Ah Toy: Difference between revisions

Ah Toy
Ah Toy
Born	May 18, 1829; Canton, Guangdong, Qing China
Died	February 1, 1928 (aged 98); San Jose, California
Nationality	Qing Chinese, American
Other names	Atoy, Attoy, Achoi, Achoy
Occupation(s)	sex worker, madam

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Ah Toy (Chinese: 亞彩; Sidney Lau: Aa³ Coi²;^[1] 18 May 1829 – 1 February 1928)^[2] was a Chinese American^[3] sex worker and madam in San Francisco, California during the California Gold Rush, and the first Chinese sex worker in San Francisco.^[4] Arriving from Hong Kong in 1848,^[5] she became the best-known Asian woman in the American frontier.^[6]

Biography

When Ah Toy left China for the United States, she originally traveled with her husband, who died during the travel. Ah Toy became the mistress of the ship's captain, who gave her so much gold that by the time she arrived in San Francisco, Ah Toy had a good amount of money. Before 1851 there were only seven Chinese women known to be in the city, and noticing the looks she drew from the men in her new town, she deduced they would pay for a more intimate setting. Her peep shows became successful, and she was known to charge an ounce of gold (sixteen dollars) for a "lookee".^[7] Becoming one of the highest paid and best-known Chinese sex workers in San Francisco. Due to her romantic relationship with the brothel inspector James A. Clarke, Ah Toy's brothel escaped shut-down by San Francisco authorities during a Committee of Vigilance investigation.^[8]

Ah Toy was described as a determined and intelligent woman; frequently using the San Francisco Recorder's Court^[9] to protect herself and her business from exploitation.^[10] Ah Toy proceeded to open a chain of new brothels in 1852 and 1853, importing girls from China in their teens, 20s and 30s to work in them - some were as young as eleven.^{[citation needed]} Ah Toy also faced pressure from male Chinese leaders, specifically Yuen Sheng, also known as Norman As-sing, who did not like the idea of a woman leading the brothel industry in the city.^[11]

By 1854 however, Ah Toy was no longer able to take her grievances to court. In the case People v. Hall, the California Supreme Court reversed the conviction of George Hall, who had murdered a Chinese man, extending a California law that African Americans and Native Americans could not testify in court to include the Chinese.^[12] While this law was not directed at sex workers, it handicapped Ah Toy's ability to protect herself from the domineering Chinese tongs that had for long sought to control her and her business. Coupled with the anti-prostitution law of 1854, which was carried out mainly against the Chinese, the pressure to stay in business became too great, and Ah Toy withdrew from San Francisco's sex work business in 1857, announcing her departure to journalists.^[8]

In 1857,^[13] she returned to China as a wealthy woman, intending to live the rest of her days in comfort,^[14] but she returned to California by 1859. From 1868 until her death in 1928, she lived a mostly quiet life in Santa Clara County, often living with her numerous different partners over the decades, many of whom she was unable to marry because of anti-miscegenation laws in California which at the time prevented people of East Asian descent from marrying white people. Ah Toy returned to mainstream public attention upon dying in San Jose on 1 February 1928, aged 98,^[15] about three months before her ninety-ninth birthday.^[16]^[17]

In popular culture

Olivia Cheng portrays a mostly fictionalized Ah Toy in Cinemax's Warrior, set during the Tong Wars in late 19th century San Francisco. The series begins in the late 1870s.^[18]

References

^ Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: the Qing Period, 1644-1911
^ Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Lau, Clara; Stefanowska, A. D. (17 July 2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47588-0.
^ Stephens, Autumn (1992). Wild Women: Crusaders, Curmudgeons, and Completely Corsetless Ladies in the Otherwise Virtuous Victorian Era. Conari. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-943233-36-9.
^ Asbury, Herbert (2002). The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-56025-408-9.
^ Espiritu, Yen Le (1997). Asian American Women and Men: Labor, Laws and Love. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 32. ISBN 978-0-8039-7255-1.
^ Okihiro, Gary Y. (2001). Common Ground: Reimagining American History. Princeton University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-691-07007-0.
^ Curt Gentry, The Madams of San Francisco: A Highly Irreverent History. (New York: Signet, 1964.) 1-109.
^ ^a ^b Sinn, Elizabeth. “Bound for California: The Emigration of Chinese Women.” In Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong, 219–64. Hong Kong University Press, 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2854ct.13.
^ Gentry, Curt (February 1977). The Madams of San Francisco. Comstock Editions, Incorporated. p. 59. ISBN 9780891740155.
^ Jacqueline Baker Barnhart, The Fair but Frail, p. 47
^ Taniguchi, Nancy J. “Weaving a Different World: Women and the California Gold Rush.” California History 79, no. 2 (2000): 141–68. doi:10.2307/25463691.
^ SCOCAL, People v. Hall, 62 Cal.2d 104, last visited Tuesday May 7, 2013
^ Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Lau, Clara; Stefanowska, A. D. (17 July 2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47588-0.
^ Pryor, Alton (2006). The Bawdy House Girls: A Look at the Brothels of the Old West. Stagecoach Publishing. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-0-9747551-7-5.
^ Gentry, Curt (1964) The Madams of San Francisco; p. 65
^ Yung, Judy (1995). Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco. University of California Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-520-08867-2.
^ Smith, James R. (2005). San Francisco's Lost Landmarks. Quill Driver Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-884995-44-6.
^ Ong, Giannina (13 July 2023). "On Playing Ah Toy: Olivia Cheng Talks "Warrior"". Mochi Magazine. Retrieved 25 November 2024.

External links

Ah Toy mention at PBS Archived 2017-03-25 at the Wayback Machine

[1] Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: the Qing Period, 1644-1911

[2] Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Lau, Clara; Stefanowska, A. D. (17 July 2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47588-0.

[3] Stephens, Autumn (1992). Wild Women: Crusaders, Curmudgeons, and Completely Corsetless Ladies in the Otherwise Virtuous Victorian Era. Conari. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-943233-36-9.

[4] Asbury, Herbert (2002). The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-56025-408-9.

[5] Espiritu, Yen Le (1997). Asian American Women and Men: Labor, Laws and Love. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 32. ISBN 978-0-8039-7255-1.

[cg-6] Okihiro, Gary Y. (2001). Common Ground: Reimagining American History. Princeton University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-691-07007-0.

[7] Curt Gentry, The Madams of San Francisco: A Highly Irreverent History. (New York: Signet, 1964.) 1-109.

[:0-8] Sinn, Elizabeth. “Bound for California: The Emigration of Chinese Women.” In Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong, 219–64. Hong Kong University Press, 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2854ct.13.

[9] Gentry, Curt (February 1977). The Madams of San Francisco. Comstock Editions, Incorporated. p. 59. ISBN 9780891740155.

[10] Jacqueline Baker Barnhart, The Fair but Frail, p. 47

[11] Taniguchi, Nancy J. “Weaving a Different World: Women and the California Gold Rush.” California History 79, no. 2 (2000): 141–68. doi:10.2307/25463691.

[12] SCOCAL, People v. Hall, 62 Cal.2d 104, last visited Tuesday May 7, 2013

[13] Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Lau, Clara; Stefanowska, A. D. (17 July 2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47588-0.

[Pryor2006-14] Pryor, Alton (2006). The Bawdy House Girls: A Look at the Brothels of the Old West. Stagecoach Publishing. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-0-9747551-7-5.

[15] Gentry, Curt (1964) The Madams of San Francisco; p. 65

[16] Yung, Judy (1995). Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco. University of California Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-520-08867-2.

[Smith2005-17] Smith, James R. (2005). San Francisco's Lost Landmarks. Quill Driver Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-884995-44-6.

[18] Ong, Giannina (13 July 2023). "On Playing Ah Toy: Olivia Cheng Talks "Warrior"". Mochi Magazine. Retrieved 25 November 2024.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Chinese American sex worker and madam (1829-1928)}}
 {{Distinguish|Lily Ah Toy}}
+{{family name hatnote|Toy|lang=Chinese}}
-{{Essay-like|date=November 2021}}
-{{family name hatnote|Ah|lang=Chinese}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
 {{Infobox person
@@ Line 21: / Line 20: @@
 | notable_works      =
 }}
-'''Ah Toy''' ({{Lang-zh|c=亞彩|sl=Aa3 Coi2}};<ref>''Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: the Qing Period, 1644-1911''</ref> 18 May 1829 &ndash; 1 February 1928)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4vCgAAQBAJ|title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911|last1=Lee|first1=Lily Xiao Hong|last2=Lau|first2=Clara|last3=Stefanowska|first3=A. D.|date=2015-07-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47588-0|language=en}}</ref> was a [[Chinese Americans|Chinese American]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Stephens |first=Autumn |title=Wild Women: Crusaders, Curmudgeons, and Completely Corsetless Ladies in the Otherwise Virtuous Victorian Era |publisher=Conari |year=1992 |page=[https://archive.org/details/wildwomencrusade00step/page/164 164] |isbn=978-0-943233-36-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/wildwomencrusade00step/page/164 }}</ref> [[sex worker]] and [[pimp|madam]] in [[San Francisco]], [[California]] during the [[California Gold Rush]], and the first [[Qing dynasty|Chinese]] sex worker in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite book |last=Asbury |first=Herbert |author-link=Herbert Asbury |title=The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld |publisher=[[Thunder's Mouth Press]] |year=2002 |pages=172 |isbn=978-1-56025-408-9}}</ref> Arriving from [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] in 1848,<ref>{{cite book |last=Espiritu |first=Yen Le |title=Asian American Women and Men: Labor, Laws and Love |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=1997 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/asianamericanwom00espi/page/32 32] |isbn=978-0-8039-7255-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/asianamericanwom00espi/page/32 }}</ref> she became the best-known [[Asia]]n woman in the [[American frontier]].<ref name="cg">{{cite book |last=Okihiro |first=Gary Y. |title=Common Ground: Reimagining American History |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2001 |pages=99 |isbn=978-0-691-07007-0}}</ref>
+'''Ah Toy''' ({{Lang-zh|c=亞彩|sl=Aa3 Coi2}};<ref>''Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: the Qing Period, 1644-1911''</ref> 18 May 1829 &ndash; 1 February 1928)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4vCgAAQBAJ|title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911|last1=Lee|first1=Lily Xiao Hong|last2=Lau|first2=Clara|last3=Stefanowska|first3=A. D.|date=2015-07-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47588-0|language=en}}</ref> was a [[Chinese Americans|Chinese American]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Stephens |first=Autumn |title=Wild Women: Crusaders, Curmudgeons, and Completely Corsetless Ladies in the Otherwise Virtuous Victorian Era |publisher=Conari |year=1992 |page=[https://archive.org/details/wildwomencrusade00step/page/164 164] |isbn=978-0-943233-36-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/wildwomencrusade00step/page/164 }}</ref> [[sex worker]] and [[pimp|madam]] in [[San Francisco]], [[California]] during the [[California Gold Rush]], and the first [[Qing dynasty|Chinese]] sex worker in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite book |last=Asbury |first=Herbert |author-link=Herbert Asbury |title=The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld |publisher=[[Thunder's Mouth Press]] |year=2002 |pages=172 |isbn=978-1-56025-408-9}}</ref> Arriving from [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] in 1848,<ref>{{cite book |last=Espiritu |first=Yen Le |title=Asian American Women and Men: Labor, Laws and Love |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=1997 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/asianamericanwom00espi/page/32 32] |isbn=978-0-8039-7255-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/asianamericanwom00espi/page/32 }}</ref> she became the best-known [[Asia]]n woman in the [[American frontier]].<ref name="cg">{{cite book |last=Okihiro |first=Gary Y. |title=Common Ground: Reimagining American History |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2001 |pages=99 |isbn=978-0-691-07007-0|author-link=Gary Okihiro}}</ref>
+==Biography==
-When Ah Toy left [[Qing dynasty|China]] for the [[United States]], she originally traveled with her husband, who died during the travel. Ah Toy became the mistress of the ship's captain, who gave her so much gold that by the time she arrived in San Francisco, Ah Toy had a good amount of money. Before 1851 there were only seven Chinese women known to be in the city, and noticing the looks she drew from the men in her new town, she deduced they would pay for a more intimate setting. Her [[peep show]]s became successful, and she was known to charge an ounce of gold (sixteen dollars) for a "lookee".<ref>Curt Gentry, ''The Madams of San Francisco: A Highly Irreverent History''. (New York: Signet, 1964.) 1-109.</ref> Afterwards, she became the most famous Chinese sex worker, and one of the highest paid and most famous in San Francisco. Due to her romantic relationship with the brothel inspector James A. Clarke, Ah Toy's brothel escaped shut-down by San Francisco authorities during a [[San Francisco Committee of Vigilance|Committee of Vigilance]] investigation.<ref name=":0">Sinn, Elizabeth. “Bound for California: The Emigration of Chinese Women.” In ''Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong'', 219–64. Hong Kong University Press, 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2854ct.13.</ref>
+When Ah Toy left [[Qing dynasty|China]] for the [[United States]], she originally traveled with her husband, who died during the travel. Ah Toy became the mistress of the ship's captain, who gave her so much gold that by the time she arrived in San Francisco, Ah Toy had a good amount of money. Before 1851 there were only seven Chinese women known to be in the city, and noticing the looks she drew from the men in her new town, she deduced they would pay for a more intimate setting. Her [[peep show]]s became successful, and she was known to charge an ounce of gold (sixteen dollars) for a "lookee".<ref>Curt Gentry, ''The Madams of San Francisco: A Highly Irreverent History''. (New York: Signet, 1964.) 1-109.</ref> Becoming one of the highest paid and best-known Chinese sex workers in San Francisco. Due to her romantic relationship with the brothel inspector James A. Clarke, Ah Toy's brothel escaped shut-down by San Francisco authorities during a [[San Francisco Committee of Vigilance|Committee of Vigilance]] investigation.<ref name=":0">Sinn, Elizabeth. “Bound for California: The Emigration of Chinese Women.” In ''Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong'', 219–64. Hong Kong University Press, 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2854ct.13.</ref>
-Ah Toy was described as a determined and intelligent woman; she frequently used the San Francisco Recorder's Court<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gentry|first1=Curt|title=The Madams of San Francisco|date=February 1977 |isbn=9780891740155|page=59}}</ref> to protect herself and her business from exploitation.<ref>Jacqueline Baker Barnhart, ''The Fair but Frail'', p. 47</ref> Ah Toy proceeded to open a chain of new brothels in 1852 and 1853, importing girls from China in their teens, 20s and 30s to work in them - some were as young as eleven. Ah Toy also faced pressure from male Chinese leaders, specifically Yuen Sheng, also known as Norman As-sing, who did not like the idea of a woman leading the brothel industry in the city.<ref>Taniguchi, Nancy J. “Weaving a Different World: Women and the California Gold Rush.” ''California History'' 79, no. 2 (2000): 141–68. {{doi|10.2307/25463691}}.</ref> By 1854 however, Ah Toy was no longer able to take her grievances to court. In the case ''[[People v. Hall]]'', the [[California Supreme Court]] reversed the conviction of George Hall, who had murdered a Chinese man, extending a California law that African Americans and Native Americans could not testify in court to include the Chinese.<ref>SCOCAL, [http://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/people-v-hall-24483 People v. Hall], 62 Cal.2d 104, last visited Tuesday May 7, 2013</ref> While this law was not directed at sex workers, it handicapped Ah Toy's ability to protect herself from the domineering Chinese [[Tong (organization)|tongs]] that had for long sought to control her and her business. Coupled with the anti-prostitution law of 1854, which was carried out mainly against the Chinese, the pressure to stay in business became too great, and Ah Toy withdrew from San Francisco's sex work business in 1857, announcing her departure to journalists.<ref name=":0" />
+Ah Toy was described as a determined and intelligent woman; frequently using the San Francisco Recorder's Court<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gentry|first1=Curt|title=The Madams of San Francisco|date=February 1977 |isbn=9780891740155|page=59|publisher=Comstock Editions, Incorporated }}</ref> to protect herself and her business from exploitation.<ref>Jacqueline Baker Barnhart, ''The Fair but Frail'', p. 47</ref> Ah Toy proceeded to open a chain of new brothels in 1852 and 1853, importing girls from China in their teens, 20s and 30s to work in them - some were as young as eleven.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} Ah Toy also faced pressure from male Chinese leaders, specifically Yuen Sheng, also known as Norman As-sing, who did not like the idea of a woman leading the brothel industry in the city.<ref>Taniguchi, Nancy J. “Weaving a Different World: Women and the California Gold Rush.” ''California History'' 79, no. 2 (2000): 141–68. {{doi|10.2307/25463691}}.</ref>
+By 1854 however, Ah Toy was no longer able to take her grievances to court. In the case ''[[People v. Hall]]'', the [[California Supreme Court]] reversed the conviction of George Hall, who had murdered a Chinese man, extending a California law that African Americans and Native Americans could not testify in court to include the Chinese.<ref>SCOCAL, [http://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/people-v-hall-24483 People v. Hall], 62 Cal.2d 104, last visited Tuesday May 7, 2013</ref> While this law was not directed at sex workers, it handicapped Ah Toy's ability to protect herself from the domineering Chinese [[Tong (organization)|tongs]] that had for long sought to control her and her business. Coupled with the anti-prostitution law of 1854, which was carried out mainly against the Chinese, the pressure to stay in business became too great, and Ah Toy withdrew from San Francisco's sex work business in 1857, announcing her departure to journalists.<ref name=":0" />
 In 1857,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4vCgAAQBAJ|title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911|last1=Lee|first1=Lily Xiao Hong|last2=Lau|first2=Clara|last3=Stefanowska|first3=A. D.|date=2015-07-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47588-0|language=en}}</ref> she returned to China as a wealthy woman, intending to live the rest of her days in comfort,<ref name="Pryor2006">{{cite book|last=Pryor|first=Alton|author-link=Alton Pryor|title=The Bawdy House Girls: A Look at the Brothels of the Old West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTNA8KYYIgsC&pg=PA36|year=2006|publisher=Stagecoach Publishing|isbn=978-0-9747551-7-5|pages=36–38}}</ref> but she returned to [[California]] by 1859. From 1868 until her death in 1928, she lived a mostly quiet life in [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]], often living with her numerous different partners over the decades, many of whom she was unable to marry because of [[anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]] in California which at the time prevented people of [[East Asia]]n descent from marrying [[white people]]. Ah Toy returned to mainstream public attention upon dying in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] on 1 February 1928, aged 98,<ref>Gentry, Curt (1964) ''The Madams of San Francisco''; p. 65</ref> about three months before her ninety-ninth birthday.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yung |first=Judy |author-link=Judy Yung |title=Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unboundfeetsocia00yung/page/34 34] |isbn=978-0-520-08867-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/unboundfeetsocia00yung/page/34 }}</ref><ref name="Smith2005">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=James R.|author-link=James R. Smith|title=San Francisco's Lost Landmarks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wvsudy6RdGAC&pg=PA76|year=2005|publisher=Quill Driver Books|isbn=978-1-884995-44-6|page=76}}</ref>
@@ Line 31: / Line 33: @@
 == In popular culture ==
-[[Olivia Cheng (Canadian actress)|Olivia Cheng]] portrays a fictionalized Ah Toy in [[Cinemax]]'s ''[[Warrior (TV series)|Warrior]]'', set during the [[Tong Wars]] in late 19th century San Francisco. The series begins in the late 1870s.
+[[Olivia Cheng (Canadian actress)|Olivia Cheng]] portrays a mostly fictionalized Ah Toy in [[Cinemax]]'s ''[[Warrior (TV series)|Warrior]]'', set during the [[Tong Wars]] in late 19th century San Francisco. The series begins in the late 1870s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ong |first=Giannina |date=2023-07-13 |title=On Playing Ah Toy: Olivia Cheng Talks “Warrior” |url=https://www.mochimag.com/entertainment/olivia-cheng-ah-toy-warrior-s3/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Mochi Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
 ==References==
@@ Line 42: / Line 44: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Ah, Toy}}
-[[Category:1829 births]]
-[[Category:1928 deaths]]
 [[Category:American brothel owners and madams]]
 [[Category:American sex workers]]
-[[Category:American LGBT businesspeople]]
+[[Category:American LGBTQ businesspeople]]
-[[Category:Cantonese people]]
+[[Category:American people of Chinese descent]]
 [[Category:Chinese emigrants to the United States]]
-[[Category:Chinese female sex workers]]
+[[Category:Cantonese people]]
+[[Category:Chinese brothel owners and madams]]
+[[Category:Chinese sex workers]]
 [[Category:History of San Francisco]]
-[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
+[[Category:People from Chinatown, San Francisco]]
-[[Category:Chinese LGBT businesspeople]]
 [[Category:People of the California Gold Rush]]
-[[Category:People of the American Old West]]
+[[Category:LGBTQ people from California]]
+[[Category:Chinese LGBTQ businesspeople]]
 [[Category:Human trafficking in the United States]]
-[[Category:American female organized crime figures]]
+[[Category:American bisexual women]]
-[[Category:19th-century American LGBT people]]
+[[Category:American female gangsters]]
+[[Category:American gangsters]]
+[[Category:Chinese female gangsters]]
+[[Category:Chinese gangsters]]
+[[Category:19th-century American LGBTQ people]]
 [[Category:19th-century American businesswomen]]
-[[Category:20th-century American LGBT people]]
+[[Category:20th-century American LGBTQ people]]
-[[Category:19th-century Chinese LGBT people]]
+[[Category:19th-century Chinese LGBTQ people]]
 [[Category:19th-century Chinese businesswomen]]
-[[Category:20th-century Chinese LGBT people]]
+[[Category:19th-century Chinese businesspeople]]
-[[Category:People from Chinatown, San Francisco]]
+[[Category:20th-century Chinese LGBTQ people]]
-[[Category:American slave traders]]
+[[Category:1829 births]]
-[[Category:American women slave owners]]
+[[Category:1928 deaths]]
-[[Category:19th-century American merchants]]
+[[Category:LGBTQ female sex workers]]