/downloads/dissertation.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last= Ryder|first= Jane|date= 1988|title= Udal Law: An Introduction|url= http://ssns.org.uk/resources/Documents/NorthernStudies/Vol25/Ryder_1988_Vol_25_pp_1_20.pdf|journal= Northern Studies|publisher= Scottish Society for Northern Studies|location=Edinburgh|volume= 25|issue= |pages= 1–20|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ryder |first=Jane |date=1988 |title=Udal Law: An Introduction |url=http://ssns.org.uk/resources/Documents/NorthernStudies/Vol25/Ryder_1988_Vol_25_pp_1_20.pdf |journal=Northern Studies |publisher=Scottish Society for Northern Studies |location=Edinburgh |volume=25 |pages=1–20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181017042950/http://ssns.org.uk/resources/Documents/NorthernStudies/Vol25/Ryder_1988_Vol_25_pp_1_20.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2018|url-status= dead}}
* {{cite BAILII|litigants=Lord Advocate v University of Aberdeen & Budge|link=|court=ScotCS|scotcase=IH|year=1963|num=1|reporter=SC|firstpage=533|parallelcite=1963 SLT 361|date=2 August 1963}}
* {{cite BAILII |litigants=Lord Advocate v University of Aberdeen & Budge |link= |court=ScotCS |scotcase=IH |year=1963 |num=1 |reporter=SC |firstpage=533 |parallelcite=1963 SLT 361 |date=2 August 1963}}


==References==
==References==
Line 47: Line 49:


==External links==
==External links==
* {{cite web |url= http://www.orcadian.co.uk/archive/udallaw.htm|title= What is the future for udal law?|last1= Anderson|first1= Richard N.M.|date= 2001|website= orcadian.co.uk|publisher= Orcadian News Archives|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110614014856/http://www.orcadian.co.uk/archive/udallaw.htm|archive-date= 14 June 2011|dead-url= yes}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.orcadian.co.uk/archive/udallaw.htm|title= What is the future for udal law?|last1= Anderson|first1= Richard N. M.|date= 2001|website= orcadian.co.uk|publisher= Orcadian News Archives|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110614014856/http://www.orcadian.co.uk/archive/udallaw.htm|archive-date= 14 June 2011|url-status= dead}}


{{Scandinavian Scotland|state=autocollapse}}
{{Scandinavian Scotland|state=autocollapse}}
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[[Category:Orkney]]
[[Category:Orkney]]
[[Category:Shetland]]
[[Category:Shetland]]
[[Category:Viking Age]]
[[Category:Legal codes]]
[[Category:Legal codes]]
[[Category:Manx law| ]]
[[Category:Law of the Isle of Man| ]]
[[Category:Norse activity in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scandinavian Scotland]]
[[Category:Medieval law]]
[[Category:Medieval Scots law]]


{{Scotland-law-stub}}
{{Scotland-hist-stub}}

Latest revision as of 22:17, 10 December 2024

For other uses, see Udal.

Udal law is a Norse-derived legal system, found in Shetland and Orkney in Scotland, and in Manx law[1] in the Isle of Man. It is closely related to Odelsrett; both terms are from Proto-Germanic *Ōþalan, meaning "heritage; inheritance".[2]

History

[edit]

Udal law was codified by the Norwegian kings Magnus I and Magnus VI. The Treaty of Perth transferred the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Man to Scots law, while Norse law and rule still applied for Shetland and Orkney.

The courts of Scotland have intermittently acknowledged the supremacy of udal law in property cases up to the present day. Major differences from Scots law include shore ownership rights, important for pipelines and buried cables.

Udal law generally holds sway in Shetland and Orkney, along with Scots law.

Description

[edit]

Not all land in Shetland and Orkney can be described as falling under udal tenure. The type of tenure depends on how the title arose:[3]

  1. Unwritten udal title, while rare, does exist, for udal law did not require written title deeds.
  2. Recorded udal titles, as entered in the Sasine Register, provide proof by prescription for the purposes of the Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973.[4]
  3. Some udal proprietors resigned their lands to the Crown in exchange for a grant of feudal title to the dominium utile, thus removing the land from udal law.
  4. Where some feu dispositions arose in quasi-feudal circumstances, such as sales under the right to buy legislation with respect to council houses, the terms of the relevant deed will govern which tenure applies.

The udal tenant held without charter by uninterrupted possession on payment to the Crown, the kirk, or a grantee from the Crown of a tribute called skat (Norwegian: skatt), now meaning "tax". This is cognate with the English term scot, which referred to a similar payment), or without such payment, the latter right being more strictly the udal right. They were convertible into feus at the option of the udallers.[5] Succession law had unique traits, as the eldest son inherited the father's main residence, while the rest of the property was shared among siblings, daughters inheriting half as much as sons.[6]

Several significant aspects of udal law are not seen elsewhere in the UK:

  1. While in the rest of Britain ownership of land extends only to the high water mark (where the Crown is deemed to own what lies below it), in Orkney and Shetland it extends to the lowest astronomical tide.[7][8] This caused complications during the development of the North Sea oilfields, for builders of pipelines needed permission from the foreshore owners in order to proceed with their work.[9] Under the Land Registration etc. (Scotland) Act 2012,[10] entry of title onto the Land Register of Scotland must include a cadastral plan,[11] but the foreshore on such plans needs only to be drawn at the mean low water mark of ordinary spring tides.[12] Where udal title exists, an appropriate note must be inserted on the plan to indicate that title extends to the lowest ebb.[12]
  2. Swans, which are the property of the Crown elsewhere in the UK, are the property of the people in Orkney and Shetland.[13]

Modern land reform

[edit]

The Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 extinguished any remaining obligations to pay skat (ignoring whatever vestigial or forgotten laws not in effect), effective 28 November 2004.[3] In addition, the Land Registration (Scotland) Act 1979 (as amended by the Title Conditions (Scotland) Act 2003) provides that, as of 1 April 2003, first registration will be required on any transfer of an interest in udal tenure that had not previously been entered in the Land Register, as real rights can only be obtained by registration.[3]

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Drever, W. P. (1900). "Udal Law". In Chisholm, J. (ed.). Green's Encyclopaedia of the Law of Scotland. Vol. XIII. Edinburgh: William Green & Sons. pp. 28–38.
  • Drever, W. P. (1904). "Udal Law and the Foreshore". The Juridical Review. 16: 189.(subscription required)
  • Jones, Michael R. H. (1996). "Perceptions of Udal Law in Orkney and Shetland" (PDF). Shetland's Northern Links: Language & History. Edinburgh: Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 186–204. ISBN 0-95059949-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2018.
  • Linklater, Eileen (2002). Udal Law – Past, Present and Future? (PDF) (LLB (Hons)). University of Strathclyde.
  • Ryder, Jane (1988). "Udal Law: An Introduction" (PDF). Northern Studies. 25. Edinburgh: Scottish Society for Northern Studies: 1–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2018.
  • Lord Advocate v University of Aberdeen & Budge [1963] CSIH 1, 1963 SC 533, 1963 SLT 361 (2 August 1963)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Collegium Medievale 8.1 (1995, publ. 1996), 5-49 Archived 2007-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Orkney Guide Book: Udal Law". www.charles-tait.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  3. ^ a b c "Legal Manual - L32: Udal Tenure". Registers of Scotland. 21 July 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  4. ^ "Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1973 c. 52
  5. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Udal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 556.
  6. ^ "Udal law". charles-tait.co.uk. 2002. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006.
  7. ^ "Wake Up Scotland!". udallaw.com. Shetland & Orkney Udal Law Group. Archived from the original on 23 January 2005. Retrieved 29 December 2004.
  8. ^ "Research Summary: Udal law and coastal property ownership" (PDF). University of Dundee. 2002. Archived from the original on 24 February 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. ^ "Norse landing". The Scotsman. 22 February 2003. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016.
  10. ^ Land Registration etc. (Scotland) Act 2012, 2012 asp 5 Archived 2017-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "The cadastral map—the land register and land covered by water" (PDF). Registers of Scotland. 17 June 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  12. ^ a b "Udal Law and the Foreshore in Orkney & Shetland". Registers of Scotland. 13 March 2017. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  13. ^ "Sir Peter's taste for swan has him fall foul of law". The Scotsman. 19 March 2005. Retrieved 11 December 2024.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725172726/http://www.scotsman.com/news/sir-peter-s-taste-for-swan-has-him-fall-foul-of-law-1-740320 |archive-date=25 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}
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