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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{short description|Anglo-Yousafzai-Swati anti-Imperialist conflict}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Hazara Expedition of 1888
| conflict = Hazara Expedition of 1888
| image = File:Tribesman in Hazara with the Enfield Musket, Black Mountain Expedition 1888.jpg
| image = File:Tribesman in Hazara with the Enfield Musket, Black Mountain Expedition 1888.jpg
| date = October 1888 – November 1888
| date = October 1888 – November 1888
| place = [[Hazara, Pakistan#British rule|Hazara]] (modern-day [[Pakistan]])
| place = [[Hazara region|Hazara]] (modern-day [[Pakistan]])
| result = British victory
| result = British victory
| combatant1 = {{flagdeco|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[British Empire]]
| combatant1 = {{flagdeco|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[British Empire]]
*{{flag|British Raj}}
*{{flag|British Raj}}
| combatant2 = the tribes of [[Kala Dhaka]]<br> Pariari Sayyids<br> Tikariwals(Swatis)<br> Nandiharis(Swatis)<br> Allaiwals(Swatis)<br> Thakotis(Swatis) <br>[[Hassanzai]](Yousafzai)<br> [[Akazai]](Yousafzai)<br> Hindustanis<br><ref>{{cite book |url= https://www.britishbattles.com/north-west-frontier-of-india/black-mountain-expedition-1888/ |title= Black Mountain Expedition 1888 |website= britishbattles }}</ref>
| combatant2 = Tribes of the [[Torghar District|Tor Ghar]] <br> • Pariari Sayyids (Swatis) <br> • Tikariwals (Swatis) <br> • Nandiharis (Swatis)<br> • Allaiwals (Swatis)<br> • Thakotis (Swatis) <br>• [[Hassanzai]] (Yousafzai)<br> • [[Akazai]] (Yousafzai)<br> • Hindustanis<br><ref>{{cite book |url= https://www.britishbattles.com/north-west-frontier-of-india/black-mountain-expedition-1888/ |title= Black Mountain Expedition 1888 |website= britishbattles }}</ref>
| strength1 = 9,416 British and Indian troops<ref name="battles">{{cite web|title=Black Mountain Expedition of 1888|url=http://www.britishbattles.com/north-west-frontier-india/black-mountain.htm|website=BritishBattles.com|publisher=Chalfont Web Design|access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>
| strength1 = 9,416 British and Indian troops<ref name="battles">{{cite web|title=Black Mountain Expedition of 1888|url=http://www.britishbattles.com/north-west-frontier-india/black-mountain.htm|website=BritishBattles.com|publisher=Chalfont Web Design|access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>
| strength2 = around 10,000<ref name="battles" />
| strength2 = *Around 10,000<ref name="battles" />
**6,500 Swathis
**2,000 Hassanzais
**1,500 Akazais
| casualties1 = 2 officers<br>23 soldiers<br>54 wounded
| casualties1 = 2 officers<br>23 soldiers<br>54 wounded
| casualties2 = around 400
| casualties2 = Around 400
| commander1 = Brigadier-General J.W. McQueen CB
| commander1 = *Brigadier-General J.W. McQueen CB
| commander2 = *Khan Arsala Khan Bebal Swathi (Malik of Allaiwals & Chief of Swathis)
| commander2 = *Khan Arsala Khan Bebal Swathi (Malik of Allaiwals & Chief of Swathis)
*Khan Abdul Qadir Khan Arghushal Swathi (Malik of Thakot)
*Khan Abdul Qadir Khan Arghushal Swathi (Malik of Thakot)
}}
}}


The '''Hazara Expedition of 1888''',<ref>{{cite DNB12|wstitle=McQueen, John Withers|volume=2}}</ref> also known as the '''Black Mountain Expedition'''<ref>[http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Sussex/EastbourneSussexRegimentMemorial.html Roll of Honour - Sussex - Eastbourne - Royal Sussex Regiment Memorial]</ref> or the '''First Hazara Expedition''', was a military campaign by the [[British Empire|British]] against the tribes of [[Kala Dhaka]] (then known as the Black Mountains of Hazara) in the [[Hazara, Pakistan#British rule|Hazara]] region of what is now [[Pakistan]].
The '''Hazara Expedition of 1888''',<ref>{{cite DNB12|wstitle=McQueen, John Withers|volume=2}}</ref> also known as the '''Black Mountain Expedition'''<ref>[http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Sussex/EastbourneSussexRegimentMemorial.html Roll of Honour - Sussex - Eastbourne - Royal Sussex Regiment Memorial]</ref> or the '''First Hazara Expedition''', was a military campaign by the [[British Empire|British]] against [[Swati tribe|Swati]] and [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai]] tribes of [[Kala Dhaka]] and [[Battagram District]] (then known as the Black Mountains of Hazara and northern areas around it) in the [[Hazara region|Hazara]] region of what is now [[Pakistan]].


On 18 June 1888, two British officers and four [[Gurkha]] soldiers were killed in an altercation between British reconnaissance patrols and antagonistic tribes. As a response, the Hazara Field Force was assembled and began its march on 4 October 1888, after an ultimatum had not been satisfied by the tribes by October 2, 1888.<ref name="raugh">Raugh, Harold E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&pg=PA163 ''The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History'']. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004, pp. 163-164, {{ISBN|978-1-57607-925-6}}.</ref> The first phase of the campaign ended with the [[Hassanzai]] and [[Akazai]] tribes requesting an [[armistice]] on October 19, 1888. The second phase of the campaign targeted the tribes that lived north of Black Mountain such as the [[Allaiwals]], the Parari Sayyids and the Tikariwals.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles1858 to 1928|page=90 |author=H. E. Weekes |date=2011 }}</ref</ref> The campaign ended when the Allaiwal village of Pokal was occupied and destroyed by the British on November 2 and 3, 1888.<ref name="raugh"/>
On 18 June 1888, two British officers and four [[Gurkha]] soldiers were killed in an altercation between British reconnaissance patrols and antagonistic tribes. As a response, the Hazara Field Force was assembled and began its march on 4 October 1888, after an ultimatum had not been satisfied by the tribes by October 2, 1888.<ref name="raugh">Raugh, Harold E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&pg=PA163 ''The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History'']. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004, pp. 163-164, {{ISBN|978-1-57607-925-6}}.</ref>
The first phase of the campaign targeted [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai]] tribe of Black mountain such as Hassanzais and Akazais and ended with the [[Hassanzai]] and [[Akazai]] tribes requesting an [[armistice]] on October 19, 1888.
The second phase of the campaign targeted the [[Swati tribe]] that lived north of Black Mountain such as the [[Allaiwals]], Thakotis, Parari Sayyids and the Tikariwals.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles1858 to 1928|page=90 |author=H. E. Weekes |date=2011 }}</ref</ref> The campaign ended when the Allaiwal village of Pokal was occupied and destroyed by the British on November 2 and 3, 1888 and Swatis tribal chief Arsala Khan Swathi temporary left his capital village Pokal without surrendering to British.<ref name="raugh" />


The then Commander in Chief in India [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|General Sir Frederick Roberts]] viewed the Black Mountain Expedition as:
The then Commander in Chief in India [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|General Sir Frederick Roberts]] viewed the Black Mountain Expedition as:

Revision as of 15:31, 11 December 2024

Hazara Expedition of 1888
DateOctober 1888 – November 1888
Location
Hazara (modern-day Pakistan)
Result British victory
Belligerents

British Empire

Tribes of the Tor Ghar
• Pariari Sayyids (Swatis)
• Tikariwals (Swatis)
• Nandiharis (Swatis)
• Allaiwals (Swatis)
• Thakotis (Swatis)
• Hassanzai (Yousafzai)
• Akazai (Yousafzai)
• Hindustanis
[1]
Commanders and leaders
  • Brigadier-General J.W. McQueen CB
  • Khan Arsala Khan Bebal Swathi (Malik of Allaiwals & Chief of Swathis)
  • Khan Abdul Qadir Khan Arghushal Swathi (Malik of Thakot)
    • Strength
    9,416 British and Indian troops[2]
    • Around 10,000[2]
      • 6,500 Swathis
      • 2,000 Hassanzais
      • 1,500 Akazais
    Casualties and losses
    2 officers
    23 soldiers
    54 wounded    		 Around 400

    The Hazara Expedition of 1888,[3] also known as the Black Mountain Expedition[4] or the First Hazara Expedition, was a military campaign by the British against Swati and Yousafzai tribes of Kala Dhaka and Battagram District (then known as the Black Mountains of Hazara and northern areas around it) in the Hazara region of what is now Pakistan.

    On 18 June 1888, two British officers and four Gurkha soldiers were killed in an altercation between British reconnaissance patrols and antagonistic tribes. As a response, the Hazara Field Force was assembled and began its march on 4 October 1888, after an ultimatum had not been satisfied by the tribes by October 2, 1888.[5]

    The first phase of the campaign targeted Yousafzai tribe of Black mountain such as Hassanzais and Akazais and ended with the Hassanzai and Akazai tribes requesting an armistice on October 19, 1888.

    The second phase of the campaign targeted the Swati tribe that lived north of Black Mountain such as the Allaiwals, Thakotis, Parari Sayyids and the Tikariwals.[6] The campaign ended when the Allaiwal village of Pokal was occupied and destroyed by the British on November 2 and 3, 1888 and Swatis tribal chief Arsala Khan Swathi temporary left his capital village Pokal without surrendering to British.[5]

    The then Commander in Chief in India General Sir Frederick Roberts viewed the Black Mountain Expedition as:

    a success from a military point of view, but … the determination of the Punjab Government to limit the sphere of action of the troops, and to hurry out of the country, prevented our reaping any political advantage. We lost a grand opportunity for gaining control over this lawless and troublesome district; no survey was made, no roads opened out, the tribesmen were not made to feel our power, and, consequently, very soon another costly expedition had to be undertaken.[7]

    1891 expedition

    The failure of the tribes to honour the agreements that ended the 1888 campaign led to a further two-month expedition by a Hazara Field Force in 1891.[8] General Roberts observed that

    the Black Mountain tribes, [having been] quite unsubdued by the fruitless expedition of 1888, had given trouble almost immediately afterwards. [The second expedition] was completely successful in political results as in its military conduct. The columns were not withdrawn until the tribesmen had become convinced that they were powerless to sustain a hostile attitude towards us, and that it was in their interest, as it was our wish, that they should henceforth be on amicable terms with us.[9]

    British and Indian Army forces who took part in these expeditions received the India General Service Medal with the clasps Hazara 1888 and Hazara 1891 respectively.[10]

    Subedar Kishanbir Nagarkoti of the 5th Gurkha Rifles received his fourth and final Indian Order of Merit for gallantry in the 1888 expedition.[11]

    References

    1. ^ Black Mountain Expedition 1888. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
    2. ^ a b "Black Mountain Expedition of 1888". BritishBattles.com. Chalfont Web Design. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
    3. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). "McQueen, John Withers" . Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
    4. ^ Roll of Honour - Sussex - Eastbourne - Royal Sussex Regiment Memorial
    5. ^ a b Raugh, Harold E. The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004, pp. 163-164, ISBN 978-1-57607-925-6.
    6. ^ H. E. Weekes (2011). History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles1858 to 1928. p. 90.</ref
    7. ^ Field Marshal Lord Roberts, Forty-one Years in India 1897, page 524.)
    8. ^ Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. British Battles and Medals. p. 124. Published Spink, London. 1988.
    9. ^ Field Marshal Lord Roberts, Forty-one Years in India 1897, page 531.)
    10. ^ Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. British Battles and Medals. p. 123. Published Spink, London. 1988.
    11. ^ Weekes, H. E. (2011). History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles : 1858 to 1928. Luton : Andrews UK. ISBN 978-1-78149-333-5.

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