Kapilendra Deva: Difference between revisions

Kapilendra Deva
Kapilendra Deva
Gajapati ; Routaray ; Brhamarvara
King of Gauda, Karnata ; and Kalabarga
Reign	1434 CE – 1467 CE
Coronation	29 June 1435; Bhubaneswar, Gajapati Empire (present-day Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India)
Predecessor	Bhanu Deva IV; (King of Trikalinga)
Successor	Purushottama Deva
Died	1467; Banks of Krishna River
Spouse	Rupambika, Parvati Devi, etc.
Issue	Hamvira Deva ; Purushottama Deva
House	Suryavamsha
Father	Jageswara
Mother	Belama
Religion	Hinduism

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Kapilendra Deva^[a] (died 1467)^[1] was the founder of the Suryavamsa Gajapati dynasty that ruled parts of eastern and southern India with the present-day Odisha as the center of the kingdom.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] He ascended to the throne after staging a military coup against the preceding and the last ruler from the Eastern Ganga dynasty, Bhanu Deva IV. Kapilendra claimed descent from the Surya Vamsha of the Mahābhārata and was conferred the regnal title Shri Shri ...(108 times) Gajapati Gaudeshwara NabaKoti Karnata Kalabargeswara i.e. the Lord of Bengal (Gauda), the lord of the Karnataka region or Vijayanagara, the Lord of Kalaburagi and of nine crore (90 million) subjects.

Early life

There are multiple popular theories about the origin of Kapilendra Deva's family and his initial life. Records from the Madala Panji of the Jagannath Temple in Puri state that he was known as Kapila Rauta and belonged to the Surya Vamsa line. He used to graze cattle along with a Brahmin named Kasia. Due to a divine symbol of cobra (naga) seated by his head covering him from the sunlight while he was resting, Kasia predicted that Kapila would become a king one day. Later Kapila went to Puri where he used to beg near the Vimala Temple of the Puri Jagannath temple complex and was later adopted by the last Eastern Ganga dynasty ruler Bhanudeva following a divine dream. He was later appointed in his younger days as a military general of the Ganga forces and was assigned the task to fight the Muslim forces of Bengal. Another version of the Madala Panji maintains the same account with regards to the origin of Kapilendra Deva but changes his name to Kapila Samantara who was at the service of the Ganga king Bhanudeva IV and stayed inside the palace. When the kingdom of Bhanudeva was threatened by an invasion, Kapila Samantara gave a good account of himself as a brave soldier and after the death of Bhanudeva, Kapila became the ruler of Odisha assuming the name Kapilendra Deva.^[6]

Inscriptions

Raghudevapuram copper plate grant of Raghudeva Narendra who was the governor of Rajamahendravaram Rajya and also a nephew of Kapilendra Deva gives valuable details about the family's history. Their lineage can be traced back to Kapilendra Deva's grandfather Kapileswara who was holding the position of a Nayaka. Kapileswara Nayaka was thus in the military service of the Gangas and occupied the position of a lieutenant in the army. He had a son named Jageswara who was also in the service and possessed a great number of elephants. Jageswara was married to Belama and they had three sons named Balarama, Kapilendra and Parashurama Harichandana. Raghudeva Narendra was the son of Parashurama.^[7]^[8]

Consolidation of Authority by Suppressing Internal Rebellions

Due to the weakening administration of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, Kapilendra Deva ascended the throne with internal support while the last ruler of the dynasty, Bhanu Deva IV was on a military expedition in the southern territories. He was declared as the new Monarch with a Rajyabhisheka ceremony at Bhubaneswar. Since the ascension was through a coup or rebellion, some vassal kings from Odisha such as Matsarvamshi of Oddadi, Shilavamshis of Nandapur, and Bishnukundina of Panchadhara declined his authority and declared themselves independent. Around this same time, the Sultanate of Jaunpur also posed an external threat to his realm. He appointed his able minister Gopinath Mahapatra to deal with the Jaunpur threat, which he successfully executed, and Kapilendra Deva himself suppressed the internal rebels with force. The rebels were suppressed by the year 1440 CE. The rebellious troubles that he dealt with by force are proven by his Lingaraj Temple declaration in which he ordered the rebels to accept his rule or be toppled from power.^[9]

Coronation as Gajapati

The chronicle Madala Panji detailed the event of Kapilendra Deva's coronation as Gajapati of the realm succeeding Bhanu Deva IV, the last ruler of the Eastern Gangas. It mentioned that the coronation took place at Bhubaneswar on 2 kākara śukḷa 4 aṅka 2. The date with respect to the Odia calendar corresponds to the Gregorian calendar on 29 June 1435. Thus with the coronation of Kapilendra Deva as the Gajapati of the Odradesa realm, he started his era known as Kapilabda and laid the foundation of the Suryavamsa dynasty.^[10]

The Odia Military under Kapilendra Deva

Different historical sources give varied accounts about the Odishan military commanded by the Gajapatis. According to Muslim text Buhan-m-Mansir, Kapilendra had an elephant force numbering two hundred thousand (2,00,000). This number of war elephants is usually a very huge number compared even to any military of the existing kingdoms during the times of Kapilendra Deva himself in India. Nizzamuddin writes that the Gajapati encamped on the Godavari river banks with an infantry of seven hundred thousand (700,000). Another Muslim source documents that Kapilendra Deva raided Bidar with only 10,000 foot soldiers while being assisted by the Vellamati chiefs of Telangana.^[11] The Odia poet Sarala Das who lived during the era of Kapilendra Deva, has given descriptions about the military divisions in his Odia Mahabharata. The divisions mentioned are:-

Hantakaru Dala :- This division was in the forefront of the marching army and was responsible forward scouting, clearing jungles and marking roads for the army.
Aguani Thata :- The division that marched ahead of the main army.
Pradhana Vala :- The main division of the army
Pachhiani Thata :- The rear guard division
Angavala :- The specially deployed bodyguards of the military generals and the royalties.
Paridhana :-The contingent of the army that stayed in charge of conquered forts and the adjoining regions.

Sarala Das also gives a picture of different musical instruments used to motivate soldiers during the march and warfare Some names of the weapons used by the Gajapati army are also mentioned like Dhanu, Troua, Sara, Asi, Parigha, Pattisa, Kunta, Jathi, Buruja, Saveli, etc. Information with regard to breaking of the gateways and the walls of the fort with the help of horses, elephants and iron instruments is also found in the same text.

Military Conquests and Territorial Expansion

The military hegemony of Odisha had declined during the last line of Eastern Ganga dynasty rulers which provided enough opportunity for the rising powers in its neighborhood. When Kapilendra Deva took over the throne, hostile Muslim powers like the Sultan of Jaunpur (Mahmud Shah), Bahmani Sultanate and the young ruler of Bengal Samsuddin Ahmad Shah were continuously preparing to invade Odisha. Rival Hindu powers such as Deva Raya II of Vijayanagara along with Reddys of Rajmahendri had conquered advancing as far as the Simhanchalam territory in the south. Along with suppressing internal rebellions, Kapilendra Deva first defeated the Jaunpur forces and then contained the Bengal forces with the help of his minister Gopinath Mahapatra after which only he initiated his aggressive military campaigns of the Southern and Deccan parts of India.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

Conquest of Gauda region in Bengal

The Gopinathpur inscription of 1447 CE describes his campaign against the Sultan of Bengal who tried to raid Odisha but was beaten back by the Gajapati army led by Gopinath Mahapatra, the minister of Kapilendra Deva.^[16] The Gajapati army conquered territories of Bengal to the west of Ganga river including the fort of Gar Mandaran.^[17] Historian R. Subramaniam describes that the title 'Brhamarbara' retained by Kapilendra Deva from the days of his service at the Ganga king's court clearly signifies his control over Brhamarkuta^{[citation needed]} region of Bengal. An inscription in the Jagannath temple of Puri that is dated to the year 1450 CE narrates the conquest of Gauda by Kapilendra Deva after defeating Malika Parisa (Malik Padsah) which in short refers to the contemporary Persianate Sultan of Bengal by the name Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah. The region east of the river Ganga^{[citation needed]} and until modern Burdhawan district was known as the Jaleswar division^{[citation needed]} which was handed over to the later ruler of Bengal Ali Vardi Khan by the Marathas during their time.^{[citation needed]} Kapilendra Deva's aide Jalesara Narendra Mahapatra was appointed as the governor of this region. After this victory, Kapilendra Deva accepts the title epithet of Gaudeswara meaning the Lord of the Gauda kingdom.^{[better source needed]}^[18] Katakarajavanshavalli records state about the holy dip of the Gajapati himself in the river Ganges and the Dāna of Tulasipur shasan villages to the Brahmins there. This clearly indicates that Kapilendra Deva was in control of regions beyond the river Ganga to its East.^{[citation needed]}

The Conquest of Rajamahendri

First Campaign in 1444 CE - The first campaign against the alliance of Vijayanagara Empire and Rajamahendri Reddys was unsuccessful as Odia forces had to face a two front war with both the Jaunpur Muslim forces in the north and the rival Vijayanagara Hindu forces under the able leadership of the Deva Raya II's able general Mallapa. Kapilendra Deva first diverted his attention in dealing with the invasion in the northern frontiers and hence the campaign in the south was abandoned.
Second Campaign in 1446 CE and Capture of Kondavidu by Hamvira Deva - The Odia forces returned in the year 1446 CE led by the Prince Hamvira Deva or Hamvira Kumara Mahapatra, the eldest son of Kapilendra Deva. The political alliance between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Reddy Kingdom had ceased to exist as Deva Raya II had died and the power passed on to a weaker successor in Mallikarjuna Raya. The Reddy Kingdom was conquered and the Gajapati forces occupied Kondavidu by the year 1454 CE. A vassal king Ganadeva was made the feudal ruler of the region. Prince Hamvira Deva was declared as the governor of the southern territories by Kapilendra Deva after this conquest.^[19]

Malwa expeditions

Conquest of Mahur - The Veligalani plates and Chiruvrolu inscriptions records the prowess of the Gajapati during the Malwa expeditions. Although there is not much mention of a war, but it does show geopolitical scenario in the region during the march of Gajapati Kapilendra Deva's forces as is described by the fear of the Gajapati army among the rulers of Vijayanagara, Gulbarga and Malwa.^[20] The text Gaṅgādāsapratāpavilāsam and the cāṭu verses mentions the conquest of the Mahur fort in 1457 CE during the Malwa expeditions. It describes the campaign where Kapilendra Deva's forces marched against the dominions of the Turko-Persian Malwa and Bahmani Sultanates and wrested control of the forts of Mahur and Bedadakota(Bidar).^[21]

Conquest of Telangana (Gulbarga or Kalaburagi)

The political situation in Telangana provided an opportunity for the Gajapati army to intervene and conquer the territory. The Velama rulers of Devarakonda in Telangana and the Bahmani Sultan Alau'd-din Ahmad Shah had cordial relations in the initial stages but on the event of war between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Bahmani Sultanate, the Velama rulers backed the Bahmani Sultanate and sought to fight the Vijayanagara Empire. In an act of revenge the Bahmani sultan invaded the Telegana region and the Bahmani commander Sanjar Khan extracted vengeance on the common people. Native Hindus were sold as slaves. In 1456 CE, Humayun Shah ascended the throne of the Bahmani sultanate and his general Sikander Khan suppressed the rebel Velama chiefs after occupying Devarakonda. Kapilendra Deva was invited by the Velama chiefs to rescue them from the Bahmani sultans. In 1458 CE, a battle ensued at Devarakonda between Odia forces led by Prince Hamvira Deva and the Bahmani forces.^[22] As a result of this battle Odia forces came out as victorious and Telangana region became a feudal state of the Gajapati empire with the Velama chiefs as the vassal rulers. The victory over the Bahmani Sultanate forces at Devarakonda in 1458 CE enabled Kapilendra Deva to assume the title of Kalavargeśvara which meant the Lord of Kalaburagi.^[23]

Gajapati Invasion of Bidar

In 1461, Kapilendra Deva orchestrated a significant military campaign during the reign of Nizam Shah Bahmani. The primary aim of this strategic maneuver was to capture Berar, with a specific focus on the town of Achalpur in what is now modern-day Maharashtra. Backed by Kakatiya chiefs, Kapilendra Deva led his forces into a consequential military confrontation against the Bahmani Sultanate. Despite their initial intentions, the Gajapati forces, under Kapilendra Deva's leadership they had to retreat. This sudden withdrawal stemmed from Jaunpur Sultan Husain Sharqi's invasion of Orissa. After capturing Tirhut, he sent detachments to conquer Orissa. This compelled Kapilendra to retract from Bahmani territories, compelling him to seek peace. This turn of events forced the surrender of the Gajapati forces.^[24] The outcome of this campaign, set against the backdrop of Nizam Shah Bahmani's rule, left a lasting imprint on the historical tapestry of the region, shaping the narrative of Kapilendra Deva's military endeavors.^[25]

Subjugation of the Vijayanagara Empire and Expansion till Tiruchirappalli

From the documents of the Gangadasa Bilasa Charitam, it is known that Kapilendra Deva ordered prince Hamvira Deva to conquer Vijayanagara and the Bahmani sultanate. Hamvira Deva successfully captured the imperial capital city of Vijayanagara and forced it's weak emperor Mallikarjuna Raya to pay yearly tribute. Hamvira Deva's general Tamavupala conquered the southern states of Udayagiri and Chandragiri in the year 1460 CE. The inscriptions of Srirangam Temple near Trichinapalli dictate that Hamvira Deva conquered as far as Trichinapalli, Tanjore and Arcot in south before stopping his advance. Hamvira Deva's son Dakshina Kapileswara Kumara became the governor of the southernmost territories of Chandragiri in the year 1464 CE after its conquest.^[26]

By 1464 CE, Kapilendra Deva was the undisputed master of an empire stretching from the Ganges in the north to Tiruchirappalli in the south along the coast. Thus he could proudly assume the imperial titles of Gajapati Gauḍeśvara Navakoṭi Karṇāṭa Kalavargeśvara with due justification. According to the historian R. C. Majumdar, Kapilendra Deva was the most powerful Hindu monarch of his time and under him Odisha became an empire stretching from the lower Ganga in the north to the Kaveri in the south.^[27] The Gopinathpur inscription aptly describes his position in 1464 CE:^[28]

Kṛtvā saṃyati Māḷāvendra-jayinaṃ senādhināthaṃ tu yaṃ Gauḍendrasya nitāntam Utkala-patha-prasthāna rodhārgaḷaṃ Śrīkhaṃṇḍādri payodharopāri karaṃ nirmāya Sānaṃdaṃ Kapileśvaro viharate Karṇāṭa-rājya-śriyā

Consolidation of the Gajapati Empire

The Gajapati Empire which reached its height in 1464 CE under Kapilendra Deva was organised into two administrative divisions of Dandapata and Rajya. Most of core regions of the empire in the north came under his direct control which were divided into Dandapathas(the division continuing from the Eastern Gangas) under a Governor(parikśa) or were controlled by the feudatory Samanta rajas. The southern parts of the empire were divided into Rajyas which were ruled by Governors.^[30]

Constructive Activities and Cultural Renaissance of the Odia Society

Kapilendra Deva patronized Vaishnavite Hinduism and expanded the Jagannath temple at Puri. Although his entire life was spent in warfare, the Jagannath temple became the center for an efflorescence of drama and dance (Odissi) and other forms of art during Gajapati rule.^[31] He was a great patron of Vedic culture and himself wrote a Sanskrit play called Parshuram Bijaya. He constructed the Shaivite Hindu Kapilesvara Temple in Bhubaneswar which shows that he was tolerant to every sectarian belief under the Hindu domain. It was during the rule of Kapilendra Deva when Odia language was officially used as an administrative language and the poet Sarala Das wrote the Odia Mahabharata. Several learned poets and writers were promoted by him.^[32] Sanskrit poets also flourished during this era like Visvanatha Kaviraja who wrote Sahitya Darpana and Chandrakala Natika along with other works, Narsingha Mishra Vajapeyi wrote Samksepasariraka vartika and Kalidasa Chayani wrote Suddhichandrika.^[33]

Kapilendra Deva had declared himself as a servant-ruler of the Lord Jagannath which also reflects in his regnal title Routaray meaning the Lord's servant-king. The Narendra tank in the Puri Jagannath temple premises was constructed by Kapilendra Deva in the memory of his martyred younger brother, Veer Narendra Deva. Fourteen out of sixteen ghats of the tank are named after his fourteen nephews. The two concentric defensive stone walls known as Kurma Prachira (the inner wall measuring 400’ x 278’) and Meghanada Prachira (the outer wall measuring 665’ x 644’ with height varying from 20’ to 24’) were constructed during the reign of Kapilendra Deva. The Chandan Jatra festival of Lord Jagannath was initiated during his rule. He himself donated a large amount of jewelry and utensils to the Puri temple during the 41 anka of his rule. The Gajapati pledged to donate equal amount of wealth and rights to the Brahmins. He ordered the abolition of Chaukidari tax paid by Brahmins previously and also banned the resumption of waste and pasture lands.^[34] He had ordered his officials to follow the path of justice, righteousness and Hindu spiritual teachings and had warned them that they will face the punishment of exile if they failed to do so.^[35] During his rule, two Dadhivamana temples were constructed, one each in the village of Kaunrpur and Gopinathpur in Cuttack district. Kapilendra Deva was a builder of a welfare state and had ordered not to commit atrocities or impose excessive hardships on the people of his empire.^{[citation needed]}

Last days of Kapilendra Deva

Kapilendra deva was troubled by treacherous internal subjects who were opposed to his overthrowing of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. His edicts in the Puri Jagannath temple towards his final days provide a glimpse of his troubled state of mind due to rebels and traitors. He had taken an oath to punish all those who rebelled against him. Before his death in 1467 CE, he chose his youngest son Purushottama Deva, as heir, resulting in a rebellion by the elder prince Hamvira Deva. In 1472, Purushottam was defeated and Hamvira Deva ascended to the throne, but in 1476 CE, Purushottama fought back and recaptured the throne.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ Odia: କପିଳେନ୍ଦ୍ର ଦେବ

References

^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
^ Mishra, Patit Paban (11 January 2016). "Eastern Ganga and Gajapati empires". The Encyclopedia of Empire. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe402. ISBN 9781118455074.
^ Panda, Shishir Kumar (2008), "Gajapati Kingship and the Cult of Jagannatha: A Study on the Chhamu Chitaus (Royal Letters)", Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 69, Indian History Congress: 225–229, JSTOR 44147183, empire...Suryavamsi Gajapatis
^ Majumdar, Pusalker & Majumdar 1960, p. 365.
^ Kulke, Hermann (1976), Kshatriyaization and social change: A Study in Orissa setting (PDF), Popular Prakashan, p. 402, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2021, retrieved 27 March 2021, Suryavamsa...kings of the Suryavamsa(1435-1540)
^ Bhuyan, Annapurna (1999). "Kapilendra Deva and his times" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. Utkal University. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
^ Subrahmanyam 1957, pp. 30–31.
^ Bhuyan, Annapurna (1999). "Kapilendra Deva and his times" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. Utkal University. p. 31. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
^ "Society and culture as depicted in literature of the Gajapati period, Chapter II - Political history" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 34.
^ "MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
^ History of Odisha. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers. 2004. pp. 86–94. ISBN 81-272-1367-5.
^ Odia Jatira Itihaasa O Sanskruti, Part – 1. Cuttack: Vidyapuri. 2012. pp. 177–181. ISBN 978-81-7411-656-7.
^ "RELATIONS WITH THE GAJAPATHIS" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ "Society and culture as depicted in literature of the Gajapati period, Chapter II - Political History" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. pp. 15–21. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 35.
^ Majumdar, Pusalker & Majumdar 1960, p. 366.
^ Medieval Orissa: A Socio-economic Study by By Shishir Kumar Panda. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. 1991. p. 11. ISBN 81-7099-261-3.
^ A History Of India: Fourth Edition by Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund (PDF). Routledge, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016: Taylor & Francis e-Library. 2004. pp. 184, 185, 189. ISBN 0-415-32920-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 51.
^ Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 52.
^ History Of Orissa 1930 Vol.1, From the Earliest Times to the British Period. 120-2, Upper Circular Road, Calcutta: Prabasi Press. 1930. pp. 291, 292, 293, 294.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 54.
^ Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 56-58.
^ Haque, Mohammed Anwarul (1980). Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. Punthi Pustak. p. 34.
^ "Some aspects of administration and society in Medieval Andhra AD 1038 to 1538 under the later Eastern Gangas and the Suryavamsa Gajapatis, Chapter II, Section II - The Suryavamsa Gajapatis. Kapilesvara (A.D.1434 - 1538)" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. pp. 38–43. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ Majumdar, Pusalker & Majumdar 1960, p. 367.
^ Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 58.
^ Subrahmanyam 1957, pp. 56–58.
^ Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 132.
^ "Sanskrit Poets and Scholars of Orissa". Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
^ History of Odisha. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers. 2004. ISBN 81-272-1367-5.
^ "Sanskrit Poets and Scholars of Orissa By: Dr. Bhagaban Panda". www.harekrsna.com. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
^ Orissa in the Making by B.C.Mazumdar. University of Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 1925. pp. 213, 214.
^ Glimpses of Kalinga History. Calcutta: Century Publishers. 1949. pp. 218, 219.

Bibliography

Majumdar, RC; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 365–372.
Subrahmanyam, R, ed. (1957). The Sūryavaṁśi Gajapatis of Orissa. Waltair: Andhra University. OCLC 613268261.

Regnal titles
Kapilendra Deva Suryavamsa dynasty
Preceded by Bhanu Deva IV	Gajapati of Odisha 1434–1467	Succeeded by Purushottama Deva

[1] Odia: କପିଳେନ୍ଦ୍ର ଦେବ

[sen2-2] Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.

[3] Mishra, Patit Paban (11 January 2016). "Eastern Ganga and Gajapati empires". The Encyclopedia of Empire. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe402. ISBN 9781118455074.

[4] Panda, Shishir Kumar (2008), "Gajapati Kingship and the Cult of Jagannatha: A Study on the Chhamu Chitaus (Royal Letters)", Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 69, Indian History Congress: 225–229, JSTOR 44147183, empire...Suryavamsi Gajapatis

[FOOTNOTEMajumdarPusalkerMajumdar1960365-5] Majumdar, Pusalker & Majumdar 1960, p. 365.

[6] Kulke, Hermann (1976), Kshatriyaization and social change: A Study in Orissa setting (PDF), Popular Prakashan, p. 402, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2021, retrieved 27 March 2021, Suryavamsa...kings of the Suryavamsa(1435-1540)

[7] Bhuyan, Annapurna (1999). "Kapilendra Deva and his times" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. Utkal University. Retrieved 30 June 2021.

[FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam195730–31-8] Subrahmanyam 1957, pp. 30–31.

[9] Bhuyan, Annapurna (1999). "Kapilendra Deva and his times" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. Utkal University. p. 31. Retrieved 30 June 2021.

[10] "Society and culture as depicted in literature of the Gajapati period, Chapter II - Political history" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 12 August 2017.

[FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam195734-11] Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 34.

[12] "MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. Retrieved 10 October 2018.

[13] History of Odisha. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers. 2004. pp. 86–94. ISBN 81-272-1367-5.

[14] Odia Jatira Itihaasa O Sanskruti, Part – 1. Cuttack: Vidyapuri. 2012. pp. 177–181. ISBN 978-81-7411-656-7.

[15] "RELATIONS WITH THE GAJAPATHIS" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. Retrieved 12 August 2017.

[16] "Society and culture as depicted in literature of the Gajapati period, Chapter II - Political History" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. pp. 15–21. Retrieved 12 August 2017.

[FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam195735-17] Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 35.

[FOOTNOTEMajumdarPusalkerMajumdar1960366-18] Majumdar, Pusalker & Majumdar 1960, p. 366.

[19] Medieval Orissa: A Socio-economic Study by By Shishir Kumar Panda. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. 1991. p. 11. ISBN 81-7099-261-3.

[20] A History Of India: Fourth Edition by Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund (PDF). Routledge, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016: Taylor & Francis e-Library. 2004. pp. 184, 185, 189. ISBN 0-415-32920-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

[FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam195751-21] Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 51.

[FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam195752-22] Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 52.

[23] History Of Orissa 1930 Vol.1, From the Earliest Times to the British Period. 120-2, Upper Circular Road, Calcutta: Prabasi Press. 1930. pp. 291, 292, 293, 294.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

[FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam195754-24] Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 54.

[FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam195756-58-25] Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 56-58.

[26] Haque, Mohammed Anwarul (1980). Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. Punthi Pustak. p. 34.

[27] "Some aspects of administration and society in Medieval Andhra AD 1038 to 1538 under the later Eastern Gangas and the Suryavamsa Gajapatis, Chapter II, Section II - The Suryavamsa Gajapatis. Kapilesvara (A.D.1434 - 1538)" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. pp. 38–43. Retrieved 12 August 2017.

[FOOTNOTEMajumdarPusalkerMajumdar1960367-28] Majumdar, Pusalker & Majumdar 1960, p. 367.

[FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam195758-29] Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 58.

[FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam195756–58-30] Subrahmanyam 1957, pp. 56–58.

[FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam1957132-31] Subrahmanyam 1957, p. 132.

[32] "Sanskrit Poets and Scholars of Orissa". Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2011.

[33] History of Odisha. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers. 2004. ISBN 81-272-1367-5.

[34] "Sanskrit Poets and Scholars of Orissa By: Dr. Bhagaban Panda". www.harekrsna.com. Retrieved 19 November 2019.

[35] Orissa in the Making by B.C.Mazumdar. University of Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 1925. pp. 213, 214.

[36] Glimpses of Kalinga History. Calcutta: Century Publishers. 1949. pp. 218, 219.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Founder of the Gajapati Empire}}
+{{short description|First Suryavamsa Gajapati king}}
 {{Inline citations|date=November 2023}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 | image = Gajapati Kapilendradeva.jpg
 | caption =
-| succession = 1st [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati Emperor]]
+| succession = [[Gajapati Empire|King of Gauda, Karnata <br>and Kalabarga]]
 | reign = 1434 CE – 1467 CE
 | coronation = 29 June 1435<br>[[Bhubaneswar]], [[Gajapati Empire]] (present-day Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India)
-| predecessor = Bhanu Deva IV
+| predecessor = Bhanu Deva IV<br>{{small|([[Eastern Ganga dynasty|King of Trikalinga]])}}
 | successor = [[Purushottama Deva]]
 | issue = [[Hamvira Deva]] <br> [[Purushottama Deva]]
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 | religion = [[Hinduism]]
 }}
-'''Kapilendra Deva''' ([[Odia language|Odia]]: କପିଳେନ୍ଦ୍ର ଦେବ; r. 1434–1467 CE)<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History|last=Sen|first=Sailendra|publisher=Primus Books|year=2013|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4|pages=121–122}}</ref> was the founder of the Suryavamsa [[Gajapati Empire]] that ruled parts of eastern and southern India with the present-day [[Odisha]] as the center of the empire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Patit Paban |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Eastern Ganga and Gajapati empires |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe402 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|date=11 January 2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe402 |isbn=9781118455074 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147183 |publisher=Indian History Congress |quote="empire...Suryavamsi Gajapatis"|last=Panda |first=Shishir Kumar | title=Gajapati Kingship and the Cult of Jagannatha: A Study on the Chhamu Chitaus (Royal Letters) | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2008 | volume=69 | pages=225–229 | jstor=44147183 }}</ref>{{sfn|Majumdar|Pusalker|Majumdar|1960|p=365}}<ref>{{citation |title=Kshatriyaization and social change: A Study in Orissa setting |publisher=Popular Prakashan |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83630303.pdf |first=Hermann |last=Kulke |page=402 |quote="Suryavamsa...kings of the Suryavamsa(1435-1540)" |date=1976 |access-date=2021-03-27 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203426/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83630303.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He ascended to the throne after staging a military coup against the preceding and the last ruler from the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]], Bhanu Deva IV. He is also referred to as '''Kapilendra Routray''' or '''Sri Sri Kapilendra Deva'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Arihant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBrzDwAAQBAJ |title=Know Your State Odisha |date=2019-06-04 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-131-9327-2 |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref> Kapilendra claimed descent from the [[Solar Dynasty|''Surya Vamsha'']] of the ''[[Mahābhārata]]'' and was conferred the regnal title ''Shri Shri ...(108 times) Gajapati Gaudeshwara NabaKoti Karnata  Kalabargeswara'' i.e. the Lord of Bengal ([[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]]), the lord of the [[Karnataka]] region or [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]], the Lord of [[Gulbarga|Kalaburagi]] and of nine [[crore]] (90 million) subjects.
+'''Kapilendra Deva'''{{efn|{{langx|or|କପିଳେନ୍ଦ୍ର ଦେବ}}}} (died 1467)<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History|last=Sen|first=Sailendra|publisher=Primus Books|year=2013|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4|pages=121–122}}</ref> was the founder of the Suryavamsa [[Gajapati dynasty]] that ruled parts of eastern and southern India with the present-day [[Odisha]] as the center of the kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Patit Paban |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Eastern Ganga and Gajapati empires |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe402 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|date=11 January 2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe402 |isbn=9781118455074 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147183 |publisher=Indian History Congress |quote="empire...Suryavamsi Gajapatis"|last=Panda |first=Shishir Kumar | title=Gajapati Kingship and the Cult of Jagannatha: A Study on the Chhamu Chitaus (Royal Letters) | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2008 | volume=69 | pages=225–229 | jstor=44147183 }}</ref>{{sfn|Majumdar|Pusalker|Majumdar|1960|p=365}}<ref>{{citation |title=Kshatriyaization and social change: A Study in Orissa setting |publisher=Popular Prakashan |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83630303.pdf |first=Hermann |last=Kulke |page=402 |quote="Suryavamsa...kings of the Suryavamsa(1435-1540)" |date=1976 |access-date=2021-03-27 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203426/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83630303.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He ascended to the throne after staging a military coup against the preceding and the last ruler from the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]], Bhanu Deva IV. Kapilendra claimed descent from the [[Solar Dynasty|''Surya Vamsha'']] of the ''[[Mahābhārata]]'' and was conferred the regnal title ''Shri Shri ...(108 times) Gajapati Gaudeshwara NabaKoti Karnata  Kalabargeswara'' i.e. the Lord of Bengal ([[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]]), the lord of the [[Karnataka]] region or [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]], the Lord of [[Gulbarga|Kalaburagi]] and of nine [[crore]] (90 million) subjects.
 ==Early life==
-There are multiple popular theories about the origin of Kapilendra Deva's family and his initial life. Records from the ''[[Madala Panji]]'' of the [[Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]] state that he was known as Kapila Rauta and belonged to the Surya Vamsa line. He used to graze cattle along with a Brahmin named Kasia. Due to a divine symbol of cobra (naga) seated by his head covering him from the sunlight while he was resting, Kasia predicted that Kapila would become a king one day. Later Kapila went to Puri where he used to beg near the [[Vimala Temple]] of the Puri [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] complex and was later adopted by the last [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] ruler Bhanudeva following a divine dream. He was later appointed in his younger days as a military general of the Ganga forces and was assigned the task to fight the Muslim forces of Bengal. Another version of the Madala Panji maintains the same account with regards to the origin of Kapilendra Deva but changes his name to Kapila Raut who was at the service of the Ganga king Bhanudeva IV and stayed inside the palace. When the kingdom of Bhanudeva was threatened by an invasion, Kapila Raut gave a good account of himself as a brave soldier and after the death of Bhanudeva, Kapila became the ruler of Odisha assuming the name Kapilendra Deva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/227677/9/09_chapter%203.pdf|title=Kapilendra Deva and his times|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|last=Bhuyan|first=Annapurna|publisher=Utkal University|year=1999|access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref>
+There are multiple popular theories about the origin of Kapilendra Deva's family and his initial life. Records from the ''[[Madala Panji]]'' of the [[Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]] state that he was known as Kapila Rauta and belonged to the Surya Vamsa line. He used to graze cattle along with a Brahmin named Kasia. Due to a divine symbol of cobra (naga) seated by his head covering him from the sunlight while he was resting, Kasia predicted that Kapila would become a king one day. Later Kapila went to Puri where he used to beg near the [[Vimala Temple]] of the Puri [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] complex and was later adopted by the last [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] ruler Bhanudeva following a divine dream. He was later appointed in his younger days as a military general of the Ganga forces and was assigned the task to fight the Muslim forces of Bengal. Another version of the Madala Panji maintains the same account with regards to the origin of Kapilendra Deva but changes his name to Kapila Samantara who was at the service of the Ganga king Bhanudeva IV and stayed inside the palace. When the kingdom of Bhanudeva was threatened by an invasion, Kapila Samantara gave a good account of himself as a brave soldier and after the death of Bhanudeva, Kapila became the ruler of Odisha assuming the name Kapilendra Deva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/227677/9/09_chapter%203.pdf|title=Kapilendra Deva and his times|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|last=Bhuyan|first=Annapurna|publisher=Utkal University|year=1999|access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref>
 ===Inscriptions===
+[[File:Kapilendra Dev Inscription (15th C AD).jpg|thumb|'''Veligalani plate Inscription of Gajapati [[Kapilendra Deva]] 15th CE''' ]]
 Raghudevapuram copper plate grant of Raghudeva Narendra who was the governor of [[Rajamahendravaram]] Rajya and also a nephew of Kapilendra Deva gives valuable details about the family's history. Their lineage can be traced back to Kapilendra Deva's grandfather Kapileswara who was holding the position of a Nayaka. Kapileswara Nayaka was thus in the military service of the Gangas and occupied the position of a lieutenant in the army. He had a son named Jageswara who was also in the service and possessed a great number of elephants. Jageswara was married to Belama and they had three sons named Balarama, Kapilendra and Parashurama Harichandana. Raghudeva Narendra was the son of Parashurama.{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|pp=30-31}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/227677/9/09_chapter%203.pdf|title=Kapilendra Deva and his times|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|last=Bhuyan|first=Annapurna|publisher=Utkal University|year=1999|page=31|access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref>
@@ Line 44: / Line 45: @@
 === The Odia Military under Kapilendra Deva ===
-[[File:Kapilendra Deva 1.png|alt=Gajapati Kapilendra Deva Routray depicted holding a sword and seated in a dominating Lakulisha position at Kapileswar Temple in Old Bhubaneswar|thumb|397x397px|Gajapati Kapilendra Deva Routray depicted holding a sword and seated in a dominating Lakulisha position at Kapileswar Temple in Old Bhubaneswar]]
+[[File:Kapilendra Deva 1.png|alt=Gajapati Kapilendra Deva Routray depicted holding a sword and seated in a dominating Lakulisha position at Kapileswar Temple in Old Bhubaneswar|thumb|397x397px|Gajapati Kapilendra Deva depicted holding a sword and seated in a dominating Lakulisha position at Kapileswar Temple in Old Bhubaneswar]]
 Different historical sources give varied accounts about the Odishan military commanded by the Gajapatis. According to Muslim text Buhan-m-Mansir, Kapilendra had an elephant force numbering two hundred thousand (2,00,000). This number of war elephants is usually a very huge number compared even to any military of the existing kingdoms during the times of Kapilendra Deva himself in India.  Nizzamuddin writes that the Gajapati encamped on the Godavari river banks with an infantry of seven hundred thousand (700,000). Another Muslim source documents that Kapilendra Deva raided Bidar with only 10,000 foot soldiers while being assisted by the Vellamati chiefs of Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/191019/10/10_chapter%205.pdf|title=MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>
 The Odia poet [[Sarala Das]] who lived during the era of Kapilendra Deva, has given descriptions about the military divisions in his Odia Mahabharata. The divisions mentioned are:-
@@ Line 58: / Line 59: @@
 == Military Conquests and Territorial Expansion ==
-[[File:Kurumbera Fort 2.jpg|alt=Kuruma Bedha or Kurumbera fort compound built during the rule of Kapilendra Deva Routray and which is today within the territorial limits of West Bengal state.|thumb|260x260px|Kuruma Bedha or [[Kurumbera Fort|Kurumbera]] fort compound built during the rule of Kapilendra Deva Routray and which is today within the territorial limits of West Bengal state.]]
+[[File:Kurumbera Fort 2.jpg|alt=Kuruma Bedha or Kurumbera fort compound built during the rule of Kapilendra Deva Routray and which is today within the territorial limits of West Bengal state.|thumb|260x260px|[[File:Kurumbera Fort, Keshiari, West Bengal 04.jpg|thumb]][[File:Chambers of the Kurumbera fort , Gaganeshwar.jpg|thumb]]Kuruma Bedha or [[Kurumbera Fort|Kurumbera]] fort compound built during the rule of Kapilendra Deva Routray and which is today within the territorial limits of West Bengal state.]]
 The military hegemony of Odisha had declined during the last line of Eastern Ganga dynasty rulers which provided enough opportunity for the rising powers in its neighborhood. When Kapilendra Deva took over the throne, hostile Muslim powers like the Sultan of [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]] [[Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)|(Mahmud Shah]]), [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and the young ruler of Bengal [[Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah|Samsuddin Ahmad Shah]] were continuously preparing to invade Odisha. [[Rivalry|Rival]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] powers such as [[Deva Raya II]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] along with [[Reddy dynasty|Reddys]] of [[Rajahmundry|Rajmahendri]] had [[conquered]] advancing as far as the [[Simhachalam Hill Range|Simhanchalam]] territory in the south. Along with suppressing internal rebellions, Kapilendra Deva first defeated the Jaunpur forces and then contained the [[Bengal]] forces with the help of his minister Gopinath Mahapatra after which only he initiated his aggressive military campaigns of the Southern and Deccan parts of India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Odisha|publisher=Kalyani Publishers|year=2004|isbn=81-272-1367-5|location=New Delhi|pages=86–94}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Odia Jatira Itihaasa O Sanskruti, Part – 1|publisher=Vidyapuri|year=2012|isbn=978-81-7411-656-7|location=Cuttack|pages=177–181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127087/8/08_chapter%203.pdf|title=RELATIONS WITH THE GAJAPATHIS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/118610/9/09_chapter%202.pdf|title=Society and culture as depicted in literature of the Gajapati period, Chapter II - Political History|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=15–21|access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref>
 === Conquest of Gauda region in Bengal ===
-The Gopinathpur inscription of 1447 CE describes his campaign against the [[Persianate]] [[Sultan of Bengal]] who tried to raid Odisha but was beaten back by the Gajapati army led by Gopinath Mahapatra, the minister of Kapilendra Deva.{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|p=35}} The Gajapati army conquered territories of Bengal to the west of Ganga river including the fort of [[Gar Mandaran]].{{sfn|Majumdar|Pusalker|Majumdar|1960|p=366}} Historian R. Subramaniam describes that the title 'Brhamarbara' retained by Kapilendra Deva from the days of his service at the Ganga king's court clearly signifies his control over Brhamarkuta{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} region of Bengal. An inscription in the Jagannath temple of Puri that is dated to the year 1450 CE narrates the conquest of [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] by Kapilendra Deva after defeating Malika Parisa (Malik Padsah) which in short refers to the contemporary Persianate [[Sultan of Bengal]] by the name [[Mahmud Shah of Bengal|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]]. The region east of the river Ganga{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} and until modern Burdhawan district was known as the Jaleswar division{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} which was handed over to the later ruler of Bengal Ali Vardi Khan by the Marathas during their time.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} Kapilendra Deva's aide Jalesara Narendra Mahapatra was appointed as the governor of this region. After this victory, Kapilendra Deva accepts the title epithet of ''Gaudeswara'' meaning the Lord of the [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda kingdom]].{{Better source needed|date=December 2022}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_LT5Q-f3YEC&q=Gajapatis+of+Orissa&pg=PA2|title=Medieval Orissa: A Socio-economic Study by By Shishir Kumar Panda|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1991|isbn=81-7099-261-3|location=New Delhi|pages=11}}</ref> Katakarajavanshavalli records state about the holy dip of the Gajapati himself in the river [[Ganges]] and the ''[[Dāna]]'' of Tulasipur ''shasan'' villages to the Brahmins there. This clearly indicates that Kapilendra Deva was in control of regions beyond the river Ganga to its East.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
+The Gopinathpur inscription of 1447 CE describes his campaign against the [[Sultan of Bengal]] who tried to raid Odisha but was beaten back by the Gajapati army led by Gopinath Mahapatra, the minister of Kapilendra Deva.{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|p=35}} The Gajapati army conquered territories of Bengal to the west of Ganga river including the fort of [[Gar Mandaran]].{{sfn|Majumdar|Pusalker|Majumdar|1960|p=366}} Historian R. Subramaniam describes that the title 'Brhamarbara' retained by Kapilendra Deva from the days of his service at the Ganga king's court clearly signifies his control over Brhamarkuta{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} region of Bengal. An inscription in the Jagannath temple of Puri that is dated to the year 1450 CE narrates the conquest of [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] by Kapilendra Deva after defeating Malika Parisa (Malik Padsah) which in short refers to the contemporary Persianate [[Sultan of Bengal]] by the name [[Mahmud Shah of Bengal|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]]. The region east of the river Ganga{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} and until modern Burdhawan district was known as the Jaleswar division{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} which was handed over to the later ruler of Bengal Ali Vardi Khan by the Marathas during their time.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} Kapilendra Deva's aide Jalesara Narendra Mahapatra was appointed as the governor of this region. After this victory, Kapilendra Deva accepts the title epithet of ''Gaudeswara'' meaning the Lord of the [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda kingdom]].{{Better source needed|date=December 2022}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_LT5Q-f3YEC&q=Gajapatis+of+Orissa&pg=PA2|title=Medieval Orissa: A Socio-economic Study by By Shishir Kumar Panda|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1991|isbn=81-7099-261-3|location=New Delhi|pages=11}}</ref> Katakarajavanshavalli records state about the holy dip of the Gajapati himself in the river [[Ganges]] and the ''[[Dāna]]'' of Tulasipur ''shasan'' villages to the Brahmins there. This clearly indicates that Kapilendra Deva was in control of regions beyond the river Ganga to its East.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
 === The Conquest of Rajamahendri ===
@@ Line 69: / Line 70: @@
 === Malwa expeditions ===
+[[File:Indien2012 1356 Mahur Fort.jpg|thumb|Mahur fort captured by Gajapati Kapilendra Deva]]
 *'''Conquest of Mahur -''' The Veligalani plates and Chiruvrolu inscriptions records the prowess of the Gajapati during the Malwa expeditions. Although there is not much mention of a war, but it does show geopolitical scenario in the region during the march of Gajapati Kapilendra Deva's forces as is described by the fear of the Gajapati army among the rulers of Vijayanagara, Gulbarga and Malwa.{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|p=51}} The text ''Gaṅgādāsapratāpavilāsam'' and the cāṭu verses mentions the conquest of the Mahur fort in 1457 CE during the Malwa expeditions. It describes the campaign where Kapilendra Deva's forces marched against the dominions of the [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]  and [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] Sultanates and wrested control of the forts of [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] and Bedadakota(Bidar).{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|p=52}}
@@ Line 76: / Line 78: @@
 === Gajapati Invasion of Bidar ===
 {{Main|Gajapati invasion of Bidar}}
-In 1461, Kapilendra Deva orchestrated a significant military campaign during the reign of [[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III|Nizam Shah Bahmani]]. The primary aim of this strategic maneuver was to capture Berar, with a specific focus on the town of [[Achalpur]] in what is now modern-day [[Maharashtra]]. Backed by Kakatiya chiefs, Kapilendra Deva led his forces into a consequential military confrontation against the Bahmani Sultanate. Despite their initial intentions, the Gajapati forces, under Kapilendra Deva's leadership they had to retreat. This sudden withdrawal stemmed from the Jaunpur Sultan [[Husain Shah of Jaunpur|Husain Sharqi]]'s invasion of Orissa and the capture of [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]. After capturing Tirhut, he sent detachments to conquer Orissa. This compelled Kapilendra to retract from Bahmani territories, compelling him to seek peace. This turn of events forced the surrender of the Gajapati forces.{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|p=56-58}} The outcome of this campaign, set against the backdrop of Nizam Shah Bahmani's rule, left a lasting imprint on the historical tapestry of the region, shaping the narrative of Kapilendra Deva's military endeavors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haque |first=Mohammed Anwarul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref>
+In 1461, Kapilendra Deva orchestrated a significant military campaign during the reign of [[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III|Nizam Shah Bahmani]]. The primary aim of this strategic maneuver was to capture Berar, with a specific focus on the town of [[Achalpur]] in what is now modern-day [[Maharashtra]]. Backed by Kakatiya chiefs, Kapilendra Deva led his forces into a consequential military confrontation against the Bahmani Sultanate. Despite their initial intentions, the Gajapati forces, under Kapilendra Deva's leadership they had to retreat. This sudden withdrawal stemmed from Jaunpur Sultan [[Husain Shah of Jaunpur|Husain Sharqi]]'s invasion of Orissa. After capturing [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]], he sent detachments to conquer Orissa. This compelled Kapilendra to retract from Bahmani territories, compelling him to seek peace. This turn of events forced the surrender of the Gajapati forces.{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|p=56-58}} The outcome of this campaign, set against the backdrop of Nizam Shah Bahmani's rule, left a lasting imprint on the historical tapestry of the region, shaping the narrative of Kapilendra Deva's military endeavors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haque |first=Mohammed Anwarul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref>
 === Subjugation of the Vijayanagara Empire and Expansion till [[Tiruchirappalli]] ===
@@ Line 87: / Line 89: @@
 == Consolidation of the Gajapati Empire==
-[[File:Gajatapi Empire under Kapilendra deva (1434-1467).png|thumb|Extent of Odisha under Kapilendra Deva{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|pp=56-58}}]]The [[Gajapati Empire]] which reached its height in 1464 CE under Kapilendra Deva was organised into two administrative divisions of ''Dandapata'' and ''Rajya''. Most of core regions of the empire in the north came under his direct control which were divided into Dandapathas(the division continuing from the Eastern Gangas) under a Governor(parikśa) or were controlled by the feudatory [[Samanta|''Samanta rajas'']]. The southern parts of the empire were divided into Rajyas which were ruled by Governors.{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|p=132}}
+[[File:Gajapati Empire of Kapliendra Deva Routaray.jpg|thumb|Extent of Odisha under Kapilendra Deva{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|pp=56-58}}]]
+The [[Gajapati Empire]] which reached its height in 1464 CE under Kapilendra Deva was organised into two administrative divisions of ''Dandapata'' and ''Rajya''. Most of core regions of the empire in the north came under his direct control which were divided into Dandapathas(the division continuing from the Eastern Gangas) under a Governor(parikśa) or were controlled by the feudatory [[Samanta|''Samanta rajas'']]. The southern parts of the empire were divided into Rajyas which were ruled by Governors.{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|p=132}}
 == Constructive Activities and Cultural Renaissance of the Odia Society ==
@@ Line 103: / Line 106: @@
 {{clear}}
-==References==
+== Notes ==
+{{notelist}}
+== References ==
 {{reflist}}