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Rework the lede. The cinnamon sugar statement was not substantiated by the cited source. Add information on "Milwaukee cruller", name citations.
 
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| caption = Iced "cinnamon twist" cruller
| caption = Iced "cinnamon twist" cruller
| alternate_name = Twister
| alternate_name = Twister
| country =
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Pastry]]/[[Doughnut]]
| type = [[Pastry]]/[[Doughnut]]
| served =
| main_ingredient =
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
}}


A '''cruller''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|ʌ|l|ər}}) is a deep-fried [[pastry]] popular in parts of [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. Regarded as a form of cake [[doughnut]] in the latter, it is typically either made of a string of [[dough]] that is folded over and twisted twice to create its signature shape, or formed from a rectangle of dough with a cut in the center allowing it to be pulled over and through itself to produce distinctive twists in the sides of the pastry.
A '''cruller''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|ʌ|l|ər}}) is a deep-fried [[pastry]] popular in parts of [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. In Europe it is typically either made of a string of [[dough]] that is folded over and twisted twice to create its signature shape or is formed from a rectangle of dough with a cut in the center allowing it to be pulled over and through itself to produce distinctive twists in the sides of the pastry. In North American, it is typically a form of cake [[doughnut]] made in a small loaf or simple stick shape or, in the case of the "[[Cruller#French cruller|French cruller]]", extruded in a ring from [[choux pastry]].


Crullers are typically topped with [[cinnamon sugar]], dipped in plain [[icing (food)|icing]], or served plain.
Some other regional deep-fried cruller styles are made in a small loaf or simple stick shape.<ref name="Midwestern Crullers">{{cite web|url=http://www.gojefferson.com/banner/opinion/foust/cruller/index.html|author=John Foust|title=Midwestern Crullers|work=www.gojefferson.com|access-date=24 June 2017}}</ref> The traditional twisted and loaf crullers are typically topped with [[cinnamon sugar]],<ref name="Twisted"/> while the round twisted ones either receive the same or are dipped in plain [[icing (food)|icing]]. All types are also found plain.

The “cruller” is not to be confused with the “[[#French cruller|French cruller]]”, a light airy, fluted, ring-shaped baked doughnut extruded from [[choux pastry]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Just Kids|last = Smith|first = Patti|publisher = Ecco|year = 2010|isbn = 978-0-06-621131-2|location = New York, New York|page = [https://archive.org/details/justkids00smit/page/111 111]|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/justkids00smit/page/111}}</ref>

The German ''[[:de:Spritzkuchen|Spritzkuchen]]'' is also extruded from choux pastry like a French cruller but deep fried, while the Dutch and Belgian ''[[:nl:sprits|sprits]]'', a form of [[Spritzgebäck|spritz cookie]] extruded from a [[shortcrust]]-like dough, is baked instead of fried.


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:klenater.jpg|thumb|A handmade Danish ''[[klejner|klejne]]'', a traditional cruller shape, rectangular with two twisted sides]]
[[File:klenater.jpg|thumb|left|A handmade Danish ''[[klejner|klejne]]'', a traditional cruller shape, rectangular with two twisted sides]]


The name ''cruller'' comes from the early 19th-century Dutch {{lang|nl|kruller}}, from {{lang|nl|krullen}} 'to curl'. In northern Germany they are known as {{lang|de|hirschhörner}} ('deer horns'). In Scandinavia, these types of crullers are common at Christmas. They are traditionally baked on [[New Year's Eve]] as a family project, with the children doing the labor-intensive shaping and the grown-ups handling the [[deep frying]].{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} In Danish they are known as ''[[klejner]]'' and in Swedish as ''klenäter'', both names deriving from [[Low German]].
The name ''cruller'' comes from the early 19th-century Dutch {{lang|nl|kruller}}, from {{lang|nl|krullen}} 'to curl'. In northern Germany they are known as {{lang|de|hirschhörner}} ('deer horns'). In Scandinavia, these types of crullers are common at Christmas. They are traditionally baked on [[New Year's Eve]] as a family project, with the children doing the labor-intensive shaping and the grown-ups handling the [[deep frying]].{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} In Danish they are known as ''[[klejner]]'' and in Swedish as ''klenäter'', both names deriving from [[Low German]].


In the United States, crullers were introduced in the late 18th and early 19th centuries by [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] settlers, and became popular in regions with large German populations.<ref name="Midwestern Crullers">{{cite web|url=http://www.gojefferson.com/banner/opinion/foust/cruller/index.html|author=John Foust|title=Midwestern Crullers|work=www.gojefferson.com|access-date=24 June 2017}}</ref> The [[Milwaukee]]-style cruller, for example, is a loaf-shaped [[Glaze (cooking)|glazed]] cake doughnut with a crunchy exterior.<ref name="where" /><ref name="wuwm">{{cite news |last1=Nowakowski |first1=Audrey |title=Cruller Or Kruller? However You Spell It, It's A Milwaukee Doughnut Staple |url=https://www.wuwm.com/arts-culture/2019-02-22/cruller-or-kruller-however-you-spell-it-its-a-milwaukee-doughnut-staple |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=WUWM 89.7 FM - Milwaukee's NPR |date=22 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
In the US, where various shapes of pastries are known as "crullers", some are similar to what is traditionally eaten in Germany and some other European countries on [[Shrove Tuesday]], to use up fat before [[Lent]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}


The term "Chinese cruller" is occasionally applied to the [[youtiao]] ({{zh|s=油条}}), a similar-looking fried dough food eaten in East and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Midwestern Crullers"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thespruce.com/traditional-chinese-breakfast-694158|title=If You Want a New Breakfast Idea, Then Go Chinese!|publisher=The Spruce|author=Rhonda Parkinson|date=May 3, 2017|access-date=24 June 2017}}</ref> The term cruller is also associated with the mahua ({{zh|s=麻花}}),<ref>"crullers". Youdao dictionary. Accessed August 1, 2013.</ref> a type of twisted fried dough much denser and sweeter than youtiao.
The term "Chinese cruller" is occasionally applied to the [[youtiao]] ({{zh|s=油条}}), a similar-looking fried dough food eaten in East and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Midwestern Crullers"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thespruce.com/traditional-chinese-breakfast-694158|title=If You Want a New Breakfast Idea, Then Go Chinese!|publisher=The Spruce|author=Rhonda Parkinson|date=May 3, 2017|access-date=24 June 2017}}</ref> The term cruller is also associated with the mahua ({{zh|s=麻花}}),<ref>"crullers". Youdao dictionary. Accessed August 1, 2013.</ref> a type of twisted fried dough much denser and sweeter than youtiao.


The "Aberdeen crulla" is a traditional Scottish pastry made in the same way as the rectangular, plaited cruller of New England.<ref>F. Marian McNiell, "The Scots Kitchen",</ref> It is first attested in [[Edinburgh]] in 1829 and is thought to copied from the 'cruller' of the United States according to the Scottish National Dictionary (1931–1976).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/crulla |title=Crulla ''n.'' |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2004 |website=Dictionary of the Scots Language – Dictionar o the Scots Leid |publisher=Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref> Distinct from this, the "yum-yum" is a commonly available treat in Scotland, which resembles a straightened French cruller coated in thin glacé icing.
The "Aberdeen crulla" is a traditional Scottish pastry made in the same way as the rectangular, plaited cruller of New England.<ref>F. Marian McNiell, "The Scots Kitchen",</ref> It is first attested in [[Edinburgh]] in 1829 and is thought to copied from the 'cruller' of the United States according to the Scottish National Dictionary (1931–1976).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/crulla |title=Crulla ''n.'' |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2004 |website=Dictionary of the Scots Language – Dictionar o the Scots Leid |publisher=Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref> Distinct from this, the "yum-yum" is a commonly available treat in Scotland, which resembles a straightened French cruller coated in thin glacé icing.{{clear}}


⚫
==French cruller==
===''Spritzkuchen''===
⚫
{{Infobox food
[[File:Mini-spritzkuchen-29.jpg|thumb|right|Mini ''spritzkuchen'']]
⚫
| name = French cruller
⚫
| image = File:French-Cruller-Donut.jpg
⚫
| caption = A light and airy French cruller
⚫
| alternate_name = ''Spritzkuchen''<br />Chouxnut
⚫
| type = [[Pastry]]/[[Doughnut]]
⚫
}}


A '''French cruller''' is a light airy, fluted, ring-shaped [[Glaze (cooking)|glazed]] doughnut extruded from [[choux pastry]].<ref name="kids">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Patti |url=https://archive.org/details/justkids00smit/page/111 |title=Just Kids |publisher=Ecco |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-621131-2 |location=New York, New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/justkids00smit/page/111 111] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The name likely refers to the use of the French choux dough, with the actual origin of the pastry being German or Dutch, and was popularized in the United States by [[Dunkin' Donuts]].<ref name="where">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-01 |title=What Are Cruller Donuts (And Where Do They Come From)? |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/cruller-donuts-where-come-161559266.html |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Yahoo Life |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Galarza |first=Daniela |date=2015-05-28 |title=Everything You Need to Know About the Great American Doughnut |url=https://www.eater.com/2015/5/28/8672939/doughnut-guide-cake-yeast-cruller-donut-history |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Eater |language=en}}</ref> When filled, they are often referred to as a '''chouxnut'''.<ref name="chouxnuts">{{cite web |last1=Gregory |first1=Zola |title=Chouxnuts Give Crullers a Glazed Glow Up |url=https://tastecooking.com/chouxnuts-give-crullers-a-glazed-glow-up/ |website=TASTE |access-date=11 December 2024 |date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
In Germany, ''[[:de:Spritzkuchen|Spritzkuchen]]'' are said to have originated in [[Eberswalde]] as part of carnival celebrations that take place before [[Lent]]. In past times supplies of animal fats had to be used up before Lent so they would not spoil and go to waste and ''Spritzkuchen'' was one of the dishes created to meet this need.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hassani |first=Nadia |title=Spoonfuls of Germany: Culinary Delights of the German Regions in 170 Recipes |year=2004 |isbn=9780781810579 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93hWz3yOoj0C&pg=PA130}}</ref>

The French cruller is similar to the German ''[[:de:Spritzkuchen|Spritzkuchen]]'' ({{Translation|extruded cake|literal=yes}}), which is traditionally made from choux pastry that is [[Pastry bag|piped]] onto [[Parchment paper|parchment]] and then deep fried. It dates back to 18th century [[Nuremberg]],<ref name="sincerus">{{Cite book |last=Sincerus |first=Alexius |title=Der wolbestanden Becker |publisher=Husum Verlagsgesellschaft |year=1713 |isbn=978-3-89876-230-4 |edition=6th |location=Husum |publication-date=2013 |pages=75 |language=de}}</ref> but became associated with Eberswalde in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schlaak |first=Marina |title=Zeitzeichen, Eberswalde – Geschichte und Geschichten |publisher=Stadtverwaltung Eberswalde |year=2003 |isbn=3-9805947-3-4 |location=Eberswalde |language=de}}</ref> It is said to have originated as part of carnival celebrations that take place before [[Lent]] to use up supplies of animal fats so they would not spoil and go to waste.<ref name="hassani">{{cite book |last=Hassani |first=Nadia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93hWz3yOoj0C&pg=PA130 |title=Spoonfuls of Germany: Culinary Delights of the German Regions in 170 Recipes |year=2004 |isbn=9780781810579}}</ref>


==Availability==
==Availability==
Crullers are most commonly found in Canada, [[New England]], the [[Mid-Atlantic states|Mid-Atlantic]] and North Central states of the United States; they are also common in California.{{cn|date=January 2024}} The German origin is probably why traditional crullers can be found more easily in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], where many [[German American|German immigrants]] settled. Some family-owned bakeries still call them "krullers."
Crullers are most commonly found in Canada, [[New England]], the [[Mid-Atlantic states|Mid-Atlantic]] and North Central states of the United States; they are also common in California.{{cn|date=January 2024}} The German origin is probably why traditional crullers can be found more easily in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], where many [[German American|German immigrants]] settled.<ref name="Midwestern Crullers" /> Some family-owned bakeries still call them "krullers."


In 2003, the [[Dunkin' Donuts]] chain of doughnut shops stopped carrying traditional crullers, claiming that the hand-shaped rectangular treats were too labor-intensive, and couldn't be simulated with new machines for mixing doughnut batter.
In 2003, the [[Dunkin' Donuts]] chain of doughnut shops stopped carrying traditional crullers, claiming that the hand-shaped rectangular treats were too labor-intensive, and couldn't be simulated with new machines for mixing doughnut batter.
In its place some of the chain’s franchises offered a simplified, machine-made rectangular version called a "cake stick".<ref name=dd>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dunkindonuts.com/content/dunkindonuts/en/menu/donuts.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201111043/http://www.dunkindonuts.com/content/dunkindonuts/en/menu/donuts.html|url-status=dead|title=Dunkin' Donuts Product List|archive-date=1 February 2012}}</ref>
In its place some, of the chain’s franchises offered a simplified, machine-made rectangular version called a "cake stick".<ref name="dd">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dunkindonuts.com/content/dunkindonuts/en/menu/donuts.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201111043/http://www.dunkindonuts.com/content/dunkindonuts/en/menu/donuts.html|url-status=dead|title=Dunkin' Donuts Product List|archive-date=1 February 2012}}</ref>
As of 2003, the company still sold "French crullers",<ref name="Twisted">Joseph P. Kahn, [http://archive.boston.com/ae/food/articles/2003/10/25/with_progress_a_cruel_twist/ "With Progress, a Cruel Twist"], ''[[Boston Globe]]'', 25 October 2003.</ref> which can be formed by a kind of extruding nozzle<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=3396677 |status=patent |title=Shaped doughnut cutting device |pubdate=Aug 13, 1968 |gdate= |fdate=Jun 3, 1966 |pridate=Jun 3, 1966 |inventor=Adams Floyd N, Cooper Victor D, Sommers John E |assign1= Dca Food Ind|assign2= |class= |url=http://www.google.com/patents/US3396677}}</ref> similar to the way choux pastry is piped.
As of 2003, the company still sold "French crullers",<ref name="Twisted">Joseph P. Kahn, [http://archive.boston.com/ae/food/articles/2003/10/25/with_progress_a_cruel_twist/ "With Progress, a Cruel Twist"], ''[[Boston Globe]]'', 25 October 2003.</ref> which can be formed by a kind of extruding nozzle<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=3396677 |status=patent |title=Shaped doughnut cutting device |pubdate=Aug 13, 1968 |gdate= |fdate=Jun 3, 1966 |pridate=Jun 3, 1966 |inventor=Adams Floyd N, Cooper Victor D, Sommers John E |assign1= Dca Food Ind|assign2= |class= |url=http://www.google.com/patents/US3396677}}</ref> similar to the way choux pastry is piped.

⚫
[[Tim Hortons]],<ref name=tm>[http://www.timhortons.com/ca/en/menu/donuts.php Tim Hortons Snacks & Baked Goods]</ref> and [[Honey Dew Donuts]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.honeydewdonuts.com/menu/item/French-Cruller|title=French Cruller &#124; Honey Dew Donuts|website=www.honeydewdonuts.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217214900/https://www.honeydewdonuts.com/menu/item/French-Cruller|url-status=dead}}</ref> sell only the French cruller, not crullers. [[Krispy Kreme]]<ref name=kk>{{cite web|url=http://www.krispykreme.com/menu/Doughnuts/Glazed-Cruller|title=Glazed Cruller|work=krispykreme.com|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> sell a similar doughnut the company refers to as a cruller, but in reality it is just a molded/formed cake doughnut.

⚫
==French cruller==
⚫
{{Infobox food
⚫
| name = French cruller
⚫
| image = File:French-Cruller-Donut.jpg
⚫
| caption = A light and airy French cruller
⚫
| alternate_name = ''Spritzkuchen''
| country =
| region =
| creator =
| course =
⚫
| type = [[Pastry]]/[[Doughnut]]
| served =
| main_ingredient =
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
⚫
}}

French cruller started in south west of France known as pet de nonne.


French crullers have been gaining popularity in the UK, Australia, and the USA, with specific mentions of Cardabelle in the UK, Moon Cruller in Australia, and Deli Provision in the USA. In 2024, Cardabelle was named London's favorite cruller.
French crullers have been gaining popularity in the UK, Australia, and the USA, with specific mentions of Cardabelle in the UK, Moon Cruller in Australia, and Deli Provision in the USA. In 2024, Cardabelle was named London's favorite cruller.
In the southeastern U.S., French crullers are a fresh-baked everyday bakery item at many donut shops and grocery stores.{{cn|date=January 2024}}
In the southeastern U.S., French crullers are a fresh-baked everyday bakery item at many donut shops and grocery stores.{{cn|date=January 2024}} In 1973, the French cruller became available in [[Mister Donut]] stores in Japan.<ref name="misdo_jp">{{cite web |title=History of Mister Donut |url=http://www.misterdonut.jp/museum/history/index.html |access-date=February 12, 2016 |publisher=misterdonut.jp |language=ja}}</ref>


⚫
[[Tim Hortons]]<ref name="tm">[http://www.timhortons.com/ca/en/menu/donuts.php Tim Hortons Snacks & Baked Goods]</ref> and [[Honey Dew Donuts]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.honeydewdonuts.com/menu/item/French-Cruller|title=French Cruller &#124; Honey Dew Donuts|website=www.honeydewdonuts.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217214900/https://www.honeydewdonuts.com/menu/item/French-Cruller|url-status=dead}}</ref> sell only the French cruller, not crullers. [[Krispy Kreme]]<ref name="kk">{{cite web|url=http://www.krispykreme.com/menu/Doughnuts/Glazed-Cruller|title=Glazed Cruller|work=krispykreme.com|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> sell a similar doughnut the company refers to as a cruller, but is a molded/formed cake doughnut.
In 1973, the French cruller became available in [[Mister Donut]] stores in Japan.<ref name="misdo_jp">{{cite web|url=http://www.misterdonut.jp/museum/history/index.html|title=History of Mister Donut|access-date=February 12, 2016|publisher=misterdonut.jp|language=ja}}</ref>
{{clear}}


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 19:56, 11 December 2024

"Krüller" redirects here. For Author & Punisher album, see Krüller (album).

Cruller
Iced "cinnamon twist" cruller
Alternative namesTwister
TypePastry/Doughnut

A cruller (/ˈkrʌlər/) is a deep-fried pastry popular in parts of Europe and North America. In Europe it is typically either made of a string of dough that is folded over and twisted twice to create its signature shape or is formed from a rectangle of dough with a cut in the center allowing it to be pulled over and through itself to produce distinctive twists in the sides of the pastry. In North American, it is typically a form of cake doughnut made in a small loaf or simple stick shape or, in the case of the "French cruller", extruded in a ring from choux pastry.

Crullers are typically topped with cinnamon sugar, dipped in plain icing, or served plain.

History

[edit]
A handmade Danish klejne, a traditional cruller shape, rectangular with two twisted sides

The name cruller comes from the early 19th-century Dutch kruller, from krullen 'to curl'. In northern Germany they are known as hirschhörner ('deer horns'). In Scandinavia, these types of crullers are common at Christmas. They are traditionally baked on New Year's Eve as a family project, with the children doing the labor-intensive shaping and the grown-ups handling the deep frying.[citation needed] In Danish they are known as klejner and in Swedish as klenäter, both names deriving from Low German.

In the United States, crullers were introduced in the late 18th and early 19th centuries by Pennsylvania Dutch settlers, and became popular in regions with large German populations.[1] The Milwaukee-style cruller, for example, is a loaf-shaped glazed cake doughnut with a crunchy exterior.[2][3]

The term "Chinese cruller" is occasionally applied to the youtiao (Chinese: 油条), a similar-looking fried dough food eaten in East and Southeast Asia.[1][4] The term cruller is also associated with the mahua (Chinese: 麻花),[5] a type of twisted fried dough much denser and sweeter than youtiao.

The "Aberdeen crulla" is a traditional Scottish pastry made in the same way as the rectangular, plaited cruller of New England.[6] It is first attested in Edinburgh in 1829 and is thought to copied from the 'cruller' of the United States according to the Scottish National Dictionary (1931–1976).[7] Distinct from this, the "yum-yum" is a commonly available treat in Scotland, which resembles a straightened French cruller coated in thin glacé icing.

French cruller

[edit]
French cruller
A light and airy French cruller
Alternative namesSpritzkuchen
Chouxnut
TypePastry/Doughnut

A French cruller is a light airy, fluted, ring-shaped glazed doughnut extruded from choux pastry.[8] The name likely refers to the use of the French choux dough, with the actual origin of the pastry being German or Dutch, and was popularized in the United States by Dunkin' Donuts.[2][9] When filled, they are often referred to as a chouxnut.[10]

The French cruller is similar to the German Spritzkuchen (lit. transl. extruded cake), which is traditionally made from choux pastry that is piped onto parchment and then deep fried. It dates back to 18th century Nuremberg,[11] but became associated with Eberswalde in the 19th century.[12] It is said to have originated as part of carnival celebrations that take place before Lent to use up supplies of animal fats so they would not spoil and go to waste.[13]

Availability

[edit]

Crullers are most commonly found in Canada, New England, the Mid-Atlantic and North Central states of the United States; they are also common in California.[citation needed] The German origin is probably why traditional crullers can be found more easily in the Midwest, where many German immigrants settled.[1] Some family-owned bakeries still call them "krullers."

In 2003, the Dunkin' Donuts chain of doughnut shops stopped carrying traditional crullers, claiming that the hand-shaped rectangular treats were too labor-intensive, and couldn't be simulated with new machines for mixing doughnut batter. In its place some, of the chain’s franchises offered a simplified, machine-made rectangular version called a "cake stick".[14] As of 2003, the company still sold "French crullers",[15] which can be formed by a kind of extruding nozzle[16] similar to the way choux pastry is piped.

French crullers have been gaining popularity in the UK, Australia, and the USA, with specific mentions of Cardabelle in the UK, Moon Cruller in Australia, and Deli Provision in the USA. In 2024, Cardabelle was named London's favorite cruller. In the southeastern U.S., French crullers are a fresh-baked everyday bakery item at many donut shops and grocery stores.[citation needed] In 1973, the French cruller became available in Mister Donut stores in Japan.[17]

Tim Hortons[18] and Honey Dew Donuts[19] sell only the French cruller, not crullers. Krispy Kreme[20] sell a similar doughnut the company refers to as a cruller, but is a molded/formed cake doughnut.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c John Foust. "Midwestern Crullers". www.gojefferson.com. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  2. ^ a b "What Are Cruller Donuts (And Where Do They Come From)?". Yahoo Life. 1 May 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  3. ^ Nowakowski, Audrey (22 February 2019). "Cruller Or Kruller? However You Spell It, It's A Milwaukee Doughnut Staple". WUWM 89.7 FM - Milwaukee's NPR. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  4. ^ Rhonda Parkinson (3 May 2017). "If You Want a New Breakfast Idea, Then Go Chinese!". The Spruce. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  5. ^ "crullers". Youdao dictionary. Accessed August 1, 2013.
  6. ^ F. Marian McNiell, "The Scots Kitchen",
  7. ^ "Crulla n.". Dictionary of the Scots Language – Dictionar o the Scots Leid. Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  8. ^ Smith, Patti (2010). Just Kids. New York, New York: Ecco. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-06-621131-2.
  9. ^ Galarza, Daniela (28 May 2015). "Everything You Need to Know About the Great American Doughnut". Eater. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  10. ^ Gregory, Zola (13 July 2022). "Chouxnuts Give Crullers a Glazed Glow Up". TASTE. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  11. ^ Sincerus, Alexius (1713). Der wolbestanden Becker (in German) (6th ed.). Husum: Husum Verlagsgesellschaft (published 2013). p. 75. ISBN 978-3-89876-230-4.
  12. ^ Schlaak, Marina (2003). Zeitzeichen, Eberswalde – Geschichte und Geschichten (in German). Eberswalde: Stadtverwaltung Eberswalde. ISBN 3-9805947-3-4.
  13. ^ Hassani, Nadia (2004). Spoonfuls of Germany: Culinary Delights of the German Regions in 170 Recipes. ISBN 9780781810579.
  14. ^ "Dunkin' Donuts Product List". Archived from the original on 1 February 2012.
  15. ^ Joseph P. Kahn, "With Progress, a Cruel Twist", Boston Globe, 25 October 2003.
  16. ^ US patent 3396677, Adams Floyd N, Cooper Victor D, Sommers John E, "Shaped doughnut cutting device", published Aug 13, 1968, assigned to Dca Food Ind 
  17. ^ "History of Mister Donut" (in Japanese). misterdonut.jp. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  18. ^ Tim Hortons Snacks & Baked Goods
  19. ^ "French Cruller | Honey Dew Donuts". www.honeydewdonuts.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  20. ^ "Glazed Cruller". krispykreme.com. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
[edit]
  • The dictionary definition of cruller at Wiktionary
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