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{{Short description|Armed forces of the Holy Roman Empire}}
⚫
The '''Army of the Holy Roman Empire''' ([[German language|German]] ''Reichsarmee'', ''Reichsheer'' or ''Reichsarmatur''; [[Latin]] ''exercitus imperii'') was the army of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Created in 1422, it came to an end even before the Empire was wound up in 1806, as the result of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. It must not be confused with the Imperial Army (''Kaiserliche Armee'') of the Emperor.
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Army of the Holy Roman Empire
| native_name = {{langx|la|Exercitus Imperii}}
| image = Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svg
| image_size = 150
| caption =
| dates = 1422–1806
| country = {{Flag|Holy Roman Empire}}
| allegiance =
| branch = [[Army]]
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = Vienna
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| nickname =
| motto =
| patron =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = {{ubli|[[Burgundian Wars]]|[[Ottoman–Habsburg wars]]|[[Franco-Dutch War]]|[[Nine Years' War]]|[[War of the Spanish Succession]]|[[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]]|[[War of the Polish Succession]]}}
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| notable_commanders = {{ubli|[[Nicholas, Count of Salm]]|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]|[[Leopold Wilhelm, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Leopold Wilhelm of Baden-Baden]]|[[Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach]]|
[[Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Louis William of Baden-Baden]]|[[Eugene of Savoy]]|[[Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau]]|[[Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken]]|[[Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]|[[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles]]}}
<!-- Insignia -->
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
}}


⚫
The '''Army of the Holy Roman Empire''' ({{langx|fr|Armée du Saint-Empire}}; {{langx|de|Reichsarmee}}, ''Reichsheer'', or ''Reichsarmatur''; {{langx|la|Exercitus Imperii}}) was created in 1422 and came to an end when the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was dissolved in 1806 as a result of the [[Napoleonic Wars]].
Despite appearances to the contrary, the Army of the Empire did not constitute a permanent [[standing army]] which was always at the ready to fight for the Empire. When there was some danger, an Army of the Empire was mustered from among the elements constituting it.<ref>André Corvisier, John Childs, ''A dictionary of military history and the art of war'' (1994), p. 306</ref> In practice, the imperial troops often had stronger local allegiances than their loyalty to the Emperor.


The Army of the Empire was not a [[standing army]]. When there was danger, it was mustered from among the elements constituting it,<ref>André Corvisier, John Childs, ''A dictionary of military history and the art of war'' (1994), p. 306</ref> in order to conduct a military campaign or ''Reichsheerfahrt'' during an [[Reichskrieg|Imperial War]] (''Reichskrieg'') or an [[Reichsexekution|Imperial Execution]] (''Reichsexekution''). It could only be deployed with the consent of the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] and should not be confused with the [[Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor|Imperial Army]] (''Kaiserliche Armee'') of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
⚫
==History==
⚫
Prompted by the threat posed by the [[Hussite]]s, the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] of 1422 held in [[Nuremberg]] created the Army of the Empire by demanding specific contingents of troops from the various parts of the Empire.<ref>John Rigby Hale, John Roger Loxdale Highfield, Beryl Smalley, ''Europe in the late Middle Ages'' (Northwestern University Press, 1965), p. 228</ref> The [[Hussite Wars]] continued from 1420 to 1434, by which point the army had proved its worth. Over the next hundred years, the size of the Army was controlled either by the number of serving men being strictly regulated or by limits on the money that paid for it. At the [[Diet of Worms]] in 1521 a commitment was made to keep the strength at 20,063 [[infantry]] and 4,202 [[cavalry]]. This was later simplified to 4,000 and 20,000. The monthly cost of paying for an army of this size was known as the ''Römermonat''.<ref>Thomas Robisheaux, ''Rural Society and the Search for Order in Early Modern Germany'' (2002), p. 177</ref> [[File:Paderbornischer Soldat Gudenushandschrift 1734 Karlsruhe.jpg|thumb|A Grenadier of the Army of the Empire (Paderborn Regiment of Foot, [[Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle]]) at [[Siege of Philippsburg|Philippsburg]], 1734, during the [[War of the Polish Succession]] ]]


In practice, the various forces of the Army of the Empire often had stronger local allegiances than to the Holy Roman Emperor.
⚫
The Imperial Register (''Reichsmatrikel'' or ''Heeresmatrikel'') determined the contributions of the individual states making up the Empire, the first being the Register of 1422.<ref>John G. Gagliardo, ''Reich and nation: the Holy Roman Empire as idea and reality, 1763-1806'' (Indiana University Press, 1980), p. 36</ref>

⚫
==History==
<div style="float:right;clear:right">[[File:Reichsarmee (Wallenstein HRR)f.JPG|thumb|200px|A unit of the army at [[Memmingen]],<br>[[Bavaria]] (re-enactment)]]</div>
[[File:Paris Invalides Maximilian armour and horse armour (musée de l'Armée).jpg|thumb|[[Maximilian armour|Maximilian Armour]] used by the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire's]] army ]]
⚫
Prompted by the threat posed by the [[Hussite]]s, the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] of 1422 held in [[Nuremberg]] created the Army of the Empire by demanding specific contingents of troops from the various parts of the Empire.<ref>John Rigby Hale, John Roger Loxdale Highfield, Beryl Smalley, ''Europe in the late Middle Ages'' (Northwestern University Press, 1965), p. 228</ref> The [[Hussite Wars]] continued from 1420 to 1434, by which point the army had proved its worth. Over the next hundred years, the size of the Army was controlled either by the number of serving men being strictly regulated or by limits on the money that paid for it. At the [[Diet of Worms]] in 1521 a commitment was made to keep the strength at 20,063 [[infantry]] and 4,202 [[cavalry]]. This was later simplified to 20,000 and 4,000. The monthly cost of paying for an army of this size was known as the [[Roman Month]] (''Römermonat'').<ref>Thomas Robisheaux, ''Rural Society and the Search for Order in Early Modern Germany'' (2002), p. 177</ref>
⚫
The [[Imperial Register]] (''Reichsmatrikel'' or ''Heeresmatrikel'') determined the contributions of the individual states making up the Empire, the first being the Register of 1422.<ref>John G. Gagliardo, ''Reich and nation: the Holy Roman Empire as idea and reality, 1763-1806'' (Indiana University Press, 1980), p. 36</ref>


Contrary to popular believe, the Army of the Empire did not take part in the [[Thirty Years' War]] of 1618 to 1648. The Emperor participated in this war with the Imperial Army (''Kaiserliche Armee'') instead.<ref>Vladimir Brnardic, Darko Pavlovic, ''Imperial Armies of the Thirty Years' War'', 1: Infantry and Artillery (2009)</ref>
Contrary to popular belief, the Army of the Empire did not take part in the [[Thirty Years' War]] of 1618 to 1648. The Emperor participated in this war with the Imperial Army (''Kaiserliche Armee'') instead.<ref>Vladimir Brnardic, Darko Pavlovic, ''Imperial Armies of the Thirty Years' War'', 1: Infantry and Artillery (2009)</ref>


The Constitution of the Army of the Empire (''Reichsdefensionalordnung'') of 1681 finally determined the composition of the army, fixing the contingents to be provided by the various [[Imperial Circles]]. The simple total strength (called in Latin the ''Simplum'') was now fixed at 40,000 men, consisting of 28,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry, including 2,000 [[dragoon]]s (that is, [[mounted infantry]]). In emergencies, the size of the army could be increased by doubling or tripling the contingents.<ref>William Coxe, ''History of the House of Austria'', vol. 1, part 2 (1807), [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q98-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1040#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 1040]: "Oct. 1681: This heterogeneous mixture was now avoided by assembling the troops according to vicinity of territory, and apportioning the contingents on the respective circles. By this system, arrangements were made for forming an army of 28,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry, which could be raised to 80,000 or even 120,000 men by merely doubling or tripling the contingents."</ref><ref>''Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift'', vol. 62 (Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamt, 2003), p. 121</ref> Such multiples were called in Latin the ''duplum'' and the ''triplum''.<ref>Corvisier & Childs (1994), p. 306: "...when more men were needed, further troops would be called up, the ''Duplum'', ''Triplum'', etc."</ref>
The Constitution of the Army of the Empire (''Reichsdefensionalordnung'') of 1681 finally determined the composition of the army, fixing the contingents to be provided by the various [[Imperial Circles]]. The simple total strength (called in Latin the ''Simplum'') was now fixed at 40,000 men, consisting of 28,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry, including 2,000 [[dragoon]]s (that is, [[mounted infantry]]). In emergencies, the size of the army could be increased by doubling or tripling the contingents.<ref>William Coxe, ''History of the House of Austria'', vol. 1, part 2 (1807), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q98-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1040 p. 1040]: "Oct. 1681: This heterogeneous mixture was now avoided by assembling the troops according to vicinity of territory, and apportioning the contingents on the respective circles. By this system, arrangements were made for forming an army of 28,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry, which could be raised to 80,000 or even 120,000 men by merely doubling or tripling the contingents."</ref><ref>''Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift'', vol. 62 (Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamt, 2003), p. 121</ref> Such multiples were called in Latin the ''duplum'' and the ''triplum''.<ref>Corvisier & Childs (1994), p. 306: "...when more men were needed, further troops would be called up, the ''Duplum'', ''Triplum'', etc."</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Nominal composition of the Imperial Army in 1681<ref>'Pütter's Political History of Germany' in ''The Analytical review, or History of literature, domestic and foreign, on an enlarged plan'', vol. 8 ([s.n.], 1788-1798, 1790), [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oU8oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA527#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 527]: "The division among the ten circles of the 40,000 men, consisting of 12,000 cavalry, including 2,000 dragoons, and 28,000 infantry, was rated in the following proportions..."</ref><ref>''Militärgeschichte - Zeitschrift für historische Bildung'' (issue of March 2006), table S. 7</ref>
|+ Nominal composition of the Army of the Empire in 1681<ref>'Pütter's Political History of Germany' in ''The Analytical review, or History of literature, domestic and foreign, on an enlarged plan'', vol. 8 ([s.n.], 1788-1798, 1790), [https://books.google.com/books?id=oU8oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA527 p. 527]: "The division among the ten circles of the 40,000 men, consisting of 12,000 cavalry, including 2,000 dragoons, and 28,000 infantry, was rated in the following proportions..."</ref><ref>''Militärgeschichte - Zeitschrift für historische Bildung'' (issue of March 2006), table S. 7</ref>
! Imperial Circle
! Imperial Circle
! Cavalry
! Cavalry
Line 64: Line 108:


The figures for the contingents to be supplied by each Imperial Circle were little altered until the demise of the Empire. In practice, they were organized into a number of separate [[regiment]]s. In some cases, money was provided instead of men to fulfil these military obligations to the Emperor.<ref>Robisheaux (2002), p. 220</ref>
The figures for the contingents to be supplied by each Imperial Circle were little altered until the demise of the Empire. In practice, they were organized into a number of separate [[regiment]]s. In some cases, money was provided instead of men to fulfil these military obligations to the Emperor.<ref>Robisheaux (2002), p. 220</ref>

== Campaigns ==
Between the 1590s and the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], the Army fought in the wars directly affecting the Empire, usually with units of the [[Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor]] and other local territorial forces. It did not take part in the [[Thirty Years' War]] of 1618 to 1648.
* [[Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)|Austro-Turkish War]] (1663–1664)
* [[Franco-Dutch War]] (1673–1679)
* [[Nine Years' War]] (1688–1697)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1701–1714)
* [[War of the Polish Succession]] (1734–1735)
* [[War of the First Coalition]] (1792–1797)
* [[War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)


==End==
==End==
{{main|Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars}}
{{main|Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars}}
The army came to an end even before the Holy Roman Empire was wound up in 1806, as the result of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]. In 1804, the imperial forces originating from the lands of the new [[Emperor of Austria]], a title created that year, became the Imperial and Royal Army (''Kaiserlich-königliche Armee''), which was defeated by the French at the battles of [[Battle of Ulm|Ulm]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] in 1805.<ref>Robert Cowley, Geoffrey Parker ''The Reader's Companion to Military History'' (2001), p. 43</ref> In 1806 the victorious French organized much of the former empire into the [[Confederation of the Rhine]], a grouping of [[client state]]s of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]], with a common federal army.<ref>Michael Hughes, ''Early modern Germany, 1477-1806'' (1992), p. 182</ref>
In 1804, the imperial forces originating from the lands of the new [[Emperor of Austria]], a title created that year, became the Imperial and Royal Army (''Kaiserlich-königliche Armee''), which was defeated by the French at the battles of [[Battle of Ulm|Ulm]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] in 1805.<ref>Robert Cowley, Geoffrey Parker ''The Reader's Companion to Military History'' (2001), p. 43</ref> In 1806 the victorious French organized much of the former empire into the [[Confederation of the Rhine]], a grouping of [[client state]]s of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]], with a common federal army.<ref>Michael Hughes, ''Early modern Germany, 1477-1806'' (1992), p. 182</ref>


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*Vladimir Brnardic, Darko Pavlovic, ''Imperial Armies of the Thirty Years' War'' (2009)
*Vladimir Brnardic, Darko Pavlovic, ''Imperial Armies of the Thirty Years' War'' (2009)
*John G. Gagliardo, ''Reich and nation: the Holy Roman Empire as idea and reality, 1763-1806'' (Indiana University Press, 1980)
*John G. Gagliardo, ''Reich and nation: the Holy Roman Empire as idea and reality, 1763-1806'' (Indiana University Press, 1980)
*Winfried Dotzauer, ''Die deutschen Reichskreise (1383–1806)'' (Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 978-3-515-07146-8)
*Winfried Dotzauer, ''Die deutschen Reichskreise (1383–1806)'' (Stuttgart 1998, {{ISBN|978-3-515-07146-8}})
*Max Jähns, 'Zur Geschichte der Kriegsverfassung des deutschen Reiches' in ''Preußische Jahrbücher'' 39 (1877)
*Max Jähns, 'Zur Geschichte der Kriegsverfassung des deutschen Reiches' in ''Preußische Jahrbücher'' 39 (1877)
*Karl Linnebach, 'Reichskriegsverfassung und Reichsarmee von 1648 bis 1806' in Karl Linnebach, ''Deutsche Heeresgeschichte'' (Hamburg 1943, 2nd ed.)
*Karl Linnebach, 'Reichskriegsverfassung und Reichsarmee von 1648 bis 1806' in Karl Linnebach, ''Deutsche Heeresgeschichte'' (Hamburg 1943, 2nd ed.)
*Helmut Neuhaus, 'Das Reich im Kampf gegen Friedrich den Großen - Reichsarmee und Reichskriegführung im Siebenjährigen Krieg' in Bernhard Kröner, ''Europa im Zeitalter Friedrichs des Großen - Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Kriege'' (Munich, 1989), pp. 213–243
*Helmut Neuhaus, 'Das Reich im Kampf gegen Friedrich den Großen - Reichsarmee und Reichskriegführung im Siebenjährigen Krieg' in Bernhard Kröner, ''Europa im Zeitalter Friedrichs des Großen - Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Kriege'' (Munich, 1989), pp.&nbsp;213–243
*Martin Rink, Harald Potempa, 'Der Zusammenbruch des Alten Reichs (962-1806) und des alten Preußen im Jahre 1806' in ''Militärgeschichte'' March 2006
*Martin Rink, Harald Potempa, 'Der Zusammenbruch des Alten Reichs (962-1806) und des alten Preußen im Jahre 1806' in ''Militärgeschichte'' March 2006
*Hanns Weigl, ''Die Kriegsverfassung des alten deutschen Reiches von der Wormser Matrikel bis zur Auflösung'' (Bamberg, 1912)
*Hanns Weigl, ''Die Kriegsverfassung des alten deutschen Reiches von der Wormser Matrikel bis zur Auflösung'' (Bamberg, 1912)

⚫
==See also==
*[[Imperial Austrian Army (1806–1867)]]
⚫
*''[[Hofkriegsrat]]''
*[[List of Lieutenant Field Marshals of the Holy Roman Empire]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

⚫
==See also==
⚫
*[[Hofkriegsrat]]


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category|Military of the Holy Roman Empire}}
{{commons category|Military of the Holy Roman Empire}}


[[Category:Military history of Germany]]
[[Category:Army of the Holy Roman Empire| ]]
[[Category:Military history of Austria]]
[[Category:Military history of the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1420s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1422 establishments]]
[[Category:1422 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in the 15th century]]

[[de:Reichsarmee]]
[[es:Ejército del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico]]
[[it:Esercito del Sacro Romano Impero]]
[[nl:Rijksleger (Heilige Roomse Rijk)]]
[[ru:Имперская армия]]

Latest revision as of 22:48, 11 December 2024

Army of the Holy Roman Empire
Latin: Exercitus Imperii
Active1422–1806
Country Holy Roman Empire
BranchArmy
HeadquartersVienna
Engagements
Commanders
Notable
commanders

The Army of the Holy Roman Empire (French: Armée du Saint-Empire; German: Reichsarmee, Reichsheer, or Reichsarmatur; Latin: Exercitus Imperii) was created in 1422 and came to an end when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.

The Army of the Empire was not a standing army. When there was danger, it was mustered from among the elements constituting it,[1] in order to conduct a military campaign or Reichsheerfahrt during an Imperial War (Reichskrieg) or an Imperial Execution (Reichsexekution). It could only be deployed with the consent of the Imperial Diet and should not be confused with the Imperial Army (Kaiserliche Armee) of the Holy Roman Emperor.

In practice, the various forces of the Army of the Empire often had stronger local allegiances than to the Holy Roman Emperor.

History

[edit]
A unit of the army at Memmingen,
Bavaria (re-enactment)
Maximilian Armour used by the Holy Roman Empire's army

Prompted by the threat posed by the Hussites, the Imperial Diet of 1422 held in Nuremberg created the Army of the Empire by demanding specific contingents of troops from the various parts of the Empire.[2] The Hussite Wars continued from 1420 to 1434, by which point the army had proved its worth. Over the next hundred years, the size of the Army was controlled either by the number of serving men being strictly regulated or by limits on the money that paid for it. At the Diet of Worms in 1521 a commitment was made to keep the strength at 20,063 infantry and 4,202 cavalry. This was later simplified to 20,000 and 4,000. The monthly cost of paying for an army of this size was known as the Roman Month (Römermonat).[3] The Imperial Register (Reichsmatrikel or Heeresmatrikel) determined the contributions of the individual states making up the Empire, the first being the Register of 1422.[4]

Contrary to popular belief, the Army of the Empire did not take part in the Thirty Years' War of 1618 to 1648. The Emperor participated in this war with the Imperial Army (Kaiserliche Armee) instead.[5]

The Constitution of the Army of the Empire (Reichsdefensionalordnung) of 1681 finally determined the composition of the army, fixing the contingents to be provided by the various Imperial Circles. The simple total strength (called in Latin the Simplum) was now fixed at 40,000 men, consisting of 28,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry, including 2,000 dragoons (that is, mounted infantry). In emergencies, the size of the army could be increased by doubling or tripling the contingents.[6][7] Such multiples were called in Latin the duplum and the triplum.[8]

Nominal composition of the Army of the Empire in 1681[9][10]
Imperial Circle Cavalry Infantry
Austrian Circle 2,522 5,507
Burgundian Circle 1,321 2,708
Electoral Rhenish Circle 600 2,707
Franconian Circle 980 1,902
Bavarian Circle 800 1,494
Swabian Circle 1,321 2,707
Upper Rhenish Circle 491 2,853
Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle 1,321 2,708
Upper Saxon Circle 1,322 2,707
Lower Saxon Circle 1,322 2,707
Total 12,000 28,000

The figures for the contingents to be supplied by each Imperial Circle were little altered until the demise of the Empire. In practice, they were organized into a number of separate regiments. In some cases, money was provided instead of men to fulfil these military obligations to the Emperor.[11]

Campaigns

[edit]

Between the 1590s and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the Army fought in the wars directly affecting the Empire, usually with units of the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor and other local territorial forces. It did not take part in the Thirty Years' War of 1618 to 1648.

End

[edit]
Main article: Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars

In 1804, the imperial forces originating from the lands of the new Emperor of Austria, a title created that year, became the Imperial and Royal Army (Kaiserlich-königliche Armee), which was defeated by the French at the battles of Ulm and Austerlitz in 1805.[12] In 1806 the victorious French organized much of the former empire into the Confederation of the Rhine, a grouping of client states of the French Empire, with a common federal army.[13]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Vladimir Brnardic, Darko Pavlovic, Imperial Armies of the Thirty Years' War (2009)
  • John G. Gagliardo, Reich and nation: the Holy Roman Empire as idea and reality, 1763-1806 (Indiana University Press, 1980)
  • Winfried Dotzauer, Die deutschen Reichskreise (1383–1806) (Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 978-3-515-07146-8)
  • Max Jähns, 'Zur Geschichte der Kriegsverfassung des deutschen Reiches' in Preußische Jahrbücher 39 (1877)
  • Karl Linnebach, 'Reichskriegsverfassung und Reichsarmee von 1648 bis 1806' in Karl Linnebach, Deutsche Heeresgeschichte (Hamburg 1943, 2nd ed.)
  • Helmut Neuhaus, 'Das Reich im Kampf gegen Friedrich den Großen - Reichsarmee und Reichskriegführung im Siebenjährigen Krieg' in Bernhard Kröner, Europa im Zeitalter Friedrichs des Großen - Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Kriege (Munich, 1989), pp. 213–243
  • Martin Rink, Harald Potempa, 'Der Zusammenbruch des Alten Reichs (962-1806) und des alten Preußen im Jahre 1806' in Militärgeschichte March 2006
  • Hanns Weigl, Die Kriegsverfassung des alten deutschen Reiches von der Wormser Matrikel bis zur Auflösung (Bamberg, 1912)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ André Corvisier, John Childs, A dictionary of military history and the art of war (1994), p. 306
  2. ^ John Rigby Hale, John Roger Loxdale Highfield, Beryl Smalley, Europe in the late Middle Ages (Northwestern University Press, 1965), p. 228
  3. ^ Thomas Robisheaux, Rural Society and the Search for Order in Early Modern Germany (2002), p. 177
  4. ^ John G. Gagliardo, Reich and nation: the Holy Roman Empire as idea and reality, 1763-1806 (Indiana University Press, 1980), p. 36
  5. ^ Vladimir Brnardic, Darko Pavlovic, Imperial Armies of the Thirty Years' War, 1: Infantry and Artillery (2009)
  6. ^ William Coxe, History of the House of Austria, vol. 1, part 2 (1807), p. 1040: "Oct. 1681: This heterogeneous mixture was now avoided by assembling the troops according to vicinity of territory, and apportioning the contingents on the respective circles. By this system, arrangements were made for forming an army of 28,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry, which could be raised to 80,000 or even 120,000 men by merely doubling or tripling the contingents."
  7. ^ Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift, vol. 62 (Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamt, 2003), p. 121
  8. ^ Corvisier & Childs (1994), p. 306: "...when more men were needed, further troops would be called up, the Duplum, Triplum, etc."
  9. ^ 'Pütter's Political History of Germany' in The Analytical review, or History of literature, domestic and foreign, on an enlarged plan, vol. 8 ([s.n.], 1788-1798, 1790), p. 527: "The division among the ten circles of the 40,000 men, consisting of 12,000 cavalry, including 2,000 dragoons, and 28,000 infantry, was rated in the following proportions..."
  10. ^ Militärgeschichte - Zeitschrift für historische Bildung (issue of March 2006), table S. 7
  11. ^ Robisheaux (2002), p. 220
  12. ^ Robert Cowley, Geoffrey Parker The Reader's Companion to Military History (2001), p. 43
  13. ^ Michael Hughes, Early modern Germany, 1477-1806 (1992), p. 182
[edit]
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