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{{Short description|Arawan language of Brazil and Peru}}
{{For|other languages with a similar name|Culina language (disambiguation){{!}}Culina language}}
{{For|other languages with a similar name|Culina language (disambiguation){{!}}Culina language}}
{{Expand Portuguese|Língua culina|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Culina
| name = Culina
| nativename =
| nativename =
| states = [[Perú]], [[Brazil]]
| states = [[Peru]], [[Brazil]]
| ethnicity = [[Kulina people]]
| ethnicity = [[Kulina people]]
| speakers = 3,900
| speakers = 3,900
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}}
}}


'''Kulina''' (also '''Kulína''', '''Kulyna''', '''Culina''', '''Curina''', '''Corina''', '''Korina''', '''Culina-Madijá''', '''Madijá''', '''Madija''', '''Madiha''', '''Madihá''') is an [[Arauan languages|Arawan language]] of [[Brazil]] and [[Peru]] spoken by about 4,000 [[Kulina people]]. Kulina is similar to the [[Deni language|Deni]] language, as they have even been considered different dialects of the same language. Both languages have [[Subject–object–verb|SOV word order]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.native-languages.org/culina.htm|title=Culina Language and the Culina Indian Tribe (Kulina Madihá, Kulína, Kulyna, Kurina, Corina, Madija, Kollina, Kulino)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.native-languages.org|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> as well as three sets of alveolar [[affricate consonant]]s. It is believed the presence of the reconstructed phoneme '''''*s''''' in place of the fricative '''*s<sup>h</sup>''' is indicative of the Kulina and Deni languages as opposed to other languages in the Arawan family.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dienst|first=Stefan|date=|title=The Innovation of s in Kulina and Deni|url=|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=47|pages=424–441}}</ref>
'''Kulina''' (also '''Kulína''', '''Kulyna''', '''Culina''', '''Curina''', '''Corina''', '''Korina''', '''Culina-Madijá''', '''Madijá''', '''Madija''', '''Madiha''', '''Madihá''') is an [[Arauan languages|Arawan language]] of [[Brazil]] and [[Peru]] spoken by about 4,000 [[Kulina people]]. With such few speakers, Kulina is considered a threatened language. Kulina is similar to the [[Deni language|Deni]] language, as they have even been considered different dialects of the same language. Both languages have [[Subject–object–verb|SOV word order]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.native-languages.org/culina.htm|title=Culina Language and the Culina Indian Tribe (Kulina Madihá, Kulína, Kulyna, Kurina, Corina, Madija, Kollina, Kulino)|website=www.native-languages.org|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> as well as three sets of alveolar [[affricate consonant]]s. It is believed the presence of the reconstructed phoneme '''''*s''''' in place of the fricative '''*s<sup>h</sup>''' is indicative of the Kulina and Deni languages as opposed to other languages in the Arawan family.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dienst|first=Stefan|title=The Innovation of s in Kulina and Deni|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=47|pages=424–441}}</ref>


== History and Geography ==
== History and geography ==
The Kulina people traditionally live in the states of [[Acre (state)|Acre]] and [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] in Brazil and the [[Ucayali Region|Ucayali]] region in Peru.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898770080|title=A Grammar of Kulina|last=Stefan.|first=Dienst,|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=9783110339680|location=Berlin/Boston|oclc=898770080}}</ref> In Acre and Ucayali, the villages are found along the Purus and Envira rivers. In Amazonas, the villages are around the Juruá, Tarauacá and Jutaí rivers.<ref name=":0" />
The Kulina people traditionally live in the states of [[Acre (state)|Acre]] and [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] in Brazil and the [[Ucayali Region|Ucayali]] region in Peru.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=A Grammar of Kulina|last=Stefan.|first=Dienst|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=9783110339680|location=Berlin/Boston|oclc=898770080}}</ref> In Acre and Ucayali, the villages are found along the Purus and Envira rivers. In Amazonas, the villages are around the Juruá, Tarauacá and Jutaí rivers.<ref name=":0" />


== Classification ==
== Classification ==
Kulina is a member of the [[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]] language family.<ref name=":0" /> According to Dienst (2014), it forms a Madihá [[dialect continuum]] with Western Jamamadi and Deni.<ref name=":0" /> The term ''madihá'' means 'people' in all of these languages.<ref name=":0" />
Kulina is a member of the [[Arawan languages|Arawan]] language family.<ref name=":0" /> According to Dienst (2014), it forms a Madihá [[dialect continuum]] with Western Jamamadi and Deni.<ref name=":0" /> The term ''madihá'' means 'people' in all of these languages.<ref name=":0" />


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
The basic constituent order is [[subject–object–verb]]. It is predominantly a [[Head-marking language|head-marking]] language with [[Agglutinative language|agglutinative]] morphology and some fusion.<ref name=":0" /> There are two [[noun class]]es and two [[Grammatical gender|genders]] and [[Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]] on transitive verbs is determined by a number of complex factors, both syntactic and pragmatic.<ref name=":0" />
The basic constituent order is [[subject–object–verb]]. It is predominantly a [[Head-marking language|head-marking]] language with [[Agglutinative language|agglutinative]] morphology and some fusion.<ref name=":0" /> Kulina is a [[Head-directionality parameter|head-final]] language and contains many more [[suffix]]es than [[prefix]]es.<ref name=":0" /> There are two [[noun class]]es and two [[Grammatical gender|genders]] and [[Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]] on [[transitive verb]]s is determined by a number of complex factors, both syntactic and pragmatic.<ref name=":0" /> In transitive sentences, the verb agree with the object in gender and with the subject in person and number. In [[Intransitive verb|intransitive sentences]], the verb agrees with its subject in person, number and gender.<ref name=":0" />


{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
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![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPAlink|b}}
⚫
|b
|d̪
|{{IPAlink|d̪}}
|{{IPAlink|d͡z}}
⚫
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}}
⚫
|p
|t̪
|{{IPAlink|t̪}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡s}}
|
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|k
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
|pʰ
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|t̪ʰ
|{{IPAlink|t̪ʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}}
|
|kʰ
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|h
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|d͡z
|
|
|
|-
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|
|t͡s
|
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|
|
|t͡sʰ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |m
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |
|n
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|β̞}}~{{IPAlink|w}}
|β~w
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|}
|}
Consonants sounds /pʰ, t̪, d͡z, t͡s, t͡sʰ, ɾ, β~w/ may also be pronounced as /ɸ~f, t͡ʃ, z~ɟ, s, sʰ~ʃ, l, v/.

=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
⚫
|-
|- align="center"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAlink|i}}
| i
|(u)
|({{IPAlink|u}})
⚫
|-
|- align="center"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ
| {{IPAlink|ɛ}}
| {{IPAlink|o}}
| o
⚫
|-
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |a
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|a}}
|}
|}
An [a] sound can also range to a [ɨ] sound. The [u] vowel sound only appears in diphthongs.<ref name=":0" />
An [a] sound can also range to a {{IPAblink|ɨ}} sound. The [u] vowel sound only appears in diphthongs.<ref name=":0" />


== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
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[[Category:Languages of Peru]]
[[Category:Languages of Peru]]
[[Category:Endangered Arawan languages]]
[[Category:Endangered Arawan languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas stubs]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]


{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 10:02, 11 December 2024

For other languages with a similar name, see Culina language.
Culina
Native toPeru, Brazil
EthnicityKulina people
Native speakers
3,900 (2002–2006)[1]
Arauan
  • Culina
Language codes
ISO 639-3cul
Glottologculi1244
ELPCulina

Kulina (also Kulína, Kulyna, Culina, Curina, Corina, Korina, Culina-Madijá, Madijá, Madija, Madiha, Madihá) is an Arawan language of Brazil and Peru spoken by about 4,000 Kulina people. With such few speakers, Kulina is considered a threatened language. Kulina is similar to the Deni language, as they have even been considered different dialects of the same language. Both languages have SOV word order,[2] as well as three sets of alveolar affricate consonants. It is believed the presence of the reconstructed phoneme *s in place of the fricative *sh is indicative of the Kulina and Deni languages as opposed to other languages in the Arawan family.[3]

History and geography

[edit]

The Kulina people traditionally live in the states of Acre and Amazonas in Brazil and the Ucayali region in Peru.[4] In Acre and Ucayali, the villages are found along the Purus and Envira rivers. In Amazonas, the villages are around the Juruá, Tarauacá and Jutaí rivers.[4]

Classification

[edit]

Kulina is a member of the Arawan language family.[4] According to Dienst (2014), it forms a Madihá dialect continuum with Western Jamamadi and Deni.[4] The term madihá means 'people' in all of these languages.[4]

Grammar

[edit]

The basic constituent order is subject–object–verb. It is predominantly a head-marking language with agglutinative morphology and some fusion.[4] Kulina is a head-final language and contains many more suffixes than prefixes.[4] There are two noun classes and two genders and agreement on transitive verbs is determined by a number of complex factors, both syntactic and pragmatic.[4] In transitive sentences, the verb agree with the object in gender and with the subject in person and number. In intransitive sentences, the verb agrees with its subject in person, number and gender.[4]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Dental Alveolar Velar Glottal
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiced b d̪ d͡z
voiceless p t̪ t͡s k
aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ t͡sʰ kʰ
Fricative h
Nasal m n
Rhotic ɾ
Approximant β̞~w

Consonants sounds /pʰ, t̪, d͡z, t͡s, t͡sʰ, ɾ, β~w/ may also be pronounced as /ɸ~f, t͡ʃ, z~ɟ, s, sʰ~ʃ, l, v/.

Vowels

[edit]
Front Back
Close i (u)
Mid ɛ o
Open a

An [a] sound can also range to a [ɨ] sound. The [u] vowel sound only appears in diphthongs.[4]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Boyer, Cindy & Jim Boyer. 2000. Dictionario: (sic) Culina - Castellano. Unpublished Manuscript.
  • Dienst, Stefan. 2014. A Grammar of Kulina. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Dienst, Stefan. 2009. "Stative Verbs in Kulina". ReVel Revista Virtual de Estudos de Lingaugem.
  • Diesnt, Stefan. 2008a. "Portuguese Influence on Kulina". In Thomas Stolz, Dik Bakker & Rosa Salas Palomo (eds.) Aspects of language contact. New theoretical, methodological and empirical findings with special focus on Romancisation processes, 287-297. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Dienst, Stefan. 2008b. "Why Kulina doesn't have an antipassive". Amerindia 32: 27-36.
  • Dienst, Stefan. 2005. "The innovation of s in Kulina and Deni". Anthropological Linguistics 52: 209-243.
  • Monserrat, Ruth Maria Fonini & Abel O. Silva. 1986. Gramática da língua Kulina. Dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo. Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário.
  • Silva, Abel O. & Ruth M. F. Monserrat.1984. Dicionário Kulina – Português e Português – Kulina. (Dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo). Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário.
  • Tiss, Frank. 2004. Gramática da língua Madiha (Kulina). São Leopoldo: Oikos.
  • Wright, Pamela Sue. 1991. La hipótesis del inacusativo y los verbos mádija (culina). Revista Latino-americana de Estudios Ethnolingüísticos 6: 49-62.
  • Wright, Pamela Sue. Madija predicates. Working Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota 39: 93-140.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Culina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "Culina Language and the Culina Indian Tribe (Kulina Madihá, Kulína, Kulyna, Kurina, Corina, Madija, Kollina, Kulino)". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
  3. ^ Dienst, Stefan. "The Innovation of s in Kulina and Deni". Anthropological Linguistics. 47: 424–441.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stefan., Dienst (2014). A Grammar of Kulina. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110339680. OCLC 898770080.
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