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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = North Pacific Hake Fish
| name = North Pacific hake
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Iwamoto, T. |author2=Eschmeyer, W. |author3=Alvarado, J. |author4=Bussing, W. |date=2010 |title=''Merluccius productus'' |volume=2010 |page=e.T183411A8108892 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183411A8108892.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| image =Merluccius productus.jpg
| image =Merluccius productus.jpg
| taxon = Merluccius productus
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| authority = ([[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], 1855)
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| synonyms = *''Merlangus productus'' <small>Ayres, 1855</small>
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
*''Homalopomus trowbridgii'' <small>[[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1856</small>
| ordo = [[Gadiformes]]
| familia = [[Merlucciidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Merlucciinae]]
| genus = ''[[Merluccius]]''
| species = '''''M. productus'''''
| binomial = ''Merluccius productus''
| binomial_authority = ([[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], 1855)
}}
}}


The '''North Pacific hake''', '''Pacific hake''', '''Pacific whiting''', or '''Jack Salmon''', ''Merluccius productus'', is a [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] in the genus ''[[Merluccius]]'', found in the northeast [[Pacific Ocean]] from northern [[Vancouver Island]] to the northern part of the [[Gulf of California]]. It is a silver-gray fish with black speckling, growing to a length of {{convert|90|cm|ft|0|abbr=on}}. It is a [[Fish migration|migratory]] offshore fish and undergoes a [[diel vertical migration|daily vertical migration]] from the surface to the seabed at depths down to about {{convert|1000|m|-2|ft|abbr=on}}. It is the object of an important commercial fishery off the West Coast of the United States, and annual quotas are used to prevent overfishing. An expansion of the range of the [[Humboldt squid]] is causing concern because it is a voracious predator of the North Pacific hake.
The '''North Pacific hake''', '''Pacific hake''', '''Pacific whiting''', or '''jack salmon''' (''Merluccius productus'') is a [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] in the genus ''[[Merluccius]]'', found in the northeast [[Pacific Ocean]] from northern [[Vancouver Island]] to the northern part of the [[Gulf of California]]. It is a silver-gray fish with black speckling, growing to a length of {{convert|90|cm|ft|0|abbr=on}}. It is a [[Fish migration|migratory]] offshore fish and undergoes a [[diel vertical migration|daily vertical migration]] from the surface to the seabed at depths down to about {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

It is the object of an important commercial fishery off the West Coast of the United States, and annual quotas are used to prevent overfishing. Pacific Hake (whiting) contains an enzyme in its tissues which can rapidly spoil the fish in a matter of just under 12 hours, and cause the tissues of the fish to disintegrate. Fisheries that target Pacific Hake typically deliver the fish to processing plants within several hours of being caught. Processing plants add an enzyme inhibitor to raw processed fish to slow the spoilage of Pacific Hake and neutralize the specific enzyme that causes the fish to spoil quickly. Almost all Pacific Hake that is wild caught is converted into fish paste and processed into [[surimi]] which allows the enzyme inhibitor to be mixed into the fish paste to make [[crab sticks]] and other processed fish products. Over 70% of the Pacific Hake caught and processed into surimi is shipped to Japan and Korea.<ref name="l686">{{cite web | title=How "krab" is made from Pacific Whiting | website=YouTube | date=2024-03-06 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wy9LsW3DjJo | access-date=2024-11-10}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Merluccius productus1.jpg|thumb|left|''Merluccius productus'' California, [[Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary]]]]
[[File:Merluccius productus1.jpg|thumb|left|''M. productus'' California, [[Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary]]]]
Its length is about 3 ft (90 cm) and it can live for up to 15 years. Its coloration is metallic silver-gray with black speckling and pure silvery white on the belly. North Pacific hake have two [[dorsal fin]]s and a truncated caudal fin. Their [[pectoral fin]] tips usually reach to or beyond the origin of their [[anal fin]]. The [[caudal fin]] is always [[wiktionary:Concave|concave]].
Its length is about 3&nbsp;ft (90&nbsp;cm) and it can live up to 20 years. Its coloration is metallic silver-gray with black speckling and pure silvery white on the belly. The North Pacific hake has two [[dorsal fin]]s and a truncated caudal fin. Its [[pectoral fin]] tips usually reach to or beyond the origin of its [[anal fin]]. The [[caudal fin]] is always [[wiktionary:Concave|concave]].


==Reproduction==
==Reproduction==
The North Pacific hake spawns from January to June. They may spawn more than once per season, so absolute [[fecundity]] is difficult to determine. Historically, inshore female Pacific hake matured at 15 in (37 cm) and four to five years of age. Currently, length at 50% maturity for females in the [[Port Susan]] North Pacific hake population is about 8.5 in (21.5 cm), compared to 11.7 in (29.8 cm) in the 1980s. Females mature at three to four years of age and 13.4 to 15.75 in (34-40 cm), and nearly all males are mature by age three and as small as 11 in (28 cm).
North Pacific hake spawn from January to June. They may spawn more than once per season, so absolute [[fecundity]] is difficult to determine. Historically, inshore female Pacific hake matured at 15 in (37&nbsp;cm) and 4–5 years of age. Currently, length at 50% maturity for females in the [[Port Susan]] North Pacific hake population is about 8.5 in (21.5&nbsp;cm), compared to 11.7 in (29.8&nbsp;cm) in the 1980s. Females mature at 3–4 years of age and 13.4 to 15.7 in (34–40&nbsp;cm), and nearly all males are mature by age three and as small as 11 in (28&nbsp;cm).


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
They occur from the surface to depths of {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. North Pacific hake are [[nocturna]]l feeders that undergo [[daily vertical migration]]s off the bottom to feed on a variety of fishes and invertebrates. Its diet includes [[shrimp]], [[plankton]], and smaller fishes. They are an important prey item for sea lions, small cetaceans, and dogfish sharks.
They occur from the surface to depths of {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. North Pacific hake are [[nocturnal]] feeders that undergo daily vertical migrations off the bottom to feed on a variety of fishes and invertebrates. Their diet includes [[shrimp]], [[plankton]], and smaller fish such as [[lanternfish]]. They are an important prey item for sea lions, small cetaceans, and dogfish sharks.


The three recognized stocks of Pacific hake are a highly migratory offshore (or coastal) stock that ranges from southern California to [[Queen Charlotte Sound (Canada)|Queen Charlotte Sound]], a central-south Puget Sound stock, and a Strait of Georgia (SOG) stock. The offshore North Pacific hake stock spawned off south-central California to Baja California in the winter months of January and February during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.<ref>Methot and Dorn 1995.</ref><ref name="McFarlane">McFarlane et al. 2000.</ref> In spring and summer, adults migrated northward to feed to as far as central [[Vancouver Island]] (and as far as Queen Charlotte Sound in some years). In the fall, adults migrated southward toward spawning grounds. Since the early 1990s, a percentage of the offshore stock has remained off the west coast of Canada year round and some Pacific hake have been observed spawning off the west coast of Vancouver Island.<ref name="McFarlane" /> Resident Pacific hake in Puget Sound spawn in Port Susan and Dabob Bay from February through April. The SOG resident stock aggregates to spawn in the deep basins of the south-central Strait of Georgia, where peak spawning occurs from March to May.
The three recognized stocks of Pacific hake are a highly migratory offshore (or coastal) stock that ranges from southern California to [[Queen Charlotte Sound (Canada)|Queen Charlotte Sound]], a central-south Puget Sound stock, and a Strait of Georgia stock. The offshore North Pacific hake stock spawned off south-central California to Baja California in January and February during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.<ref>Methot and Dorn 1995.</ref><ref name="McFarlane">McFarlane et al. 2000.</ref> In spring and summer, adults migrated northward to feed to as far as central [[Vancouver Island]] (and as far as Queen Charlotte Sound in some years). In the fall, adults migrated southward toward spawning grounds. Since the early 1990s, a percentage of the offshore stock has remained off the west coast of Canada year round and some Pacific hake have been observed spawning off the west coast of Vancouver Island.<ref name="McFarlane" /> Resident Pacific hake in Puget Sound spawn in Port Susan and Dabob Bay from February through April. The Strait of Georgia resident stock aggregates to spawn in the deep basins of the south-central strait, where peak spawning occurs from March to May.


==Fisheries==
==Fisheries and conservation==
[[File:Young Pacific Hake.jpg|thumb|left|A collection of young North Pacific hake caught off the coast of central California during a bottom-trawl survey]]
Pacific whiting supports one of the most important commercial fisheries off the West Coast of the United States. Of the three recognized stocks mentioned, the latter two stocks are managed by state and local management agencies, but the offshore, or coastal, fishery in US waters is managed by the Pacific Fishery Management Council through its Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan.
[[File:North pacific hake capture production thousand tonnes 1965-2022.svg|thumb|Global capture production of North Pacific hake (''Merluccius productus'') in thousand tonnes from 1965 to 2022, as reported by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}</ref>]]
Pacific hake support one of the most important commercial fisheries off the West Coast of the United States. Of the three recognized stocks mentioned, the latter two stocks are managed by state and local management agencies, but the offshore, or coastal, fishery in U.S. waters is managed by the Pacific Fishery Management Council through its Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan. Originally approved in 1982, the plan now manages over 90 different species through a number of measures, including harvest guidelines, quotas, trip and landing limits, area restrictions, seasonal closures, and gear restrictions (such as minimum mesh size for nets). Annual quotas are the primary management tool used to limit the catch of hake. Pacific hake were declared overfished by the US government in 2002. The stock was declared rebuilt and no longer depleted in 2004. The coast-wide (U.S. and Canada) Pacific hake stock is assessed annually by a joint technical team of scientists from both countries.


In 2003, the U.S. and Canada signed an agreement that allocates a set percentage of the Pacific hake catch to American and Canadian fishermen over the next decade, and established a process for the review of science and the development of management recommendations. Beginning in late 2007, management of Pacific hake and related science activities was coordinated under the provisions of this international treaty with Canada.
Originally approved in 1982, the Groundfish FMP now manages over 90 different species through a number of measures, including harvest guidelines, quotas, trip and landing limits, area restrictions, seasonal closures, and gear restrictions (such as minimum mesh size for nets). Annual quotas are the primary management tool used to limit the catch of whiting. Pacific whiting was declared overfished by the US government in 2002. The stock was declared rebuilt and no longer depleted in 2004. The coast-wide (U.S. and Canada) Pacific whiting stock is assessed annually by a joint technical team of scientists from both countries.


A recent [[stock assessment]] of the coastal stock estimated that the offshore stock of Pacific hake is at a healthy level (above the management reference points) with [[overfishing]] not occurring.<ref name="Berger2017">{{Citation
In 2003, the United States and Canada signed an agreement that allocates a set percentage of the Pacific whiting catch to American and Canadian fishermen over the next decade and established a process for the review of science and the development of management recommendations. Beginning in late 2007, management of Pacific whiting and related science activities was coordinated under the provisions of this international treaty with Canada.
| vauthors=Berger AM, Grandin, CJ, Taylor, IG, Edwards, AM, Cox, S
| title=Status of the Pacific Hake (whiting) stock in U.S. and Canadian waters in 2017
| date=8 September 2021
| publisher=Prepared by the Joint Technical Committee of the U.S. and Canada Pacific Hake/Whiting Agreement, National Marine Fisheries Service and Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
| url=http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/fishery_management/groundfish/whiting/2017-hake-assessment.pdf}}</ref>
Supported by annual stock assessments such as this, the [[Marine Stewardship Council]] certified the midwater Pacific hake (whiting) fishery on the coastal stock in the U.S. and Canada as sustainable in 2009 and renewed the certification in 2014.<ref>{{cite web | title=Pacific hake mid-water trawl fishery earns MSC re-certification | url=https://www.msc.org/newsroom/news/pacific-hake-fishery-earns-msc-re-certification | date=25 November 2014 | access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>


The local and state-managed Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia stocks are "species of concern" - species that NOAA Fisheries Service has concerns about regarding population status and threats, but has insufficient information to indicate a need to list the species under the [[Endangered Species Act]] (ESA). No directed commercial fishery for this stock has occurred since 1991.
The Marine Stewardship Council (www.MSC.org) certified the midwater Pacific hake (whiting) fishery as sustainable on 21 October, 2009.


The local and state-managed Puget Sound and SOG stocks are "species of concern" - species that NOAA Fisheries Service has concerns about regarding population status and threats, but has insufficient information to indicate a need to list the species under the Endangered Species Act. No directed commercial fishery for this stock has occurred since 1991.
The [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] received a petition to list the North Pacific hake under the ESA. The petition was denied on 24 November 2000 (65 FR 70514), but concerns and uncertainties remained. During the review for ESA listing, the Georgia Basin [[distinct population segment]] (DPS) was identified to include both the Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia stocks. The Georgia Basin DPS of the North Pacific hake (called Pacific hake by NMFS) was made a US National Marine Fisheries Service [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/concern/ species of concern]. Species of concern are those species about which the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the ESA.


Potential range expansion by [[Humboldt squid]] has been a cause for concern, because they are predators of hake.<ref name="Zeidberg and Robison">{{Citation |last1=Zeidberg |first1=Louis D. |last2=Robison |first2=Bruce H. |year=2007 |title=Invasive range expansion by the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas, in the eastern North Pacific |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=104 |issue=31 |pages=12948–12950 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702043104|pmid=17646649 |pmc=1937572 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Conservation==
[[Overharvesting]] is the main threat to North Pacific hake. The [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] received a petition to list the North Pacific hake under the [[Endangered Species Act]] (ESA). The petition was denied on 24 November 2000 (65 FR 70514), but concerns and uncertainties remained. During the review for ESA listing, the Georgia Basin [[distinct population segment]] (DPS) was identified to include both the Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia stocks. The Georgia Basin DPS of the North Pacific hake (called Pacific hake by NMFS) was made a US National Marine Fisheries Service [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/concern/ Species of Concern]. Species of Concern are those species about which the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], [[National Marine Fisheries Service]], has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the Endangered Species Act.


==Nutrition==
The expanding range of the [[Humboldt squid]] is also a cause for concern. Humboldt squid are voracious predators of hake and can substantially reduce their populations.<ref name="Zeidberg and Robison">{{Citation |last=Zeidberg |first=Louis D. |last2=Robison |first2=Bruce H. |lastauthoramp= |year=2007 |title=Invasive range expansion by the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas, in the eastern North Pacific |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=104 |issue=31 |pages=12948–12950 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702043104|pmid=17646649 |pmc=1937572 }}</ref>
Nutrition information for Pacific hake is as follows.<ref>'''Exact Scientific Services.''' (2023). ''West Coast Groundfish Nutrient Profiles: Exact Scientific Lab Results.'' Commissioned by Jana Hennig. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/enwiki/static/5a3051588fd4d2db4fb25f26/t/63e40842950bac0c12f8e22b/1675888709465/0+West+Coast+Groundfish+nutrient+profiles+-+Exact+Scientific+lab+results.pdf</ref>

{| style="width:100%; text-align:left;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="width:50%;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:left;"
! Serving Size
! 100g
|-
|
=== Calories ===
| 82 kcal
|-
|
=== Protein ===
| 16.7 g
|-
|Protein calories: 71 kcal
Protein calories % : 86.7%
|
|-
|
=== Fat ===
| 1.2 g
|-
|Fat calories: 11 kcal
Fat calories % : 13.3%
|
|-
|
=== Carbohydrate ===
| 0.0 g
|-
|Carbohydrate calories: 0 kcal
Carbohydrate calories % : 0.0%
|
|-
| Cholesterol
| 71.1 mg
|-
| Sodium
| 119 mg
|}
| style="width:50%;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:left;"
! Serving Size
! per 100g
! per 100 kcal
|-
| Omega 3 (EPA+DHA)
| 451 mg
| 550 mg
|-
| Vitamin B3
| 1.7 mg
| 2.1 mg
|-
| Vitamin B6
| 0.1 mg
| 0.1 mg
|-
| Vitamin B12
| 1.9 mcg
| 2.3 mcg
|-
| Vitamin D
| <37 IU
| <45 IU
|-
| Vitamin E
| 0 mg
| 0 mg
|-
| Calcium
| 7 mg
| 9 mg
|-
| Magnesium
| 25.6 mg
| 31.0 mg
|-
| Phosphorus
| 166 mg
| 203 mg
|-
| Potassium
| 303 mg
| 370 mg
|-
| Selenium
| 30 mcg
| 37 mcg
|}
|}


==References==
==References==
Line 48: Line 149:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*{{citation |last=McFarlane |first=G. A. |last2=King |first2=J. R. |last3=Beamish |first3=R. J. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Have there been recent changes in climate? Ask the fish |year=2000 |journal=Progr. Oceanogr. |volume=47 |pages=147–169 |url= |doi=10.1016/S0079-6611(00)00034-3 |issue=2–4 }}.
*{{citation |last1=McFarlane |first1=G. A. |last2=King |first2=J. R. |last3=Beamish |first3=R. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Have there been recent changes in climate? Ask the fish |year=2000 |journal=Progr. Oceanogr. |volume=47 |pages=147–169 |doi=10.1016/S0079-6611(00)00034-3 |issue=2–4 }}.
*{{citation |last=Methot |first=R. D. |last2=Dorn |first2=M. W. |lastauthoramp=yes |chapter=Biology and fisheries of North Pacific hake (''Merluccius productus'') |editor1-last=Alheit |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Pitcher |editor2-first=T. J. |title=Hake: Biology, fisheries and markets |year=1995 |publisher=Chapman & Hall |location=London |isbn= |pages=389–414 |url= }}.
*{{citation |last1=Methot |first1=R. D. |last2=Dorn |first2=M. W. |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Biology and fisheries of North Pacific hake (''Merluccius productus'') |editor1-last=Alheit |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Pitcher |editor2-first=T. J. |title=Hake: Biology, fisheries and markets |year=1995 |publisher=Chapman & Hall |location=London |pages=389–414 }}.


==External links==
==External links==
* {{FishBase species | genus = Merluccius | species = productus | month = April | year = 2006}}
* {{FishBase | genus = Merluccius | species = productus | month = April | year = 2006}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q919598}}


[[Category:Merluccius]]
[[Category:Merluccius]]
[[Category:Western North American coastal fauna]]
[[Category:Western North American coastal fauna]]
[[Category:Fish of the Gulf of California]]
[[Category:Fish of the Gulf of California]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1855]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1855]]

Latest revision as of 13:55, 11 December 2024

North Pacific hake
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Gadiformes
Family: Merlucciidae
Genus: Merluccius
Species:
M. productus
Binomial name
Merluccius productus
(Ayres, 1855)
Synonyms
  • Merlangus productus Ayres, 1855
  • Homalopomus trowbridgii Girard, 1856

The North Pacific hake, Pacific hake, Pacific whiting, or jack salmon (Merluccius productus) is a ray-finned fish in the genus Merluccius, found in the northeast Pacific Ocean from northern Vancouver Island to the northern part of the Gulf of California. It is a silver-gray fish with black speckling, growing to a length of 90 cm (3 ft). It is a migratory offshore fish and undergoes a daily vertical migration from the surface to the seabed at depths down to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft).

It is the object of an important commercial fishery off the West Coast of the United States, and annual quotas are used to prevent overfishing. Pacific Hake (whiting) contains an enzyme in its tissues which can rapidly spoil the fish in a matter of just under 12 hours, and cause the tissues of the fish to disintegrate. Fisheries that target Pacific Hake typically deliver the fish to processing plants within several hours of being caught. Processing plants add an enzyme inhibitor to raw processed fish to slow the spoilage of Pacific Hake and neutralize the specific enzyme that causes the fish to spoil quickly. Almost all Pacific Hake that is wild caught is converted into fish paste and processed into surimi which allows the enzyme inhibitor to be mixed into the fish paste to make crab sticks and other processed fish products. Over 70% of the Pacific Hake caught and processed into surimi is shipped to Japan and Korea.[2]

Description

[edit]
M. productus California, Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary

Its length is about 3 ft (90 cm) and it can live up to 20 years. Its coloration is metallic silver-gray with black speckling and pure silvery white on the belly. The North Pacific hake has two dorsal fins and a truncated caudal fin. Its pectoral fin tips usually reach to or beyond the origin of its anal fin. The caudal fin is always concave.

Reproduction

[edit]

North Pacific hake spawn from January to June. They may spawn more than once per season, so absolute fecundity is difficult to determine. Historically, inshore female Pacific hake matured at 15 in (37 cm) and 4–5 years of age. Currently, length at 50% maturity for females in the Port Susan North Pacific hake population is about 8.5 in (21.5 cm), compared to 11.7 in (29.8 cm) in the 1980s. Females mature at 3–4 years of age and 13.4 to 15.7 in (34–40 cm), and nearly all males are mature by age three and as small as 11 in (28 cm).

Ecology

[edit]

They occur from the surface to depths of 1,000 m (3,300 ft). North Pacific hake are nocturnal feeders that undergo daily vertical migrations off the bottom to feed on a variety of fishes and invertebrates. Their diet includes shrimp, plankton, and smaller fish such as lanternfish. They are an important prey item for sea lions, small cetaceans, and dogfish sharks.

The three recognized stocks of Pacific hake are a highly migratory offshore (or coastal) stock that ranges from southern California to Queen Charlotte Sound, a central-south Puget Sound stock, and a Strait of Georgia stock. The offshore North Pacific hake stock spawned off south-central California to Baja California in January and February during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.[3][4] In spring and summer, adults migrated northward to feed to as far as central Vancouver Island (and as far as Queen Charlotte Sound in some years). In the fall, adults migrated southward toward spawning grounds. Since the early 1990s, a percentage of the offshore stock has remained off the west coast of Canada year round and some Pacific hake have been observed spawning off the west coast of Vancouver Island.[4] Resident Pacific hake in Puget Sound spawn in Port Susan and Dabob Bay from February through April. The Strait of Georgia resident stock aggregates to spawn in the deep basins of the south-central strait, where peak spawning occurs from March to May.

Fisheries and conservation

[edit]
A collection of young North Pacific hake caught off the coast of central California during a bottom-trawl survey
Global capture production of North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) in thousand tonnes from 1965 to 2022, as reported by the FAO[5]

Pacific hake support one of the most important commercial fisheries off the West Coast of the United States. Of the three recognized stocks mentioned, the latter two stocks are managed by state and local management agencies, but the offshore, or coastal, fishery in U.S. waters is managed by the Pacific Fishery Management Council through its Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan. Originally approved in 1982, the plan now manages over 90 different species through a number of measures, including harvest guidelines, quotas, trip and landing limits, area restrictions, seasonal closures, and gear restrictions (such as minimum mesh size for nets). Annual quotas are the primary management tool used to limit the catch of hake. Pacific hake were declared overfished by the US government in 2002. The stock was declared rebuilt and no longer depleted in 2004. The coast-wide (U.S. and Canada) Pacific hake stock is assessed annually by a joint technical team of scientists from both countries.

In 2003, the U.S. and Canada signed an agreement that allocates a set percentage of the Pacific hake catch to American and Canadian fishermen over the next decade, and established a process for the review of science and the development of management recommendations. Beginning in late 2007, management of Pacific hake and related science activities was coordinated under the provisions of this international treaty with Canada.

A recent stock assessment of the coastal stock estimated that the offshore stock of Pacific hake is at a healthy level (above the management reference points) with overfishing not occurring.[6] Supported by annual stock assessments such as this, the Marine Stewardship Council certified the midwater Pacific hake (whiting) fishery on the coastal stock in the U.S. and Canada as sustainable in 2009 and renewed the certification in 2014.[7]

The local and state-managed Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia stocks are "species of concern" - species that NOAA Fisheries Service has concerns about regarding population status and threats, but has insufficient information to indicate a need to list the species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). No directed commercial fishery for this stock has occurred since 1991.

The National Marine Fisheries Service received a petition to list the North Pacific hake under the ESA. The petition was denied on 24 November 2000 (65 FR 70514), but concerns and uncertainties remained. During the review for ESA listing, the Georgia Basin distinct population segment (DPS) was identified to include both the Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia stocks. The Georgia Basin DPS of the North Pacific hake (called Pacific hake by NMFS) was made a US National Marine Fisheries Service species of concern. Species of concern are those species about which the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the ESA.

Potential range expansion by Humboldt squid has been a cause for concern, because they are predators of hake.[8]

Nutrition

[edit]

Nutrition information for Pacific hake is as follows.[9]

Serving Size 100g

Calories

[edit]
 82 kcal

Protein

[edit]
 16.7 g
Protein calories: 71 kcal

Protein calories % : 86.7%

Fat

[edit]
 1.2 g
Fat calories: 11 kcal

Fat calories % : 13.3%

Carbohydrate

[edit]
 0.0 g
Carbohydrate calories: 0 kcal

Carbohydrate calories % : 0.0%

Cholesterol 71.1 mg
Sodium 119 mg
Serving Size per 100g per 100 kcal
Omega 3 (EPA+DHA) 451 mg 550 mg
Vitamin B3 1.7 mg 2.1 mg
Vitamin B6 0.1 mg 0.1 mg
Vitamin B12 1.9 mcg 2.3 mcg
Vitamin D <37 IU <45 IU
Vitamin E 0 mg 0 mg
Calcium 7 mg 9 mg
Magnesium 25.6 mg 31.0 mg
Phosphorus 166 mg 203 mg
Potassium 303 mg 370 mg
Selenium 30 mcg 37 mcg

References

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  1. ^ Iwamoto, T.; Eschmeyer, W.; Alvarado, J.; Bussing, W. (2010). "Merluccius productus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T183411A8108892. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183411A8108892.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ "How "krab" is made from Pacific Whiting". YouTube. 2024-03-06. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
  3. ^ Methot and Dorn 1995.
  4. ^ a b McFarlane et al. 2000.
  5. ^ "Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  6. ^ Berger AM, Grandin, CJ, Taylor, IG, Edwards, AM, Cox, S (8 September 2021), Status of the Pacific Hake (whiting) stock in U.S. and Canadian waters in 2017 (PDF), Prepared by the Joint Technical Committee of the U.S. and Canada Pacific Hake/Whiting Agreement, National Marine Fisheries Service and Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
  7. ^ "Pacific hake mid-water trawl fishery earns MSC re-certification". 25 November 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  8. ^ Zeidberg, Louis D.; Robison, Bruce H. (2007), "Invasive range expansion by the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas, in the eastern North Pacific", PNAS, 104 (31): 12948–12950, doi:10.1073/pnas.0702043104, PMC 1937572, PMID 17646649
  9. ^ Exact Scientific Services. (2023). West Coast Groundfish Nutrient Profiles: Exact Scientific Lab Results. Commissioned by Jana Hennig. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/enwiki/static/5a3051588fd4d2db4fb25f26/t/63e40842950bac0c12f8e22b/1675888709465/0+West+Coast+Groundfish+nutrient+profiles+-+Exact+Scientific+lab+results.pdf

Further reading

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  • McFarlane, G. A.; King, J. R. & Beamish, R. J. (2000), "Have there been recent changes in climate? Ask the fish", Progr. Oceanogr., 47 (2–4): 147–169, doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(00)00034-3.
  • Methot, R. D. & Dorn, M. W. (1995), "Biology and fisheries of North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus)", in Alheit, J. & Pitcher, T. J. (eds.), Hake: Biology, fisheries and markets, London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 389–414.
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