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'''Josefine Pola Stout''' ([[née]] '''Weinbach''', January 8, 1902 – October 12, 1984) was an American designer best known for creating fine woolen fabrics. Born in [[Stryi|Stryj]], she studied with [[Josef Hoffmann]] at the [[University of Applied Arts Vienna|Kunstgewerbe Schule]] in [[Vienna]], and designed for the [[Wiener Werkstätte]] before she immigrated to the United States in 1925 with her first husband, architect and designer [[Wolfgang Hoffmann]]. Wolfgang and '''Pola Hoffmann''' became a prominent interior design team that contributed to the development of [[American modernism]] in the early 20th century. They dissolved their successful partnership in 1932, when she married popular [[mystery]] author [[Rex Stout]]. Pola Stout was an influential [[Textile design|textile designer]] after her second marriage. She was executor of Rex Stout's literary estate after her husband's death in [[1975]].
'''Josefine Pola Stout''' ([[née]] '''Weinbach''', January 8, 1902 – October 12, 1984) was an American designer best known for creating fine woolen fabrics. Born in [[Stryi]], she studied with [[Josef Hoffmann]] at the [[University of Applied Arts Vienna|Kunstgewerbe Schule]] in [[Vienna]], and designed for the [[Wiener Werkstätte]] before she immigrated to the United States in 1925 with her first husband, architect and designer [[Wolfgang Hoffmann]]. Wolfgang and '''Pola Hoffmann''' became a prominent interior design team that contributed to the development of [[American modernism]] in the early 20th century. They dissolved their successful partnership in 1932, when she married popular mystery author [[Rex Stout]]. Pola Stout was an influential textile designer after her second marriage. She was executor of Rex Stout's literary estate after her husband's death in 1975.


==Biography==
==Biography==
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During her four years of study at the Kunstgewerbe Schule, [[Pola Weinbach]] designed textiles for the [[Wiener Werkstätte]]<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/> and worked for [[Sigmund Freud]], repairing a [[Gobelins Manufactory|Gobelin tapestry]].<ref name="McAleer"/>{{Rp|551}} She then lived in Paris, working at a fabric house that supplied [[haute couture]], and then moved to Berlin.<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/> On December 28, 1925, she married Wolfgang Hoffmann,<ref Name="Howes"/> Josef Hoffmann's son, who was on his way to New York to work as an assistant to architect-designer [[Joseph Urban]]. The couple immigrated to the United States, and after nine months with Urban they formed their own independent design partnership with offices on [[Madison Avenue]] in Manhattan.<ref name="Hoffmann Modernism">{{cite web |url=http://modernism.com/designers-and-manufactures/wolfgang-hoffmann |title=Wolfgang Hoffmann |website=Modernism.com |access-date=2016-03-06}}</ref><ref name="Shaping the Modern">{{cite journal |date=2001 |title=Shaping the Modern: American Decorative Arts at The Art Institute of Chicago, 1917–65 |journal=Modern Solutions |publisher=[[Art Institute of Chicago]] |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=46–69+108–110 |isbn=9780865591875 |jstor=4102829 }}</ref>{{Rp|52}} Their first years in America were difficult; Wolfgang worked in a machine shop, and Pola made lampshades<ref name="Read"/> and women's hats.<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/>
During her four years of study at the Kunstgewerbe Schule, Pola Weinbach designed textiles for the [[Wiener Werkstätte]]<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/> and worked for [[Sigmund Freud]], repairing a [[Gobelins Manufactory|Gobelin tapestry]].<ref name="McAleer"/>{{Rp|551}} She then lived in Paris, working at a fabric house that supplied [[haute couture]], and then moved to Berlin.<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/> On December 28, 1925, she married Wolfgang Hoffmann,<ref Name="Howes"/> Josef Hoffmann's son, who was on his way to New York to work as an assistant to architect-designer [[Joseph Urban]]. The couple immigrated to the United States, and after nine months with Urban they formed their own independent design partnership with offices on [[Madison Avenue]] in Manhattan.<ref name="Hoffmann Modernism">{{cite web |url=http://modernism.com/designers-and-manufactures/wolfgang-hoffmann |title=Wolfgang Hoffmann |website=Modernism.com |access-date=2016-03-06}}</ref><ref name="Shaping the Modern">{{cite journal |date=2001 |title=Shaping the Modern: American Decorative Arts at The Art Institute of Chicago, 1917–65 |journal=Modern Solutions |publisher=[[Art Institute of Chicago]] |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=46–69+108–110 |isbn=9780865591875 |jstor=4102829 }}</ref>{{Rp|52}} Their first years in America were difficult; Wolfgang worked in a machine shop, and Pola made lampshades<ref name="Read"/> and women's hats.<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/>
Commissions began with two [[art film|art house cinemas]] in New York—the St. George Playhouse in Brooklyn (1927) and the Little Carnegie Playhouse in Manhattan (1928).<ref name="Read">{{cite news |last=Read |first=Helen Appleton |date=August 23, 1931 |title=Apostles of Modern Design: Pola and Wolfgang Hoffman Had to Wait 5 Years Before Their Ideals Were Recognized As Enduring |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/59874337/ |newspaper=The Brooklyn Eagle |access-date=2016-03-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.builtworksregistry.org/items/show/326497 |title=Little Carnegie Playhouse |website=Built Works Registry |publisher=[[Artstor]] |access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref> Located only a few steps east of [[Carnegie Hall]], the Little Carnegie was an intimate [[modernism|modernist]] theater in contrast to the opulent [[movie palace]]s then in vogue.<ref name="Little Carnegie MPN feature">{{cite magazine |date=November 17, 1928 |title=Carnegie Playhouse Is Last Word in the Little Theatre |url=https://archive.org/stream/motionpicturenew38moti#page/1543/mode/1up |magazine=Motion Picture News |page=1543|access-date=2016-03-13 }}</ref> In addition to the main auditorium, the unique layout included an art gallery, bridge room, ping-pong room and a lounge and dance floor.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 17, 1928 |title=Regional News from Correspondents, New York and New Jersey |url=https://archive.org/stream/motionpicturenew38moti#page/1540/mode/1up |magazine=Motion Picture News |page=1540|access-date=2016-03-13 }}</ref> Demolished in [[1982]], the venue was prized by sophisticated New Yorkers for its austere silver-and-black interior and its dedication to international film.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 8, 1985 |title=Little Carnegie's Screen is Lit Again |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/08/movies/little-carnegie-s-screen-is-lit-again.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2016-03-13 }}</ref>
Commissions began with two [[art film|art house cinemas]] in New York—the St. George Playhouse in Brooklyn (1927) and the Little Carnegie Playhouse in Manhattan (1928).<ref name="Read">{{cite news |last=Read |first=Helen Appleton |date=August 23, 1931 |title=Apostles of Modern Design: Pola and Wolfgang Hoffman Had to Wait 5 Years Before Their Ideals Were Recognized As Enduring |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/59874337/ |newspaper=The Brooklyn Eagle |access-date=2016-03-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.builtworksregistry.org/items/show/326497 |title=Little Carnegie Playhouse |website=Built Works Registry |publisher=[[Artstor]] |access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref> Located only a few steps east of [[Carnegie Hall]], the Little Carnegie was an intimate [[modernism|modernist]] theater in contrast to the opulent [[movie palace]]s then in vogue.<ref name="Little Carnegie MPN feature">{{cite magazine |date=November 17, 1928 |title=Carnegie Playhouse Is Last Word in the Little Theatre |url=https://archive.org/stream/motionpicturenew38moti#page/1543/mode/1up |magazine=Motion Picture News |page=1543|access-date=2016-03-13 }}</ref> In addition to the main auditorium, the unique layout included an art gallery, bridge room, ping-pong room and a lounge and dance floor.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 17, 1928 |title=Regional News from Correspondents, New York and New Jersey |url=https://archive.org/stream/motionpicturenew38moti#page/1540/mode/1up |magazine=Motion Picture News |page=1540|access-date=2016-03-13 }}</ref> Demolished in 1982, the venue was prized by sophisticated New Yorkers for its austere silver-and-black interior and its dedication to international film.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 8, 1985 |title=Little Carnegie's Screen is Lit Again |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/08/movies/little-carnegie-s-screen-is-lit-again.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2016-03-13 }}</ref>


Less known today than some of their industrial design colleagues who were more adept at self-promotion,<ref name="Machine Age"/>{{Rp|308}} Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann were among the immigrants who made significant contributions to the development of [[American modernism]] and the [[American Modern]] design aesthetic in the early 20th century.<ref name="Machine Age">{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Richard Guy |author-link1=Richard Guy Wilson |last2=Pilgrim |first2=Dianne H. |last3=Tashjian |first3=Dickran |author4-link=Brooklyn Museum |last4=Brooklyn Museum |date=1986 |title=The Machine Age in America 1918–1941 |location=New York |publisher=[[Abrams Books|Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]] |isbn=0-8109-1421-2 }}</ref>{{Rp|88}} In 1928 they were among the 14 architects and designers who founded the American Designers' Gallery—"devoted exclusively to showing objects and interiors for practical use"<ref name="Hoffmann Modernism"/>—and they were among those who established the [[American Union of Decorative Artists and Craftsmen]] (AUDAC), the most ambitious professional design group of the era.<ref name="Machine Age"/>{{Rp|296}} In 1930, AUDAC exhibited furnishings and [[decorative arts]] at the [[Grand Central Palace]] in five model rooms, one designed by the Hoffmanns. In 1931 they contributed an office interior to a large and important exhibition by AUDAC members, organized by Wolfgang Hoffmann and [[Kem Weber]] at the [[Brooklyn Museum]].<ref name="Hoffmann Modernism"/><ref name="Machine Age"/>{{Rp|88, 296}}<ref name="NYT AUDAC 1931"/>
Less known today than some of their industrial design colleagues who were more adept at self-promotion,<ref name="Machine Age"/>{{Rp|308}} Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann were among the immigrants who made significant contributions to the development of [[American modernism]] and the [[American Modern]] design aesthetic in the early 20th century.<ref name="Machine Age">{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Richard Guy |author-link1=Richard Guy Wilson |last2=Pilgrim |first2=Dianne H. |last3=Tashjian |first3=Dickran |author4-link=Brooklyn Museum |last4=Brooklyn Museum |date=1986 |title=The Machine Age in America 1918–1941 |location=New York |publisher=[[Abrams Books|Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]] |isbn=0-8109-1421-2 }}</ref>{{Rp|88}} In 1928 they were among the 14 architects and designers who founded the American Designers' Gallery—"devoted exclusively to showing objects and interiors for practical use"<ref name="Hoffmann Modernism"/>—and they were among those who established the [[American Union of Decorative Artists and Craftsmen]] (AUDAC), the most ambitious professional design group of the era.<ref name="Machine Age"/>{{Rp|296}} In 1930, AUDAC exhibited furnishings and [[decorative arts]] at the [[Grand Central Palace]] in five model rooms, one designed by the Hoffmanns. In 1931 they contributed an office interior to a large and important exhibition by AUDAC members, organized by Wolfgang Hoffmann and [[Kem Weber]] at the [[Brooklyn Museum]].<ref name="Hoffmann Modernism"/><ref name="Machine Age"/>{{Rp|88, 296}}<ref name="NYT AUDAC 1931"/>


The Hoffmanns often made opportunities to exhibit their work, and created contemporary American [[furnishings]] and interiors for shops, restaurants,<ref name="Read"/> and private clients including Mrs. Otto C. Sommerich and [[Helena Rubinstein]].<ref name="Hoffmann Modernism"/><ref name="Radio Cabinets">{{cite news |last=Storey |first=Walter Rendell |date=May 25, 1930|title=Radio Cabinets in Decorative Schemes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/05/25/archives/radio-cabinets-in-decorative-schemes-they-are-designed-to-serve.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2016-03-16 }}</ref> Pola Hoffmann's interior design commissions included the New York apartment of Charles J. Liebman<ref>{{cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Gray (architectural historian) |date=April 5, 2012 |title='Upstairs, Downstairs,' Apartment-Style |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/realestate/streetscapes-907-fifth-avenue-upstairs-downstairs-apartment-style.html?_r=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2016-03-16 }}</ref> and the still-extant Weiler Building (1928) at [[South Salina Street Downtown Historic District|407 South Warren Street]], [[Syracuse, New York]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 1, 1928 |title=Weiler Firm Plans Modern Beauty Parlor |newspaper=[[Syracuse Herald-Journal|Syracuse Herald]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Connors |first1=Dennis J. |last2=Onondaga Historical Association |date=2008 |title=Historic Photos of Syracuse |location=Nashville |publisher=Turner Publishing Company |page=118 |isbn=978-1596524323 }}</ref> The Madison Avenue shop of [[Rena Rosenthal]] carried their line of accessories—[[pewter]] cigarette holders and ashtrays, and desk sets in natural woods and pewter—which was praised by ''[[The New Yorker]]'': "These pleasant utilitarian features are totally unadorned; their line and proportion, both of which are a joy to behold, are all they have by way of ornamentation, and it's plenty."<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=On and Off the Avenue |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=January 24, 1931 |pages=48–49 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sothebys.com/content/sothebys/fr/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/20th-c-design-n09127/lot.112.html |title=Hoffmann Ashtray |date=March 6, 2014 |website=20th Century Design|publisher=[[Sotheby's]] |access-date=2016-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/archives/image/37633 |title=Wolfgang & Pola Hoffman. Light pewter cigarette and ash trays. Executed by the Early American Pewter Company |publisher=Brooklyn Museum |access-date=2016-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/490792 |title=Cigarette and match holder with ashtray (c. 1930) designed by Wolfgang Hoffmann and Pola Hoffman |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |access-date=2016-03-21}}</ref>
The Hoffmanns often made opportunities to exhibit their work, and created contemporary American furnishings and interiors for shops, restaurants,<ref name="Read"/> and private clients including Mrs. Otto C. Sommerich and [[Helena Rubinstein]].<ref name="Hoffmann Modernism"/><ref name="Radio Cabinets">{{cite news |last=Storey |first=Walter Rendell |date=May 25, 1930|title=Radio Cabinets in Decorative Schemes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/05/25/archives/radio-cabinets-in-decorative-schemes-they-are-designed-to-serve.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2016-03-16 }}</ref> Pola Hoffmann's interior design commissions included the New York apartment of Charles J. Liebman<ref>{{cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Gray (architectural historian) |date=April 5, 2012 |title='Upstairs, Downstairs,' Apartment-Style |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/realestate/streetscapes-907-fifth-avenue-upstairs-downstairs-apartment-style.html?_r=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2016-03-16 }}</ref> and the still-extant Weiler Building (1928) at [[South Salina Street Downtown Historic District|407 South Warren Street]], [[Syracuse, New York]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 1, 1928 |title=Weiler Firm Plans Modern Beauty Parlor |newspaper=[[Syracuse Herald-Journal|Syracuse Herald]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Connors |first1=Dennis J. |last2=Onondaga Historical Association |date=2008 |title=Historic Photos of Syracuse |location=Nashville |publisher=Turner Publishing Company |page=118 |isbn=978-1596524323 }}</ref> The Madison Avenue shop of [[Rena Rosenthal]] carried their line of accessories—[[pewter]] cigarette holders and ashtrays, and desk sets in natural woods and pewter—which was praised by ''[[The New Yorker]]'': "These pleasant utilitarian features are totally unadorned; their line and proportion, both of which are a joy to behold, are all they have by way of ornamentation, and it's plenty."<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=On and Off the Avenue |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=January 24, 1931 |pages=48–49 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sothebys.com/content/sothebys/fr/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/20th-c-design-n09127/lot.112.html |title=Hoffmann Ashtray |date=March 6, 2014 |website=20th Century Design|publisher=[[Sotheby's]] |access-date=2016-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/archives/image/37633 |title=Wolfgang & Pola Hoffman. Light pewter cigarette and ash trays. Executed by the Early American Pewter Company |publisher=Brooklyn Museum |access-date=2016-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/490792 |title=Cigarette and match holder with ashtray (c. 1930) designed by Wolfgang Hoffmann and Pola Hoffman |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |access-date=2016-03-21}}</ref>


"It would indeed be progress, if through [[mass production]] there would be an output of commodities that bore a simple directness of design," Pola Hoffmann said in a 1931 interview. "By choosing only those things that are simple, we derive greater satisfaction from them—we do not tire of them so quickly. … Only those furnishings should be purchased that we feel are necessary, that serve a utilitarian purpose. The more simple and practical the furniture and accessories, the less work is required to keep them clean. This is equally true for clothes."<ref>{{cite news |date=April 28, 1931 |title=This Modern World: Simplify Surroundings to Needs of Modern Existence |newspaper=[[Vidette Times|Vidette-Messenger]] |location=Valparaiso, Indiana }}</ref>
"It would indeed be progress, if through mass production there would be an output of commodities that bore a simple directness of design," Pola Hoffmann said in a 1931 interview. "By choosing only those things that are simple, we derive greater satisfaction from them—we do not tire of them so quickly. … Only those furnishings should be purchased that we feel are necessary, that serve a utilitarian purpose. The more simple and practical the furniture and accessories, the less work is required to keep them clean. This is equally true for clothes."<ref>{{cite news |date=April 28, 1931 |title=This Modern World: Simplify Surroundings to Needs of Modern Existence |newspaper=[[Vidette Times|Vidette-Messenger]] |location=Valparaiso, Indiana }}</ref>


In late 1931, writer [[Lewis Gannett]] and his wife Ruth (previously married to designer [[Egmont Arens]]) took Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann with them when they visited author [[Rex Stout]], who was building a modernist concrete-and-steel house of his own design on a hill between [[Brewster, New York]], and [[Danbury, Connecticut]]. The marriages of the Stouts and the Hoffmanns were troubled, and both ended the following year. Pola Hoffmann and Rex Stout were married on December 21, 1932, in a civil ceremony at his home, High Meadow.<ref name="McAleer">{{cite book |last=McAleer |first=John J. |date=1977 |title=Rex Stout: A Biography |location=Boston |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=9780316553407 }}</ref>{{Rp|233–236}} She became a [[United States nationality law#Naturalization|naturalized citizen of the U.S.]] in 1936.<ref name="Josephine Pola Stout"/>
In late 1931, writer [[Lewis Gannett]] and his wife Ruth (previously married to designer [[Egmont Arens]]) took Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann with them when they visited author [[Rex Stout]], who was building a modernist concrete-and-steel house of his own design on a hill between [[Brewster, New York]], and [[Danbury, Connecticut]]. The marriages of the Stouts and the Hoffmanns were troubled, and both ended the following year. Pola Hoffmann and Rex Stout were married on December 21, 1932, in a civil ceremony at his home, High Meadow.<ref name="McAleer">{{cite book |last=McAleer |first=John J. |date=1977 |title=Rex Stout: A Biography |location=Boston |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=9780316553407 }}</ref>{{Rp|233–236}} She became a [[United States nationality law#Naturalization|naturalized citizen of the U.S.]] in 1936.<ref name="Josephine Pola Stout"/>


After her second marriage Pola Stout was an influential [[Textile design|textile designer]],<ref name="Kirkham">{{cite book |editor-last=Kirkham |editor-first=Pat |date=2000 |title=Women Designers in the USA, 1900–2000 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |page=151 |isbn=9780300093315 }}</ref> one of a select group that pioneered a craft weaving revival in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Blaszczyk |first=Regina Lee |date=Spring 2008 |title=Designing Synthetics, Promoting Brands: Dorothy Liebes, DuPont Fibres and Post-war American Interiors |journal=Journal of Design History |publisher=[[Design History Society]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=79 |doi=10.1093/jdh/epm038 |jstor=25228567 }}</ref> Her large, light-filled workroom was in the east wing of the second floor of High Meadow. She had two daughters and a harmonious, productive household with Rex Stout.<ref name="Milwaukee Journal 1">{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Aileen ("Betty Ann") |date=September 21, 1941 |title=Pola Stout, Designer of Fine Wools |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|The Milwaukee Journal]] }}</ref><ref name="Milwaukee Journal 2">{{cite news |date=September 21, 1941 |title=American Woolen Designer Creates Fabrics in Her House on Hilltop |newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal }}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' noted that "while she is spinning yarns in one wing of their hill-top farmhouse, he is spinning his yarns about [[Nero Wolfe]] in another."<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/>
After her second marriage Pola Stout was an influential textile designer,<ref name="Kirkham">{{cite book |editor-last=Kirkham |editor-first=Pat |date=2000 |title=Women Designers in the USA, 1900–2000 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |page=151 |isbn=9780300093315 }}</ref> one of a select group that pioneered a craft weaving revival in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Blaszczyk |first=Regina Lee |date=Spring 2008 |title=Designing Synthetics, Promoting Brands: Dorothy Liebes, DuPont Fibres and Post-war American Interiors |journal=Journal of Design History |publisher=[[Design History Society]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=79 |doi=10.1093/jdh/epm038 |jstor=25228567 }}</ref> Her large, light-filled workroom was in the east wing of the second floor of High Meadow. She had two daughters and a harmonious, productive household with Rex Stout.<ref name="Milwaukee Journal 1">{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Aileen ("Betty Ann") |date=September 21, 1941 |title=Pola Stout, Designer of Fine Wools |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|The Milwaukee Journal]] }}</ref><ref name="Milwaukee Journal 2">{{cite news |date=September 21, 1941 |title=American Woolen Designer Creates Fabrics in Her House on Hilltop |newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal }}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' noted that "while she is spinning yarns in one wing of their hill-top farmhouse, he is spinning his yarns about [[Nero Wolfe]] in another."<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/>


High Meadow Loom<ref name="Howes"/> supplied the top fashion houses in New York City<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/> and created collections for [[Alfred Dunhill Ltd.|Dunhill]] and [[Otterburn Mill|Otterburn]] in Great Britain.<ref name="Craft Horizons 1964">{{cite magazine |last=Adler |first=Paula |date=March–April 1964 |title=Five Designers—Five Approaches |url=http://digital.craftcouncil.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15785coll2/id/4909/rec/8 |magazine=[[Craft Horizons]] |publisher=American Craftsmen's Council |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=31–36 |access-date=2016-03-18 }}</ref>{{Rp|33}} Although Stout had begun her textile design career by creating hand-loomed fabrics for special garments and individual patrons,<ref name="Talented and Vocal">{{cite news |last=Waldron |first=Ann |date=February 23, 1962 |title=She's Talented—and Vocal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19620223&id=HUAhAAAAIBAJ&pg=3886,1639644&hl=en |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |access-date=2016-03-23 }}</ref> she found the greatest satisfaction in planning designs that were executed on [[power loom]]s.<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/>
High Meadow Loom<ref name="Howes"/> supplied the top fashion houses in New York City<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/> and created collections for [[Alfred Dunhill Ltd.|Dunhill]] and [[Otterburn Mill|Otterburn]] in Great Britain.<ref name="Craft Horizons 1964">{{cite magazine |last=Adler |first=Paula |date=March–April 1964 |title=Five Designers—Five Approaches |url=http://digital.craftcouncil.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15785coll2/id/4909/rec/8 |magazine=[[Craft Horizons]] |publisher=American Craftsmen's Council |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=31–36 |access-date=2016-03-18 }}</ref>{{Rp|33}} Although Stout had begun her textile design career by creating hand-loomed fabrics for special garments and individual patrons,<ref name="Talented and Vocal">{{cite news |last=Waldron |first=Ann |date=February 23, 1962 |title=She's Talented—and Vocal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19620223&id=HUAhAAAAIBAJ&pg=3886,1639644&hl=en |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |access-date=2016-03-23 }}</ref> she found the greatest satisfaction in planning designs that were executed on [[power loom]]s.<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/>


[[File:Pola Stout Logo.png|left|thumb|upright|Pola Stout Inc. logo]]
[[File:Pola Stout fabric label.jpg|left|thumb|Pola Stout fabric label]]
From 1940 to 1945<ref name="New York Times Obituary">{{cite news |date=October 17, 1984 |title=Pola Stout, 82, Is Dead; A Designer of Textiles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/17/obituaries/pola-stout-82-is-dead-a-designer-of-textiles.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2016-03-06 }}</ref> Stout was head of a division within [[Botany Mills|Botany Worsted Mills]] called Pola Stout Fabrics; she was the first woman to receive such an opportunity in the American woolen industry.<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/> In [[1946]] she incorporated, with offices in New York City. Underwritten by eight manufacturers, she leased space in Philadelphia for a [[textile mill]] of her own that she operated from 1946 to 1954.<ref name="New York Times Obituary"/><ref name="Craft Horizons 1964"/>{{Rp|33}}<ref>{{cite news |date=July 16, 1946 |title=Mrs. Stout Starts Textile Mill |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/07/16/archives/mrs-stout-starts-textile-mill.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2016-03-18 }}</ref> In 1948, Pola Stout Inc. employed a staff of 17 weavers and produced 2,000 yards of fine fabric per week.<ref name="Brundige">{{cite news |last=Brundige |first=Lenore |date=March 5, 1948 |title=Fabrics Must Have Balance, Contrast, Designer Says |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19480305&id=hvYaAAAAIBAJ&pg=1919,1797778&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Pittsburgh Press]] |access-date=2016-03-18 }}</ref> She later created collections for [[WestPoint Home|J. P. Stevens & Company]] (1958–59)<ref name="Craft Horizons 1964"/> and was a designer-consultant for the Ames Textile Corporation.<ref name="Fashion Trends Grow">{{cite news |date=July 29, 1962 |title=How Fashion Trends Grow To Be Discussed at TWU |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/23577800/ |newspaper=[[Denton Record-Chronicle]] |access-date=2016-03-28 }}</ref>
From 1940 to 1945<ref name="New York Times Obituary">{{cite news |date=October 17, 1984 |title=Pola Stout, 82, Is Dead; A Designer of Textiles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/17/obituaries/pola-stout-82-is-dead-a-designer-of-textiles.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2016-03-06 }}</ref> Stout was head of a division within [[Botany Mills|Botany Worsted Mills]] called Pola Stout Fabrics; she was the first woman to receive such an opportunity in the American woolen industry.<ref name="NYT Profile 1940"/> In 1946 she incorporated, with offices in New York City. Underwritten by eight manufacturers, she leased space in Philadelphia for a [[textile mill]] of her own that she operated from 1946 to 1954.<ref name="New York Times Obituary"/><ref name="Craft Horizons 1964"/>{{Rp|33}}<ref>{{cite news |date=July 16, 1946 |title=Mrs. Stout Starts Textile Mill |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/07/16/archives/mrs-stout-starts-textile-mill.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2016-03-18 }}</ref> In 1948, Pola Stout Inc. employed a staff of 17 weavers and produced 2,000 yards of fine fabric per week.<ref name="Brundige">{{cite news |last=Brundige |first=Lenore |date=March 5, 1948 |title=Fabrics Must Have Balance, Contrast, Designer Says |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19480305&id=hvYaAAAAIBAJ&pg=1919,1797778&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Pittsburgh Press]] |access-date=2016-03-18 }}</ref> She later created collections for [[WestPoint Home|J. P. Stevens & Company]] (1958–59)<ref name="Craft Horizons 1964"/> and was a designer-consultant for the Ames Textile Corporation.<ref name="Fashion Trends Grow">{{cite news |date=July 29, 1962 |title=How Fashion Trends Grow To Be Discussed at TWU |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/23577800/ |newspaper=[[Denton Record-Chronicle]] |access-date=2016-03-28 }}</ref>


"[[Mass production]] methods in the American [[clothing industry]] make it possible for everyone to dress fashionably and attractively," she said. "My own feeling is that mass taste is potentially more stable than the taste of people who love fashion for its own sake—and can afford it. The average woman, I have found, is honest, simple, and unassuming in her taste, and I feel it is the responsibility of the designer to take more interest in her basic needs."<ref name="Craft Horizons 1964"/>
"Mass production methods in the American clothing industry make it possible for everyone to dress fashionably and attractively," she said. "My own feeling is that mass taste is potentially more stable than the taste of people who love fashion for its own sake—and can afford it. The average woman, I have found, is honest, simple, and unassuming in her taste, and I feel it is the responsibility of the designer to take more interest in her basic needs."<ref name="Craft Horizons 1964"/>


Stout designed correlated woolens in three different weights, with colors and [[Pattern|patterns]] that matched or pleasantly contrasted. Each piece in a wardrobe could be worn with another: a suit purchased one year would harmonize with a coat purchased the next season, and with a dress or jacket purchased the next. Based on quality, beauty, durability and classic styling, the simple plan built an enduring wardrobe that expressed the owner's personality.<ref name="Milwaukee Journal 1"/> Pola Stout fabrics were sold by the yard in fine stores<ref name="Chicago Tribune 1947"/> including [[B. Altman and Company]], which in 1942 created a new department devoted exclusively to Stout's line of [[Botany Perennials]].<ref name="Altmans">{{cite news |date=October 17, 1942 |title=American Textiles Gain in Popularity|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/10/17/archives/american-textiles-gain-in-popularity-many-visit-altmans-new-display.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2016-03-24 }}</ref> In that collection and its successor, Botany Annuals, Stout applied the scientific discipline of the [[Ostwald color system]] to her own similar system.<ref name="Dorner"/><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Feeney |first=Helen |date=November–December 1957 |title=Exhibitions |url=http://digital.craftcouncil.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15785coll2/id/4655/rec/73 |magazine=Craft Horizons |publisher=American Craftsmen's Council |volume=17 |issue=6 |page=44 |access-date=2016-03-18 }}</ref>
Stout designed correlated woolens in three different weights, with colors and patterns that matched or pleasantly contrasted. Each piece in a wardrobe could be worn with another: a suit purchased one year would harmonize with a coat purchased the next season, and with a dress or jacket purchased the next. Based on quality, beauty, durability and classic styling, the simple plan built an enduring wardrobe that expressed the owner's personality.<ref name="Milwaukee Journal 1"/> Pola Stout fabrics were sold by the yard in fine stores<ref name="Chicago Tribune 1947"/> including [[B. Altman and Company]], which in 1942 created a new department devoted exclusively to Stout's line of Botany Perennials.<ref name="Altmans">{{cite news |date=October 17, 1942 |title=American Textiles Gain in Popularity|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/10/17/archives/american-textiles-gain-in-popularity-many-visit-altmans-new-display.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2016-03-24 }}</ref> In that collection and its successor, Botany Annuals, Stout applied the scientific discipline of the [[Ostwald color system]] to her own similar system.<ref name="Dorner"/><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Feeney |first=Helen |date=November–December 1957 |title=Exhibitions |url=http://digital.craftcouncil.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15785coll2/id/4655/rec/73 |magazine=Craft Horizons |publisher=American Craftsmen's Council |volume=17 |issue=6 |page=44 |access-date=2016-03-18 }}</ref>


"Her exquisitely beautiful woolens are a thrilling sight," wrote the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. "She weaves with the skill of a composer of [[Symphony|symphonies]], with the imagination of an artist trying to capture a misty blue morning haze, and with the integrity of a completely honest person. All are reflected in her incomparable fabrics, the very breath of the American scene and way of life. … Her soft tones in checks or the bold stripes and plaids are what make American clothes the tops of any in the world."<ref name="Chicago Tribune 1947"/>
"Her exquisitely beautiful woolens are a thrilling sight," wrote the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. "She weaves with the skill of a composer of symphonies, with the imagination of an artist trying to capture a misty blue morning haze, and with the integrity of a completely honest person. All are reflected in her incomparable fabrics, the very breath of the American scene and way of life. … Her soft tones in checks or the bold stripes and plaids are what make American clothes the tops of any in the world."<ref name="Chicago Tribune 1947"/>


Stout created fabric collections for name designers including [[Elizabeth Hawes]],<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=On and Off the Avenue |magazine=The New Yorker|date=May 28, 1936 |page=62 }}</ref> [[Muriel King]],<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=On and Off the Avenue |magazine=The New Yorker|date=October 21, 1939 |page=68 }}</ref> [[Mainbocher]],<ref name="Berkshire Eagle">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Mary |date=September 20, 1957 |title=Pola Stout Shows Textiles in Bennington |newspaper=[[The Berkshire Eagle]] }}</ref><ref name="Sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Eleanor |year=2005 |orig-year=Autumn 1984 |chapter=Pola Weinbach Stout |editor1-last=Kaye |editor1-first=Marvin |editor1-link=Marvin Kaye |title=The Nero Wolfe Files |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=[[Wildside Press]] |pages=69–73 |isbn=9780809544943 }}</ref>{{Rp|70}} Jo Copeland, [[Christian Dior]], [[Edith Head]], [[Norman Norell]],<ref name="New York Times Obituary"/> [[Clare Potter]], [[Edward Molyneux]],<ref name="Kirkham"/> [[Valentina (fashion designer)|Valentina]],<ref name="McAleer"/>{{Rp|266}} Philip Mangone, [[Monte-Sano & Pruzan|Vincent Monte-Sano]], [[Pauline Trigère]],<ref name="Chicago Tribune 1947">{{cite news |last=Seeger |first=Rea |date=October 11, 1947 |title=For Top Beauty in Rich Fabrics: Buy American |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1947/10/11/page/14/article/for-top-beauty-in-rich-fabrics-buy-american |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=2016-03-23 }}</ref> Zuckerman & Kraus<ref name="Brundige"/> and [[Irene (costume designer)|Irene]].<ref name="NYT Irene">{{cite news |date=September 16, 1952 |title=Designs by Irene Emphasize Suits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/09/16/archives/designs-by-irene-emphasize-suits-fall-and-winter-collection-has.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2016-03-23 }}</ref><ref name="Ancient Industries">{{cite web |url=http://ancientindustries.blogspot.com/2010/09/swatches-for-irene-collection-his-girl.html |title=Living in Pictures |last1=Wilson |first1=Megan |date=October 9, 2010 |website=Ancient Industries |access-date=2016-03-23 }}</ref> She often worked with [[Adrian (costume designer)|Adrian]], in a famous collaboration that began in the 1940s.<ref name="Met Adrian Suit">{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/83110 |title=Gilbert Adrian Suit |date=1948 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=2016-03-23 }}</ref><ref name="Threads">{{cite magazine |last=Elliott |first=Mary |date=April–May 2001 |title=Remembering Adrian |url=https://issuu.com/pennieannie/docs/threads_magazine_94_-_may_2001 |magazine=Threads |issue=94 |pages=72–77 }}</ref>{{Rp|74–75}}
Stout created fabric collections for name designers including [[Elizabeth Hawes]],<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=On and Off the Avenue |magazine=The New Yorker|date=May 28, 1936 |page=62 }}</ref> [[Muriel King]],<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=On and Off the Avenue |magazine=The New Yorker|date=October 21, 1939 |page=68 }}</ref> [[Mainbocher]],<ref name="Berkshire Eagle">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Mary |date=September 20, 1957 |title=Pola Stout Shows Textiles in Bennington |newspaper=[[The Berkshire Eagle]] }}</ref><ref name="Sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Eleanor |year=2005 |orig-year=Autumn 1984 |chapter=Pola Weinbach Stout |editor1-last=Kaye |editor1-first=Marvin |editor1-link=Marvin Kaye |title=The Nero Wolfe Files |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=[[Wildside Press]] |pages=69–73 |isbn=9780809544943 }}</ref>{{Rp|70}} Jo Copeland, [[Christian Dior]], [[Edith Head]], [[Norman Norell]],<ref name="New York Times Obituary"/> [[Clare Potter]], [[Edward Molyneux]],<ref name="Kirkham"/> [[Valentina (fashion designer)|Valentina]],<ref name="McAleer"/>{{Rp|266}} Philip Mangone, [[Monte-Sano & Pruzan|Vincent Monte-Sano]], [[Pauline Trigère]],<ref name="Chicago Tribune 1947">{{cite news |last=Seeger |first=Rea |date=October 11, 1947 |title=For Top Beauty in Rich Fabrics: Buy American |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1947/10/11/page/14/article/for-top-beauty-in-rich-fabrics-buy-american |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=2016-03-23 }}</ref> Zuckerman & Kraus<ref name="Brundige"/> and [[Irene (costume designer)|Irene]].<ref name="NYT Irene">{{cite news |date=September 16, 1952 |title=Designs by Irene Emphasize Suits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/09/16/archives/designs-by-irene-emphasize-suits-fall-and-winter-collection-has.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2016-03-23 }}</ref><ref name="Ancient Industries">{{cite web |url=http://ancientindustries.blogspot.com/2010/09/swatches-for-irene-collection-his-girl.html |title=Living in Pictures |last1=Wilson |first1=Megan |date=October 9, 2010 |website=Ancient Industries |access-date=2016-03-23 }}</ref> She often worked with [[Adrian (costume designer)|Adrian]], in a famous collaboration that began in the 1940s.<ref name="Met Adrian Suit">{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/83110 |title=Gilbert Adrian Suit |date=1948 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=2016-03-23 }}</ref><ref name="Threads">{{cite magazine |last=Elliott |first=Mary |date=April–May 2001 |title=Remembering Adrian |url=https://issuu.com/pennieannie/docs/threads_magazine_94_-_may_2001 |magazine=Threads |issue=94 |pages=72–77 }}</ref>{{Rp|74–75}}
[[File:Pola-Stout-Portrait-1941.jpg|thumb|[[Aline Fruhauf]]'s 1941 caricature portrait of Pola Stout is part of the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] collection at the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?q=record_ID%3Anpg_NPG.83.282&repo=DPLA |title=Pola Stout |last=Fruhauf |first=Aline |date=1941 |publisher=National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution |access-date=2017-06-07}}</ref>]]
[[File:Pola-Stout-Portrait-1941.jpg|thumb|[[Aline Fruhauf]]'s 1941 caricature portrait of Pola Stout is part of the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] collection at the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?q=record_ID%3Anpg_NPG.83.282&repo=DPLA |title=Pola Stout |last=Fruhauf |first=Aline |date=1941 |publisher=National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution |access-date=2017-06-07}}</ref>]]
"In his quest to use unique textiles," wrote the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], "Adrian frequently incorporated those of designer Pola Stout, whose fabrics often featured blocks and stripes of color. Adrian found Stout's geometric patterns well-suited to his pieced garments where he employed a favorite technique of [[Manipulation|manipulating]] striped fabrics to make them serve a dual purpose, as structure and as ornament."<ref name="Met Adrian Dress">{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/156554 |title=Gilbert Adrian Evening Dress |date=1948 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=2016-03-23 }}</ref> Stout also created a collection of sheer wools, some in subtle dark plaids and harlequin diamonds, that Adrian used for menswear.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 25, 1953 |title=Adrian Pioneers in Color and Comfort for Men |newspaper=[[The Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier|Waterloo Daily Courier]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Frances |date=December 10, 1954 |title=Elegant Leisure Shirts Please Men |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19541210&id=b3xIAAAAIBAJ&pg=3539,5280162&hl=en |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post Gazette }}</ref>
"In his quest to use unique textiles," wrote the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], "Adrian frequently incorporated those of designer Pola Stout, whose fabrics often featured blocks and stripes of color. Adrian found Stout's geometric patterns well-suited to his pieced garments where he employed a favorite technique of manipulating striped fabrics to make them serve a dual purpose, as structure and as ornament."<ref name="Met Adrian Dress">{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/156554 |title=Gilbert Adrian Evening Dress |date=1948 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=2016-03-23 }}</ref> Stout also created a collection of sheer wools, some in subtle dark plaids and harlequin diamonds, that Adrian used for menswear.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 25, 1953 |title=Adrian Pioneers in Color and Comfort for Men |newspaper=[[The Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier|Waterloo Daily Courier]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Frances |date=December 10, 1954 |title=Elegant Leisure Shirts Please Men |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19541210&id=b3xIAAAAIBAJ&pg=3539,5280162&hl=en |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post Gazette }}</ref>


After visiting [[Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site|Hyde Park]] in 1940, Stout had a navy-and-ivory plaid woolen shirt made for President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nerowolfe.org/pdf/scrapbook/2014_FDR_Library_Research/Pola_Stout_Corr_re_Shirts.pdf |title=Pola Stout Correspondence with Grace Tully |publisher=The Wolfe Pack |access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref> who wore it during the [[World War II|war]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nerowolfe.org/pdf/stout/home_family/Pola_stout/FDR_in_shirt_from_Pola_Stout.pdf |title=Photograph inscribed by Franklin D. Roosevelt |publisher=The Wolfe Pack |access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref> In July 1949, [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] interviewed Stout on her radio program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/collections/utteranceser.html |title=Recorded Speeches and Utterances by Eleanor Roosevelt, 1933–1962 |publisher=[[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum]] |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> That autumn and on later occasions, Stout sent the former First Lady a collection of fabrics she designed and wove especially for her, with suggestions for her [[dressmaker]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nerowolfe.org/pdf/scrapbook/2014_FDR_Library_Research/ER_Corr_Re_fabric.pdf |title=Pola Stout Correspondence with Eleanor Roosevelt |publisher=The Wolfe Pack |access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref>
After visiting [[Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site|Hyde Park]] in 1940, Stout had a navy-and-ivory plaid woolen shirt made for President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nerowolfe.org/pdf/scrapbook/2014_FDR_Library_Research/Pola_Stout_Corr_re_Shirts.pdf |title=Pola Stout Correspondence with Grace Tully |publisher=The Wolfe Pack |access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref> who wore it during the [[World War II|war]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nerowolfe.org/pdf/stout/home_family/Pola_stout/FDR_in_shirt_from_Pola_Stout.pdf |title=Photograph inscribed by Franklin D. Roosevelt |publisher=The Wolfe Pack |access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref> In July 1949, [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] interviewed Stout on her radio program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/collections/utteranceser.html |title=Recorded Speeches and Utterances by Eleanor Roosevelt, 1933–1962 |publisher=[[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum]] |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> That autumn and on later occasions, Stout sent the former First Lady a collection of fabrics she designed and wove especially for her, with suggestions for her [[dressmaker]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nerowolfe.org/pdf/scrapbook/2014_FDR_Library_Research/ER_Corr_Re_fabric.pdf |title=Pola Stout Correspondence with Eleanor Roosevelt |publisher=The Wolfe Pack |access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref>


In [[1957]], [[Bennington College]] presented the first comprehensive exhibit of Stout's textiles—a selection of hand-loomed fabrics, power-loomed fabrics made in her [[Philadelphia]] mill and in [[Great Britain]], examples of yarns, portfolios of [[coordinated fabrics]], and photographs of clothing made from Pola Stout textiles by noted American designers.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 11, 1957 |title=Pola Stout Exhibit at College |newspaper=[[North Adams Transcript]] }}</ref><ref name="Stout Letter 1957">{{cite web |url=https://crossettlibrary.dspacedirect.org/handle/11209/8353 |title=Letter from Pola Stout to Isabel Sherwood |date=April 29, 1957 |publisher=Bennington College |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In remarks prepared for the opening of the exhibit, art historian Alexander Dorner<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/dornera.htm |title=Alexander Dorner |website=[[Dictionary of Art Historians]] |access-date=2016-03-24 }}</ref> introduced Stout as one of the most important pioneers in the field of [[applied arts]].<ref name="Dorner">{{cite web |url=https://crossettlibrary.dspacedirect.org/handle/11209/8352 |title=Speech for the Opening of the Pola Stout Exhibition by Alexander Dorner |date=September 12, 1957 |publisher=Bennington College |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref>
In 1957, [[Bennington College]] presented the first comprehensive exhibit of Stout's textiles—a selection of hand-loomed fabrics, power-loomed fabrics made in her Philadelphia mill and in Great Britain, examples of yarns, portfolios of coordinated fabrics, and photographs of clothing made from Pola Stout textiles by noted American designers.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 11, 1957 |title=Pola Stout Exhibit at College |newspaper=[[North Adams Transcript]] }}</ref><ref name="Stout Letter 1957">{{cite web |url=https://crossettlibrary.dspacedirect.org/handle/11209/8353 |title=Letter from Pola Stout to Isabel Sherwood |date=April 29, 1957 |publisher=Bennington College |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In remarks prepared for the opening of the exhibit, art historian Alexander Dorner<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/dornera.htm |title=Alexander Dorner |website=[[Dictionary of Art Historians]] |access-date=2016-03-24 }}</ref> introduced Stout as one of the most important pioneers in the field of [[applied arts]].<ref name="Dorner">{{cite web |url=https://crossettlibrary.dspacedirect.org/handle/11209/8352 |title=Speech for the Opening of the Pola Stout Exhibition by Alexander Dorner |date=September 12, 1957 |publisher=Bennington College |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref>


Other solo exhibitions of Stout's work were presented at the [[University of the Arts (Philadelphia)|Philadelphia Museum College of Art]] and at the [[Fashion Institute of Technology]],<ref name="New York Times Obituary"/> where Stout was an acting lecturer and consultant.<ref name="Fashion Trends Grow"/><ref name="Craft Horizons 1961"/>
Other solo exhibitions of Stout's work were presented at the [[University of the Arts (Philadelphia)|Philadelphia Museum College of Art]] and at the [[Fashion Institute of Technology]],<ref name="New York Times Obituary"/> where Stout was an acting lecturer and consultant.<ref name="Fashion Trends Grow"/><ref name="Craft Horizons 1961"/>


Stout was executor of [[Rex Stout]]'s literary estate after her husband's death in October [[1975]]. In her later years she partially completed a major project, composing a collection of 50 plaids, one for each of the United States. By 1981 she had moved from High Meadow to Stamford, Connecticut.<ref name="Sullivan"/> She died October 12, 1984, aged 82, following a heart attack.<ref name="New York Times Obituary"/>
Stout was executor of Rex Stout's literary estate after her husband's death in October 1975. In her later years she partially completed a major project, composing a collection of 50 plaids, one for each of the United States. By 1981 she had moved from High Meadow to Stamford, Connecticut.<ref name="Sullivan"/> She died October 12, 1984, aged 82, following a heart attack.<ref name="New York Times Obituary"/>


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| caption4 = FDR wore a plaid woolen shirt given to him by Pola Stout when he returned to the White House December 17, 1943, after a five-week expedition to North Africa and the Middle East.
| caption4 = FDR wore a plaid woolen shirt given to him by Pola Stout when he returned to the White House December 17, 1943, after a [[Tehran Conference|five-week expedition to North Africa and the Middle East]].
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[[Category:Fashion Institute of Technology people]]
[[Category:Fashion Institute of Technology people]]
[[Category:Rex Stout]]
[[Category:Rex Stout]]
[[Category:20th-century women textile artists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women textile artists]]
[[Category:Weavers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Weavers from New York (state)]]

Latest revision as of 00:35, 11 December 2024

Pola Stout
Stout with husband Rex Stout, 1944
Born
Josefine Pola Weinbach

(1902-01-08)January 8, 1902
Stryj, Austria-Hungary
DiedOctober 12, 1984(1984-10-12) (aged 82)
Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.
Other namesPola Hoffmann
OccupationTextile designer
Spouses
Wolfgang Hoffmann
​
​
(m. 1925; div. 1932)​
​
​
(m. 1932; died 1975)​
Children2

Josefine Pola Stout (née Weinbach, January 8, 1902 – October 12, 1984) was an American designer best known for creating fine woolen fabrics. Born in Stryi, she studied with Josef Hoffmann at the Kunstgewerbe Schule in Vienna, and designed for the Wiener Werkstätte before she immigrated to the United States in 1925 with her first husband, architect and designer Wolfgang Hoffmann. Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann became a prominent interior design team that contributed to the development of American modernism in the early 20th century. They dissolved their successful partnership in 1932, when she married popular mystery author Rex Stout. Pola Stout was an influential textile designer after her second marriage. She was executor of Rex Stout's literary estate after her husband's death in 1975.

Biography

[edit]

Pola Stout was born Josefine Pola Weinbach,[1][2] daughter of Schulem and Betty Eliasiewicz (Tune) Weinbach, on January 8, 1902. She was born in Stryj, a city that was then part of Austria-Hungary and was later part of Poland.[3] As a child she befriended dressmakers and used the scraps from their cutting tables to fashion clothing for her dolls, which she displayed in a window facing the street. She was unable to persuade her parents to let her pursue a career in art; instead, she was sent to the University of Lemberg to study philosophy. In addition to her coursework there she worked for a milliner, and saved enough money to run away to Vienna. On the day of her arrival she arranged to study at the Kunstgewerbe Schule (now the University of Applied Arts Vienna) with Josef Hoffmann. To save money for tuition, she slept on a park bench for her first six weeks in the Austrian capital.[4][5]: 551 

Auditorium of the Little Carnegie Playhouse by Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann, architects (1928)
Art gallery in the Little Carnegie Playhouse (1928)
Light pewter cigarette and ash trays by Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann (1930)
Stout family at High Meadow (1940)

During her four years of study at the Kunstgewerbe Schule, Pola Weinbach designed textiles for the Wiener Werkstätte[4] and worked for Sigmund Freud, repairing a Gobelin tapestry.[5]: 551  She then lived in Paris, working at a fabric house that supplied haute couture, and then moved to Berlin.[4] On December 28, 1925, she married Wolfgang Hoffmann,[3] Josef Hoffmann's son, who was on his way to New York to work as an assistant to architect-designer Joseph Urban. The couple immigrated to the United States, and after nine months with Urban they formed their own independent design partnership with offices on Madison Avenue in Manhattan.[6][7]: 52  Their first years in America were difficult; Wolfgang worked in a machine shop, and Pola made lampshades[8] and women's hats.[4] Commissions began with two art house cinemas in New York—the St. George Playhouse in Brooklyn (1927) and the Little Carnegie Playhouse in Manhattan (1928).[8][9] Located only a few steps east of Carnegie Hall, the Little Carnegie was an intimate modernist theater in contrast to the opulent movie palaces then in vogue.[10] In addition to the main auditorium, the unique layout included an art gallery, bridge room, ping-pong room and a lounge and dance floor.[11] Demolished in 1982, the venue was prized by sophisticated New Yorkers for its austere silver-and-black interior and its dedication to international film.[12]

Less known today than some of their industrial design colleagues who were more adept at self-promotion,[13]: 308  Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann were among the immigrants who made significant contributions to the development of American modernism and the American Modern design aesthetic in the early 20th century.[13]: 88  In 1928 they were among the 14 architects and designers who founded the American Designers' Gallery—"devoted exclusively to showing objects and interiors for practical use"[6]—and they were among those who established the American Union of Decorative Artists and Craftsmen (AUDAC), the most ambitious professional design group of the era.[13]: 296  In 1930, AUDAC exhibited furnishings and decorative arts at the Grand Central Palace in five model rooms, one designed by the Hoffmanns. In 1931 they contributed an office interior to a large and important exhibition by AUDAC members, organized by Wolfgang Hoffmann and Kem Weber at the Brooklyn Museum.[6][13]: 88, 296 [14]

The Hoffmanns often made opportunities to exhibit their work, and created contemporary American furnishings and interiors for shops, restaurants,[8] and private clients including Mrs. Otto C. Sommerich and Helena Rubinstein.[6][15] Pola Hoffmann's interior design commissions included the New York apartment of Charles J. Liebman[16] and the still-extant Weiler Building (1928) at 407 South Warren Street, Syracuse, New York.[17][18] The Madison Avenue shop of Rena Rosenthal carried their line of accessories—pewter cigarette holders and ashtrays, and desk sets in natural woods and pewter—which was praised by The New Yorker: "These pleasant utilitarian features are totally unadorned; their line and proportion, both of which are a joy to behold, are all they have by way of ornamentation, and it's plenty."[19][20][21][22]

"It would indeed be progress, if through mass production there would be an output of commodities that bore a simple directness of design," Pola Hoffmann said in a 1931 interview. "By choosing only those things that are simple, we derive greater satisfaction from them—we do not tire of them so quickly. … Only those furnishings should be purchased that we feel are necessary, that serve a utilitarian purpose. The more simple and practical the furniture and accessories, the less work is required to keep them clean. This is equally true for clothes."[23]

In late 1931, writer Lewis Gannett and his wife Ruth (previously married to designer Egmont Arens) took Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann with them when they visited author Rex Stout, who was building a modernist concrete-and-steel house of his own design on a hill between Brewster, New York, and Danbury, Connecticut. The marriages of the Stouts and the Hoffmanns were troubled, and both ended the following year. Pola Hoffmann and Rex Stout were married on December 21, 1932, in a civil ceremony at his home, High Meadow.[5]: 233–236  She became a naturalized citizen of the U.S. in 1936.[2]

After her second marriage Pola Stout was an influential textile designer,[24] one of a select group that pioneered a craft weaving revival in the 1930s.[25] Her large, light-filled workroom was in the east wing of the second floor of High Meadow. She had two daughters and a harmonious, productive household with Rex Stout.[26][27] The New York Times noted that "while she is spinning yarns in one wing of their hill-top farmhouse, he is spinning his yarns about Nero Wolfe in another."[4]

High Meadow Loom[3] supplied the top fashion houses in New York City[4] and created collections for Dunhill and Otterburn in Great Britain.[28]: 33  Although Stout had begun her textile design career by creating hand-loomed fabrics for special garments and individual patrons,[29] she found the greatest satisfaction in planning designs that were executed on power looms.[4]

Pola Stout fabric label

From 1940 to 1945[30] Stout was head of a division within Botany Worsted Mills called Pola Stout Fabrics; she was the first woman to receive such an opportunity in the American woolen industry.[4] In 1946 she incorporated, with offices in New York City. Underwritten by eight manufacturers, she leased space in Philadelphia for a textile mill of her own that she operated from 1946 to 1954.[30][28]: 33 [31] In 1948, Pola Stout Inc. employed a staff of 17 weavers and produced 2,000 yards of fine fabric per week.[32] She later created collections for J. P. Stevens & Company (1958–59)[28] and was a designer-consultant for the Ames Textile Corporation.[33]

"Mass production methods in the American clothing industry make it possible for everyone to dress fashionably and attractively," she said. "My own feeling is that mass taste is potentially more stable than the taste of people who love fashion for its own sake—and can afford it. The average woman, I have found, is honest, simple, and unassuming in her taste, and I feel it is the responsibility of the designer to take more interest in her basic needs."[28]

Stout designed correlated woolens in three different weights, with colors and patterns that matched or pleasantly contrasted. Each piece in a wardrobe could be worn with another: a suit purchased one year would harmonize with a coat purchased the next season, and with a dress or jacket purchased the next. Based on quality, beauty, durability and classic styling, the simple plan built an enduring wardrobe that expressed the owner's personality.[26] Pola Stout fabrics were sold by the yard in fine stores[34] including B. Altman and Company, which in 1942 created a new department devoted exclusively to Stout's line of Botany Perennials.[35] In that collection and its successor, Botany Annuals, Stout applied the scientific discipline of the Ostwald color system to her own similar system.[36][37]

"Her exquisitely beautiful woolens are a thrilling sight," wrote the Chicago Tribune. "She weaves with the skill of a composer of symphonies, with the imagination of an artist trying to capture a misty blue morning haze, and with the integrity of a completely honest person. All are reflected in her incomparable fabrics, the very breath of the American scene and way of life. … Her soft tones in checks or the bold stripes and plaids are what make American clothes the tops of any in the world."[34]

Stout created fabric collections for name designers including Elizabeth Hawes,[38] Muriel King,[39] Mainbocher,[40][41]: 70  Jo Copeland, Christian Dior, Edith Head, Norman Norell,[30] Clare Potter, Edward Molyneux,[24] Valentina,[5]: 266  Philip Mangone, Vincent Monte-Sano, Pauline Trigère,[34] Zuckerman & Kraus[32] and Irene.[42][43] She often worked with Adrian, in a famous collaboration that began in the 1940s.[44][45]: 74–75 

Aline Fruhauf's 1941 caricature portrait of Pola Stout is part of the National Portrait Gallery collection at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.[46]

"In his quest to use unique textiles," wrote the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "Adrian frequently incorporated those of designer Pola Stout, whose fabrics often featured blocks and stripes of color. Adrian found Stout's geometric patterns well-suited to his pieced garments where he employed a favorite technique of manipulating striped fabrics to make them serve a dual purpose, as structure and as ornament."[47] Stout also created a collection of sheer wools, some in subtle dark plaids and harlequin diamonds, that Adrian used for menswear.[48][49]

After visiting Hyde Park in 1940, Stout had a navy-and-ivory plaid woolen shirt made for President Franklin D. Roosevelt,[50] who wore it during the war.[51] In July 1949, Eleanor Roosevelt interviewed Stout on her radio program.[52] That autumn and on later occasions, Stout sent the former First Lady a collection of fabrics she designed and wove especially for her, with suggestions for her dressmaker.[53]

In 1957, Bennington College presented the first comprehensive exhibit of Stout's textiles—a selection of hand-loomed fabrics, power-loomed fabrics made in her Philadelphia mill and in Great Britain, examples of yarns, portfolios of coordinated fabrics, and photographs of clothing made from Pola Stout textiles by noted American designers.[54][55] In remarks prepared for the opening of the exhibit, art historian Alexander Dorner[56] introduced Stout as one of the most important pioneers in the field of applied arts.[36]

Other solo exhibitions of Stout's work were presented at the Philadelphia Museum College of Art and at the Fashion Institute of Technology,[30] where Stout was an acting lecturer and consultant.[33][57]

Stout was executor of Rex Stout's literary estate after her husband's death in October 1975. In her later years she partially completed a major project, composing a collection of 50 plaids, one for each of the United States. By 1981 she had moved from High Meadow to Stamford, Connecticut.[41] She died October 12, 1984, aged 82, following a heart attack.[30]

Costume designers used Pola Stout's distinctive textiles for films including His Girl Friday (Rosalind Russell, right) and Laura[43]
Pola Stout designer's composition "blanket" for a power-loomed design exhibited in Fabrics International (1961–62), sponsored by the Museum of Contemporary Crafts and the Philadelphia Museum College of Art
Pola Stout and details of two wool fabrics—a two-ply warp and filling (left) that gives three different diagonal twills, and (right) a single-ply construction
FDR wore a plaid woolen shirt given to him by Pola Stout when he returned to the White House December 17, 1943, after a five-week expedition to North Africa and the Middle East.

Exhibitions

[edit]
Date Exhibition Venue Notes
1928 Hand-Hooked Rugs Designed by Contemporary American Artists Art Center, 65–67 East 56th Street, New York City Group exhibition of rugs designed by Thomas Hart Benton, George Biddle, Hugo Gellert, Pola Hoffmann, Ilonka Karasz, Henry Varnum Poor, John Storrs, Mary Tannahill, Buk Ulreich and others, fabricated by the New Age Association in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina[58]: 60 
1928 Showcase exhibition American Designers' Gallery, Chase Bank Building lobby, 145 West 57th Street, New York City Exhibition by 14 member artists including Lucian Bernhard, Donald Deskey, Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann, Raymond Hood, Ely Jacques Kahn, Henry Varnum Poor, Winold Reiss and Joseph Urban[6]
1929 International Exhibition of Contemporary Glass and Rugs Metropolitan Museum of Art Traveling group exhibition by the American Federation of Artists, including one rug designed by Pola Hoffmann[58]: 137–138 
1929 Showcase exhibition American Designers' Gallery Group exhibition including a dining alcove designed by Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann,[6][59] and other interiors by Donald Deskey, Ilonka Karasz, Henry Varnum Poor, Winhold Reiss, Herman Rosse and Joseph Urban[60]
1930 12th Annual Home Show Grand Central Palace Includes five model rooms designed by five members of American Union of Decorative Artists and Craftsmen—Donald Deskey, Willis S. Harrison, Frederick J. Kiesler, Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann, and Alexander Kachinsky[61][62]
1931 Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts Brooklyn Museum AUDAC exhibition of textiles, furnishings, typography and book design[63]: 122  organized by Wolfgang Hoffmann and Kem Weber
Series of room settings including Wolfgang and Pola Hoffmann's 1929 dining alcove[6][59] and an office interior, as well as work by some 70 contributors including Egmont Arens, Anton Bruhl, Donald Deskey, Paul Frankl, Hugo Gnam, Willis S. Harrison, Gustav Jensen, Alexander Kachinsky, Mariska Karasz, Eric Magnussen, Henriette Reiss, Ruth Reeves, Gilbert Rohde, Eugene Schoen, Lee Simonson, Buk Ulreich, Kem Weber, Vally Wieselthier,[14] Rockwell Kent, Frank Lloyd Wright,[63] Norman Bel Geddes, Hugh Ferris, Walter Dorwin Teague and Russel Wright[13]: 88 
1939 Decorative Arts Golden Gate International Exposition Group exhibition including wool drapery fabric by Pola Stout[64]
1948–49 American Textiles '48 Metropolitan Museum of Art Group exhibition including three fabrics by Pola Stout[65][66][67]
1951 Handcrafts in Correlated Fashions America House, 32 East 52nd Street, New York City Group exhibition including two suits designed by Adrian from Pola Stout fabrics[68]
1956 Textiles USA Museum of Modern Art Juried national exhibition including Pola Stout's Designer's Blanket (1951), an all-worsted rainbow-colored twill weave[69][70]
1957 Pola Stout Bennington College First comprehensive solo exhibit of textiles by Pola Stout[71][72]
1958 Fabric Designs by Pola Stout Philadelphia Museum College of Art Solo exhibition[73][74]
1958–60 Fibers, Tools and Weaves Traveling American Craftsmen's Council group exhibition[75][76][77]
1960 The Logic and Magic of Color Cooper Hewitt Museum Group exhibition including Pola Stout's Weaver's Blanket, made for J. P. Stevens & Company[78]
1961–62 Apparel Fabrics by Pola Stout Fashion Institute of Technology One-year solo exhibition[57]
1961–62 Fabrics International Traveling Group exhibition co-sponsored by Museum of Contemporary Crafts and the Philadelphia Museum College of Art[79]
1963 Woven Compositions Carnegie Institute of Technology Solo exhibit[80]
2000 Fashion Lives, Fashion Lives Goldstein Museum of Design, University of Minnesota Retrospective featuring Pola Stout, Adrian, Charles James and Jeanne Auerbacher[81][82]

Cultural references

[edit]

Pola Stout is regarded as the prototype for several women of integrity and purpose in Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe corpus.[83] Her place in the textile and fashion industry furnished background[84] and plot for such stories as The Red Box (1937), Red Threads (1939), and "Frame-Up for Murder" (1958).[83] Direct references to Pola Stout Inc. appear in the 1949 novel, The Second Confession (chapter 6), in which Madeline Sperling wears "a soft but smooth wool dress of browns and blacks that looked like a PSI fabric", and in the 1969 novel Death of a Dude (Chapter 3) in which Archie Goodwin "rinsed off and changed to a PSI shirt and brown woolen slacks".

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Josefine Hoffmann". Ancestry.com. New York, Passenger Lists, 1820–1957 [database online]. Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2010. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
  2. ^ a b "Josephine Pola Stout". Ancestry.com. New York, Passenger Lists, 1820–1957 [database online]. Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2010. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
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