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{{primary sources|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Hakkari Expedition 1916
| conflict = Hakkari Expedition 1916
| place = [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| place = [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Assyrian volunteers]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Assyrian volunteers]]
*[[Tyari]]
| combatant2 = Local [[Hakkari|Hakkari (historical province)]] Kurdish tribe's
*[[Baz (tribe)]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Dawid Mar Shimun]]{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=63}}<br>[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Malik Khoshaba]]{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=63}}<br>[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] Malik Ismail II{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=63}}
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Ottoman Empire.svg|border|25px]] [[Ottoman Empire]]
| commander2 = Local Kurdish chieftains
{{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]] [[Kurdish tribes]]
| result = Assyrian Victory{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=63}}
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Malik Khoshaba]]<ref name="ismael63"/><br>[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Dawid Mar Shimun]]<ref name="ismael63" /><br>[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Agha Petros]]<ref name="ismael63" /><br>[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] Malik Ismail II<ref name="ismael63" /><br />[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] Malik Khamoo<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=64}}</ref><br />[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] Malik Shamizdin<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=64}}</ref>
⚫
*various Kurdish fortresses destroyed{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=63}}
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of Ottoman Empire.svg|border|25px]] [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Sultans]]<br>{{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Agha (title)|Kurdish Aghas]]
| date = 21 May 1916&nbsp;– 29 June 1916{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=63-65}}
| result = Assyrian victory<ref name="{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=65}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=65}}</ref>
⚫
*Various Kurdish fortresses destroyed<ref name="ismael63" />
| date = 21 May 1916&nbsp;– 29 June 1916<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=63–65}}</ref>
| campaignbox = {{Persian Campaign}}
| partof = [[Persian campaign (World War I)]]
}}
}}
The '''Hakkari Expedition of 1916''' (21 May–29 June 1916) was a number of raids conducted by the [[Assyrian volunteers]] against local [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]] [[Kurdish tribes]]men who the year prior, with the help of the [[Ottoman Empire in World War I|Ottomans]] expelled the Assyrians from Hakkari and resulted in them settling in [[Russian Empire|Russian]] controlled [[Urmia]] and it's surroundings.
The '''Hakkari Expedition of 1916''' (21 May–29 June 1916) was a number of raids conducted by the [[Assyrian volunteers]] against local [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]] [[Kurdish tribes]]men who the year prior, with the help of the [[Ottoman Empire in World War I|Ottomans]] expelled the Assyrians from Hakkari and resulted in them settling in [[Russian Empire|Russian]] controlled [[Urmia]] and its surroundings.


== Preparations for Expedition ==
== Preparations for Expedition ==
On May 21, Malik Ismail II and [[Malik Khoshaba]] with their fighters left Urmia and the surrounding settlements to [[Salmas]], they arrived the next day and met [[Dawid Mar Shimun]] and Malik Shamizdin among other tribal chiefs and their fighters whom had been waiting for the arrival of Ismail and Khoshaba. On May 23, they left to [[Başkale|Bashqalan]] and reached [[Qudshanis|Qudchanis]] on May 27 and found only a thousand cossacks guarding it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=63}}</ref>
On May 21, Malik Ismail II and [[Malik Khoshaba]] with their fighters left [[Urmia]] and the surrounding settlements to [[Salmas]], they arrived the next day and met [[Dawid Mar Shimun]] and Malik Shamizdin among other tribal chiefs and their fighters whom had been waiting for the arrival of Ismail and Khoshaba. On May 23, they left to [[Başkale|Bashqalan]] and reached [[Qudshanis|Qudchanis]] on May 27 and found only a thousand cossacks guarding it.<ref name="ismael63">{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=63}}</ref>


== Battles in the mountains of Hakkari ==
== Battles in the mountains of Hakkari ==
From Qudchanis the Assyrians split into two branches the first under the leadership of Malik Ismail went to darawa where he met [[Tyari|Tyaraye]] who had reestablished themselves in there former villages and the second under Dawid Mar Shimun went on the road to [[Hakkâri (city)|Jurlamerk]], they reached [[Tkhuma]] and found it in ruins and empty. In Tkhuma both forces met and after several fierce battles of many inaccessible Kurdish castles and fortresses where destroyed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=63}}</ref>
From Qudchanis the Assyrians split into two branches the first under the leadership of Malik Ismail went to darawa where he met [[Tyari|Tyaraye]] who had re-established themselves in their former villages and the second under Dawid Mar Shimun went on the road to [[Hakkâri (city)|Jurlamerk]], they reached [[Tkhuma]] and found it in ruins and empty. In Tkhuma both forces met and, after several fierce battles, many inaccessible Kurdish castles and fortresses were destroyed.<ref name="ismael63" />


Soon after the army returned for Chal whom's fortress was in a very mountainous terrain but after the Assyrians divided themselves in three branch's the first lead by Malik Ismail, the second lead Malik Khammo [[Baz (tribe)|Baz]] and third lead by Malik Shamizdin the Assyrians trampled all the villages around and looted many sheep and cattle. Dawid Mar Shimun was waiting until the whole Assyrian force pulled out and the booty of the looting was divided.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=64}}</ref>
Soon after the army returned for Chal, whose fortress was in very mountainous terrain, but after the Assyrians divided themselves in three groups (the first led by Malik Ismail, the second led by Malik Khammo of the [[Baz (tribe)|Baz tribe]] and the third led by Malik Shamizdin), the Assyrians attacked all the villages around and looted many sheep and cattle. Dawid Mar Shimun waited until the whole Assyrian force pulled out and the booty from the looting was divided.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=64}}</ref>


== Assyrian retreat into Urmia ==
== Assyrian retreat into Urmia ==
Before leaving Malik Ismail told the Tyaraye who had reestablished that the Russian Army had returned from [[Qudshanis|Qudchanis]] to [[Başkale|Bashqalan]] and that the assyrians that returned to Hakkari wouldn't withstand the Ottomans and Kurds on there own and that it would be best for them to join the Assyrians in [[Urmia]] and [[Salmas]]. On June 29, all the Assyrian fighters who partook in the expedition returned to Russian occupied [[Qajar Iran|Iran]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=65}}</ref>
Before leaving Malik Ismail told the Tyaraye who had reestablished themselves in their homes that the Russian Army had returned from [[Qudshanis|Qudchanis]] to [[Başkale|Bashqalan]] and that the assyrians that returned to Hakkari wouldn't withstand the Ottomans and [[Kurds]] on their own and that it would be best for them to join the Assyrians in [[Urmia]] and [[Salmas]]. On June 29, all the Assyrian fighters who partook in the expedition returned to Russian occupied [[Qajar Iran|Iran]].<ref name="{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=65}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismail |first=Yaqo |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=65}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Battle of Seray Mountain]]

* [[1917 Hakkari Expedition]]
* [[Urmia Clashes]]
* [[Urmia Clashes]]
* [[Battle of Charah|Battle Charah]]
* [[Battle of Charah|Battle Charah]]
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{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


⚫
[[Category:History of the Assyrians]]
{{ci}}

⚫
[[Category:History of Assyria]]
[[Category:History of Hakkâri Province]]
[[Category:History of Hakkâri Province]]
[[Category:Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Ottoman Empire]]

Latest revision as of 13:56, 11 December 2024

Hakkari Expedition 1916
Part of Persian campaign (World War I)
Date21 May 1916 – 29 June 1916[1]
Location
Hakkari, Ottoman Empire
Result

Assyrian victory[2]

  • Various Kurdish fortresses destroyed[3]
Belligerents

Assyrian volunteers

Ottoman Empire

Kurdistan Region Hakkari Kurdish tribes
Commanders and leaders
Malik Khoshaba[3]
Dawid Mar Shimun[3]
Agha Petros[3]
Malik Ismail II[3]
Malik Khamoo[4]
Malik Shamizdin[5]		 Ottoman Sultans
Kurdistan Region Kurdish Aghas

The Hakkari Expedition of 1916 (21 May–29 June 1916) was a number of raids conducted by the Assyrian volunteers against local Hakkari Kurdish tribesmen who the year prior, with the help of the Ottomans expelled the Assyrians from Hakkari and resulted in them settling in Russian controlled Urmia and its surroundings.

Preparations for Expedition

[edit]

On May 21, Malik Ismail II and Malik Khoshaba with their fighters left Urmia and the surrounding settlements to Salmas, they arrived the next day and met Dawid Mar Shimun and Malik Shamizdin among other tribal chiefs and their fighters whom had been waiting for the arrival of Ismail and Khoshaba. On May 23, they left to Bashqalan and reached Qudchanis on May 27 and found only a thousand cossacks guarding it.[3]

Battles in the mountains of Hakkari

[edit]

From Qudchanis the Assyrians split into two branches the first under the leadership of Malik Ismail went to darawa where he met Tyaraye who had re-established themselves in their former villages and the second under Dawid Mar Shimun went on the road to Jurlamerk, they reached Tkhuma and found it in ruins and empty. In Tkhuma both forces met and, after several fierce battles, many inaccessible Kurdish castles and fortresses were destroyed.[3]

Soon after the army returned for Chal, whose fortress was in very mountainous terrain, but after the Assyrians divided themselves in three groups (the first led by Malik Ismail, the second led by Malik Khammo of the Baz tribe and the third led by Malik Shamizdin), the Assyrians attacked all the villages around and looted many sheep and cattle. Dawid Mar Shimun waited until the whole Assyrian force pulled out and the booty from the looting was divided.[6]

Assyrian retreat into Urmia

[edit]

Before leaving Malik Ismail told the Tyaraye who had reestablished themselves in their homes that the Russian Army had returned from Qudchanis to Bashqalan and that the assyrians that returned to Hakkari wouldn't withstand the Ottomans and Kurds on their own and that it would be best for them to join the Assyrians in Urmia and Salmas. On June 29, all the Assyrian fighters who partook in the expedition returned to Russian occupied Iran.[2]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ismail, Yaqo. Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945. pp. 63–65.
  2. ^ a b Ismail, Yaqo. Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945. p. 65.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Ismail, Yaqo. Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945. p. 63.
  4. ^ Ismail, Yaqo. Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945. p. 64.
  5. ^ Ismail, Yaqo. Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945. p. 64.
  6. ^ Ismail, Yaqo. Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945. p. 64.
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