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[[File:Qais Abdur Rashid's Shrine on the Takht-i-Suliman.jpg|thumb|Qais Abdur Rashid's Shrine on the Takht-i-Suliman]]
[[File:Qais Abdur Rashid's Shrine on the Takht-i-Suliman.jpg|thumb|Qais Abdur Rashid's Shrine on the Takht-i-Suliman]]


'''Qais Abdur Rashīd''' or '''Qais Abdul Rasheed''' ({{lang-ps|قيس عبد الرشيد}}) is said to be, in post-Islamic lore, the [[legend]]ary founding father of the [[Pashtuns]]. <ref>[[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan]]</ref><ref name=Hind>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC|title=Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest.|author=André Wink|year=2002|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=0391041738}}</ref> It is believed that the conception of such a figure was promoted to bring harmony between religious and ethnic identities post-Arabic influence over the region.<ref name="Stanizai2020">{{cite journal|last1=Stanizai|first1=Zaman|date=9 October 2020|title=Are Pashtuns the Lost Tribe of Israel?|doi=10.33774/coe-2020-vntk7-v4|s2cid=234658271}}</ref> Qais Abdur Rashid is said to have traveled to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] during the early days of [[Islam]] and converted. But contrary to this legend, [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|Islam spread through Afghanistan]] over a period of time.
'''Qais Abdur Rashīd''' or '''Qais Abdul Rasheed''' ({{langx|ps|قيس عبد الرشيد}}) is said to be, in post-Islamic lore, the [[legend]]ary founding father of the [[Pashtuns]].<ref>[[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan]]</ref><ref name=Hind>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC|title=Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest.|author=André Wink|year=2002|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=0391041738}}</ref> It is believed that the conception of such a figure was promoted to bring harmony between religious and ethnic identities post-Arabic influence over the region.<ref name="Stanizai2020">{{cite journal|last1=Stanizai|first1=Zaman|date=9 October 2020|title=Are Pashtuns the Lost Tribe of Israel?|doi=10.33774/coe-2020-vntk7-v4|s2cid=234658271}}</ref> Qais Abdur Rashid is said to have traveled to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] during the early days of [[Islam]] and converted. But contrary to this legend, [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|Islam spread through Afghanistan]] over a period of time.
⚫
[[File:The Family Tree and Lineage of Kish Kysh Qais Abdur Rashid Al Pithon.jpg|thumb|The family tree and lineage]]

⚫
[[File:The Family Tree and Lineage of Kish Kysh Qais Abdur Rashid Al Pithon.jpg|thumb|Family Tree and Lineage]]


==Genealogical tree==
==Genealogical tree==
Some Afghan genealogists list Qais Abdur Rashid as the 37th descendant of King Talut (or [[Saul]], [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|reigned]] c. 1050 BC–1010 BC) through Malak [[Afghana]], a legendary grandson of Talut.<ref>''Dawn'', [http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/040404/dmag9.htm The cradle of Pathan culture] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205041602/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/040404/dmag9.htm |date=December 5, 2008 }}, by Alauddin Masood, 4 April 2004.</ref><ref>Niamatullah's history of the Afghans, Volume 1, Niʻmat Allāh, Nirod Bhusan Roy, Santiniketan Press, 1958, pg. 5.</ref>
Some Afghan genealogists list Qais Abdur Rashid as the 37th descendant of the [[Benjamites|Benjamite]] king Talut (or [[Saul]], [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|reigned]] c. 1050 BC–1010 BC) through Malak Afghana, a legendary grandson of Talut.<ref>''Dawn'', [http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/040404/dmag9.htm The cradle of Pathan culture] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205041602/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/040404/dmag9.htm |date=December 5, 2008 }}, by Alauddin Masood, 4 April 2004.</ref><ref>Niamatullah's history of the Afghans, Volume 1, Niʻmat Allāh, Nirod Bhusan Roy, Santiniketan Press, 1958, pg. 5.</ref>


According to the [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], the [[theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites|theory of Pashtun descent from the ancient Israelites]] is traced to ''Tārīkh-e Khān Jahānī wa Makhzan-e Afghānī'' ({{lang|ps|تاریخ خان جهانی ومخزن افغانی}}), a history compiled by [[Nimat Allah al-Harawi]] during the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Mughal emperors|emperor]] [[Jahangir]] in the 17th century. The ''Makhzan-e Afghānī'''s Israelite theory, however, has been dismissed by modern authorities due to numerous historical and linguistic inconsistencies.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
According to the [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], the [[theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites|theory of Pashtun descent from the ancient Israelites]] is traced to ''[[Tarikh-i Khan Jahani wa Makhzan-i Afghani|Tārīkh-e Khān Jahānī wa Makhzan-e Afghānī]]'' ({{lang|ps|تاریخ خان جهانی ومخزن افغانی}}), a history compiled by [[Nimat Allah al-Harawi]] during the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Mughal emperors|emperor]] [[Jahangir]] in the 17th century.


==Legend==
==Legend==
Legend has it that Qais was born in the [[Ghor]] region of present-day central [[Afghanistan]]. Upon hearing about the advent of [[Islam]], his tribe sent him to [[Medina]] in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], in present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. He met [[Muhammad]](Peace be upon him)and embraced Islam there, and was given the name ''Abdur Rashīd'' by Muhammad. He then returned to Ghor and introduced Islam to his tribe. According to [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], in legend the famous military leader and companion of Muhammad, [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]], introduced Qais to Muhammad. {{Quote|The Afghan historians proceed to relate that the Jewish tribe, both in [[Ghor]] and in [[Saudi Arabia|Arabia]], preserved their knowledge of the unity of [[Allah|God]] and the purity of their religious belief, and that on the appearance of the last prophet and messenger, Prophet [[Muhammad]], the Afghans of Ghor listened to the invitation of their [[Arab people|Arabian]] brethren, the chief of whom was [[Khalid ibn al-Waleed]], so famous for his conquest of [[Syria]], and marched to the aid of the true faith, under the command of Kyse, afterwards surnamed "Abdul Rasheed".<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lifeamirdostmoh00mungoog/page/n12 <!-- pg=5 quote=life of amir dost muhammad waleed. --> Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan; of Kabul, Volume 1. By Mohan Lal (1846), quoting Mountstuart Elphinstone pg. 5]</ref>}}According to the folk tale, Qais had three sons: ''Saṛban'' ({{lang|ps|سړبن}}), ''Bēṭ'' ({{lang|ps|بېټ}}), and ''Gharghax̌t'' ({{lang|ps|غرغښت}}).<ref>[http://www.khyber.org/tribes/web/ppl/8/d/be30fcb57e8a9f83f4beaa0fd8.shtml Qais Abdul Rasheed]. Khyber.ORG.</ref> His sons founded three tribal confederacies named after them: [[Sarbani]], [[Bettani]], and Gharghashti. Qais also had an adopted son, [[Karlani]] Ormur, who is progenitor of the Karlani tribe.<ref name="UND">{{Cite thesis |type=Master's thesis |last=Coyle|first=Dennis Walter|date=2014|title=Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties|url=https://commons.und.edu/theses/1635 |publisher=University of North Dakota}}</ref> There are multiple versions of the legend, including several regional variants that mention only one, two, or three of the four legendary brothers.
Legend has it that Qais was born in the [[Ghor]] region of present-day central [[Afghanistan]]. Upon hearing about the advent of [[Islam]], his tribe sent him to [[Medina]] in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], in present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. He met [[Muhammad]] and embraced Islam there, and was given the name ''Abdur Rashīd'' by Muhammad. He then returned to Ghor and introduced Islam to his tribe. According to [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], in legend the famous military leader and companion of Muhammad, [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]], introduced Qais to Muhammad. {{Blockquote|The Afghan historians proceed to relate that the Jewish tribe, both in [[Ghor]] and in [[Saudi Arabia|Arabia]], preserved their knowledge of the unity of [[Allah|God]] and the purity of their religious belief, and that on the appearance of the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]], the Afghans of Ghor listened to the invitation of their [[Arab people|Arabian]] brethren, the chief of whom was [[Khalid ibn al-Waleed]], so famous for his conquest of [[Syria]], and marched to the aid of the true faith, under the command of Kyse, afterwards surnamed "Abdul Rasheed".<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lifeamirdostmoh00mungoog/page/n12 <!-- pg=5 quote=life of amir dost muhammad waleed. --> Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan; of Kabul, Volume 1. By Mohan Lal (1846), quoting Mountstuart Elphinstone pg. 5]</ref>}}According to the folk tale, Qais had four sons: ''Saṛban'' ({{lang|ps|سړبن}}), ''Bēṭ'' ({{lang|ps|بېټ}}), and ''Gharghax̌t'' ({{lang|ps|غرغښت}{Karlaani (کرلانئ)}.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20141015101101/http://www.khyber.org/tribes/web/ppl/8/d/be30fcb57e8a9f83f4beaa0fd8.shtml Qais Abdul Rasheed]}}. Khyber.ORG.</ref> His sons founded four big tribal confederacies named after them: [[Sarbani]], [[Bettani]], and Gharghashti, Karlaani .Wardak Among Pashto Varieties|url=https://commons.und.edu/theses/1635 |publisher=University of North Dakota}}</ref> There are multiple versions of the legend, including several regional variants that mention only one, two, or three of the four legendary brothers.


===Settlement===
===Settlement===
One legend has it that when Qais felt his time was near, he asked his sons to take him from Ghor to the [[Sulaiman Mountains]] and bury him at the spot where his ancestor [[Malak Afghana]] was buried, and he was buried on top of [[Takht-e-Sulaiman]] ("Throne of Solomon"), also called ''Da Kasī Ghar'' ({{lang|ps|د کسي غر}}, "Mount of Qais"), located near the village of Darazinda in [[Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan]] of the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|FATA]] Districts of [[Pakistan]], close to Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan's borders with both [[South Waziristan]] and [[Zhob District]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. Some people visit the place, mostly in the summer, since in winters the snowfall makes it difficult to climb, and [[animal sacrifice|sacrifice]] an animal, usually a [[Domestic sheep|sheep]] or a [[goat]] at the tomb of Qais.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
One legend has it that when Qais felt his time was near, he asked his sons to take him from Ghor to the [[Sulaiman Mountains]] and bury him at the spot where his ancestor Malak Afghana was buried, and he was buried on top of [[Takht-e-Sulaiman]] ("Throne of Solomon"), also called ''Da Kasī Ghar'' ({{lang|ps|د کسي غر}}, "Mount of Qais"), located near the village of Darazinda in [[Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan]] of the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|FATA]] Districts of [[Pakistan]], close to Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan's borders with both [[South Waziristan]] and [[Zhob District]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. Some people visit the place, mostly in the summer, since in winters the snowfall makes it difficult to climb, and [[animal sacrifice|sacrifice]] an animal, usually a [[Domestic sheep|sheep]] or a [[goat]] at the tomb of Qais.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}


According to another legend, however, Qais settled in the [[Balkh Province|Balkh]] region of present-day northern Afghanistan. From there, his different descendants migrated south, west, and east.<ref name="UND"/>
According to another legend, however, Qais settled in the [[Balkh Province|Balkh]] region of present-day northern Afghanistan. From there, his different descendants migrated south, west, and east.<ref name="UND">{{Cite thesis |type=Master's thesis |last=Coyle|first=Dennis Walter|date=2014|title=Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties|url=https://commons.und.edu/theses/1635 |publisher=University of North Dakota}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Imru' al-Qais]], the pre-Islamic Arabic poet, whose life and legend might have influenced tales of Qais Abdur Rashid
*[[Amir Kror Suri]], a legendary 8th-century Pashtun prince from Ghor
*[[Amir Kror Suri]], a legendary 8th-century Pashtun prince from Ghor
*[[Amir Suri]], a pagan Ghorid king in the 9th and 10th century who was defeated in war with the Saffarid emir Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
*[[Amir Suri]], a pagan Ghorid king in the 9th and 10th century who was defeated in war with the Saffarid emir Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
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{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}
{{Legendary progenitors}}
{{Legendary progenitors}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qais Abdur Rashid}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qais Abdur Rashid}}
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]

Revision as of 06:45, 11 December 2024

Qais Abdur Rashid's Shrine on the Takht-i-Suliman

Qais Abdur Rashīd or Qais Abdul Rasheed (Pashto: قيس عبد الرشيد) is said to be, in post-Islamic lore, the legendary founding father of the Pashtuns.[1][2] It is believed that the conception of such a figure was promoted to bring harmony between religious and ethnic identities post-Arabic influence over the region.[3] Qais Abdur Rashid is said to have traveled to Mecca and Medina in Arabia during the early days of Islam and converted. But contrary to this legend, Islam spread through Afghanistan over a period of time.

The family tree and lineage

Genealogical tree

Some Afghan genealogists list Qais Abdur Rashid as the 37th descendant of the Benjamite king Talut (or Saul, reigned c. 1050 BC–1010 BC) through Malak Afghana, a legendary grandson of Talut.[4][5]

According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the theory of Pashtun descent from the ancient Israelites is traced to Tārīkh-e Khān Jahānī wa Makhzan-e Afghānī (تاریخ خان جهانی ومخزن افغانی), a history compiled by Nimat Allah al-Harawi during the reign of the Mughal emperor Jahangir in the 17th century.

Legend

Legend has it that Qais was born in the Ghor region of present-day central Afghanistan. Upon hearing about the advent of Islam, his tribe sent him to Medina in the Arabian Peninsula, in present-day Saudi Arabia. He met Muhammad and embraced Islam there, and was given the name Abdur Rashīd by Muhammad. He then returned to Ghor and introduced Islam to his tribe. According to Mountstuart Elphinstone, in legend the famous military leader and companion of Muhammad, Khalid ibn al-Walid, introduced Qais to Muhammad.

The Afghan historians proceed to relate that the Jewish tribe, both in Ghor and in Arabia, preserved their knowledge of the unity of God and the purity of their religious belief, and that on the appearance of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, the Afghans of Ghor listened to the invitation of their Arabian brethren, the chief of whom was Khalid ibn al-Waleed, so famous for his conquest of Syria, and marched to the aid of the true faith, under the command of Kyse, afterwards surnamed "Abdul Rasheed".[6]

According to the folk tale, Qais had four sons: Saṛban (سړبن), Bēṭ (بېټ), and Gharghax̌t ([غرغښت}{Karlaani (کرلانئ)}.[7] His sons founded four big tribal confederacies named after them: Sarbani, Bettani, and Gharghashti, Karlaani .Wardak Among Pashto Varieties] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |url= (help)</ref> There are multiple versions of the legend, including several regional variants that mention only one, two, or three of the four legendary brothers.

Settlement

One legend has it that when Qais felt his time was near, he asked his sons to take him from Ghor to the Sulaiman Mountains and bury him at the spot where his ancestor Malak Afghana was buried, and he was buried on top of Takht-e-Sulaiman ("Throne of Solomon"), also called Da Kasī Ghar (د کسي غر, "Mount of Qais"), located near the village of Darazinda in Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan of the FATA Districts of Pakistan, close to Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan's borders with both South Waziristan and Zhob District, Balochistan. Some people visit the place, mostly in the summer, since in winters the snowfall makes it difficult to climb, and sacrifice an animal, usually a sheep or a goat at the tomb of Qais.[citation needed]

According to another legend, however, Qais settled in the Balkh region of present-day northern Afghanistan. From there, his different descendants migrated south, west, and east.[8]

See also

  • Imru' al-Qais, the pre-Islamic Arabic poet, whose life and legend might have influenced tales of Qais Abdur Rashid
  • Amir Kror Suri, a legendary 8th-century Pashtun prince from Ghor
  • Amir Suri, a pagan Ghorid king in the 9th and 10th century who was defeated in war with the Saffarid emir Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
  • Lech, Czech, and Rus, three legendary brothers who are said to have founded the three modern Slavic nations of Poles (or Lechites), Czechs, and Rus' (or Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians)
  • Fénius Farsaid, a legendary Scythian prince who is said to have founded the modern Irish nation and invented the Ogham Irish alphabet
  • Asena, a she-wolf in the mythical foundation of the Göktürks
  • Hayk, legendary father of the Armenians

References

  1. ^ Islamic conquest of Afghanistan
  2. ^ André Wink (2002). Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. Brill Publishers. ISBN 0391041738.
  3. ^ Stanizai, Zaman (9 October 2020). "Are Pashtuns the Lost Tribe of Israel?". doi:10.33774/coe-2020-vntk7-v4. S2CID 234658271. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ Dawn, The cradle of Pathan culture Archived December 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, by Alauddin Masood, 4 April 2004.
  5. ^ Niamatullah's history of the Afghans, Volume 1, Niʻmat Allāh, Nirod Bhusan Roy, Santiniketan Press, 1958, pg. 5.
  6. ^ Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan; of Kabul, Volume 1. By Mohan Lal (1846), quoting Mountstuart Elphinstone pg. 5
  7. ^ Qais Abdul Rasheed[usurped]. Khyber.ORG.
  8. ^ Coyle, Dennis Walter (2014). Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties (Master's thesis). University of North Dakota.


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