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| image = Umbrella Crab.jpg
| image = Umbrella Crab.jpg
| image_alt = An umbrella crab from the intertidal at Bean Hollow State Beach, Pescadero, CA, USA.
| image_alt = An umbrella crab from the intertidal at Bean Hollow State Beach, Pescadero, CA, USA.
| image2 = Cryptolithodes_sitchensis_frontal_ventral_view.jpg
| image2_alt = An umbrella crab being held in somebody's hand. The dorsal carapace is facing downward, revealing the venter (underside), and the anterior is toward the bottom of the frame. The abdomen, walking legs, chelipeds, and mouthparts are visible. The chelipeds conceal the eyes and all but a small portion of the antennae.
| genus = Cryptolithodes
| genus = Cryptolithodes
| species = sitchensis
| species = sitchensis
| authority = [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt]], 1853<ref>{{Cite journal|last=von Brandt|first=Johann Friedrich|author-link=Johann Friedrich von Brandt|date=1853|title=Ueber eine neue Art der Gattung Cryptolithodes (''Cryptolithodes sitchensis'')|trans-title=About a new species of the genus Cryptolithodes (''Cryptolithodes sitchensis'')|url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletindelacla00naukgoog#page/n153/mode/2up|journal=Bulletin de la Classe physico-mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg|issn=1029-998X|language=de|volume=11|pages=254–256}}</ref>
| authority = [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt]], 1853<ref name="Brandt 1853">{{Cite journal|last=von Brandt|first=Johann Friedrich|author-link=Johann Friedrich von Brandt|date=1853|title=Ueber eine neue Art der Gattung Cryptolithodes (''Cryptolithodes sitchensis'')|trans-title=About a new species of the genus Cryptolithodes (''Cryptolithodes sitchensis'')|url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletindelacla00naukgoog#page/n153/mode/2up|journal=Bulletin de la Classe physico-mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg|issn=1029-998X|language=de|volume=11|pages=254–256}}</ref>
| synonyms =
{{Species list
| Cryptolithodes altafissura | Spence Bate, 1865
| Cryptolithodes alta-fissura | Spence Bate, 1865
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WoRMS">{{cite WoRMS|last=De Grave|first=Sammy|date=25 July 2022|title=''Cryptolithodes sitchensis'' Brandt, 1853|id=550616|access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Cryptolithodes sitchensis''''', known as the '''umbrella crab''' and the '''turtle crab''',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Snow |first=C. Dale |date=April 1978 |title=Interesting Crabs of Oregon |magazine=Oregon Wildlife |publisher=Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission |volume=33 |issue=4 |page=6}}</ref><ref name="Kozloff" /> is a [[species]] of [[king crab]] native to coastal regions of the northeastern [[Pacific Ocean]], ranging from [[Sitka, Alaska]] to [[Point Loma, California]].<ref name="jensen">{{cite book|last=Jensen|first=Gregory C.|title=Pacific Coast Crabs and Shrimps|publisher=Sea Challengers|year=1995|isbn=0-930118-20-0|lccn=94039292}}</ref> Its [[carapace]] extends over its legs such that when it pulls in its legs, it resembles a small stone. It lives in rocky areas from the [[Intertidal zone#Zonation|low intertidal]] to depths of {{convert|37|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="jensen"/><ref name="Hall & Thatje 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Sally |last2=Thatje |first2=Sven |date=October 15, 2009 |title=Global bottlenecks in the distribution of marine Crustacea: temperature constraints in the family Lithodidae |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65000/1/Hall_JBiogeogr_09.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of Biogeography]] |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=2125–2135 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02153.x |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724074003/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65000/1/Hall_JBiogeogr_09.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2018 |via=the [[University of Southampton]]}}</ref>
'''''Cryptolithodes sitchensis''''', known as the '''umbrella crab''' and the '''turtle crab''',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Snow |first=C. Dale |date=April 1978 |title=Interesting Crabs of Oregon |magazine=Oregon Wildlife |publisher=Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission |volume=33 |issue=4 |page=6}}</ref><ref name="Kozloff">{{cite book |last=Kozloff |first=Eugene N. |author-link=Eugene N. Kozloff |url=https://archive.org/details/seashorelifeofno0000kozl_r1m7 |title=Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast: An Illustrated Guide to Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=0-295-96084-1 |location=[[Seattle|Seattle, WA]] |pages=192, 255 |lccn=83001130 |url-access=registration |via=the [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[king crab]] native to coastal regions of the northeastern regions of the [[Pacific Ocean]], ranging from [[Sitka, Alaska]] to [[Point Loma, California]].<ref name="jensen">{{cite book|last=Jensen|first=Gregory C.|title=Pacific Coast Crabs and Shrimps|publisher=Sea Challengers|year=1995|isbn=0-930118-20-0|lccn=94039292}}</ref> Its [[carapace]] extends over its legs such that when it pulls in its legs, it resembles a small stone. It lives in rocky areas from the [[Intertidal zone#Zonation|low intertidal]] to depths of {{convert|37|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="jensen"/><ref name="Hall & Thatje 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Sally |last2=Thatje |first2=Sven |date=October 15, 2009 |title=Global bottlenecks in the distribution of marine Crustacea: temperature constraints in the family Lithodidae |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65000/1/Hall_JBiogeogr_09.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of Biogeography]] |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=2125–2135 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02153.x |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724074003/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65000/1/Hall_JBiogeogr_09.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2018 |via=the [[University of Southampton]]}}</ref>

==Description==
⚫
[[File:Red specimen C. sitchensis.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Red specimen]]
[[File:Umbrella Crab-venter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.86|Ventral view]]
''Cryptolithodes sitchensis''{{'}} [[carapace]] extends over all of its eight walking legs and two [[Cheliped|chelipeds]], giving them their common names of turtle crab and umbrella crab. The carapace can be over {{Convert|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide at the adult stage. The carapace ranges from neutral sandy colors to bright oranges, reds, and purples.<ref name="Kozloff">{{cite book |last=Kozloff |first=Eugene N. |author-link=Eugene N. Kozloff |url=https://archive.org/details/seashorelifeofno0000kozl_r1m7 |title=Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast: An Illustrated Guide to Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=0-295-96084-1 |location=[[Seattle|Seattle, WA]] |pages=192, 255 |lccn=83001130 |url-access=registration |via=the [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|192, 255}}

== Distribution ==
''Cryptolithodes sitchensis'' can be found from southern Alaska to [[Southern California]], where they are common.<ref name="Lamb">{{cite book |last1=Lamb |first1=Andy |url=https://archive.org/details/marinelifeofpaci0000lamb/page/313 |title=Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest: A Photographic Encyclopedia of Invertebrates, Seaweeds and Selected Fishes |last2=Hanby |first2=Bernard P. |publisher=[[Harbour Publishing]] |others=Photography by Bernard P. Hanby |year=2005 |isbn=1-55017-361-8 |pages=313 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ricketts|first1=Edward F.|url=https://archive.org/stream/betweenpacificti00rick#page/92/mode/2up|title=Between Pacific Tides|last2=Calvin|first2=Jack|publisher=Stanford University Press|others=Revisions by [[Joel W. Hedgpeth]]|year=1962|edition=Third|pages=92|author-link=Ed Ricketts|url-access=registration}}</ref> They live at depths of up to around {{Convert|37|m|ft|abbr=on}} along the exposed coasts of the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Lamb"/><ref name="Hall & Thatje 2009" />

==Identification==
The distinguishing characteristic between ''C. sitchensis'' and ''[[Cryptolithodes typicus|C. typicus]]'' is that the rostrum of ''C. sitchensis'' is wider distally than proximally, while the opposite is found in ''C. typicus''. Also, ''C. typicus'' has raised margins of the abdominal segments, while ''C. sitchensis'' does not.<ref name="Kozloff"/>{{rp|407}}

==Life history==
The larvae of ''C. sitchensis'' have six tergites at the [[megalopa]]l stage. Upon reaching the adult stage, the first and second abdominal segments have fused and the sixth tergite and [[telson]] are whole. ''C. sitchensis'' males and females have symmetrical abdomens, yet females have a greater number of accessory plates on the left side of the third tergite.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McLaughlin|first1=Patsy A.|last2=Lemaitre|first2=Rafael|date=2000|title=Aspects of evolution in the anomuran superfamily Paguroidea: one larval prospective|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/7369/IZ_Lemaitre2000AspectsofEvolution.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Invertebrate Reproduction and Development|volume=38|issue=3|pages=159–169|doi=10.1080/07924259.2000.9652453|s2cid=55956527|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227010212/http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/7369/1/IZ_Lemaitre2000AspectsofEvolution.pdf|archive-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref>


==Natural history==
== Description ==
''Cryptolithodes sitchensis''{{'}} [[carapace]] is ovate, nearly smooth, and extends over all of its three pairs of walking legs and two [[cheliped]]s.<ref name="Poore & Ahyong 2023">{{Cite book |last1=Poore |first1=Gary C. B. |title=Marine Decapod Crustacea: A Guide to Families and Genera of the World |last2=Ahyong |first2=Shane T. |author-link2=Shane T. Ahyong |chapter=Anomura |pages=311–317 |publisher=CRC Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-4863-1178-1}}</ref><ref name="Kozloff" /> It is generally about {{frac|5|3}} as wide as it is long and can be over {{Convert|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide at the adult stage.<ref name="Kozloff"/> It ranges from neutral sandy colors to bright oranges, reds, and purples.<ref name="Kozloff">{{cite book |last=Kozloff |first=Eugene N. |author-link=Eugene N. Kozloff |url=https://archive.org/details/seashorelifeofno0000kozl_r1m7 |title=Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast: An Illustrated Guide to Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=0-295-96084-1 |location=[[Seattle|Seattle, WA]] |pages=192, 255 |lccn=83001130 |url-access=registration |via=the [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref name="Schmitt 1921">{{cite book|last=Schmitt|first=Waldo L.|title=The Marine Decapoda Crustacea of California|publisher=University of California Press|year=1921|page=155|url=https://archive.org/details/marinedecapodcru00schm|access-date=11 December 2024|via=the [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> In adults, the first [[Abdomen#Arthropoda|abdominal]] segment is fused with the second.<ref name="McLaughlin & Lemaitre 2000">{{cite journal|last1=McLaughlin|first1=Patsy A.|author-link=Patsy Ann McLaughlin|last2=Lemaitre|first2=Rafael|date=2000|title=Aspects of evolution in the anomuran superfamily Paguroidea: one larval prospective|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/7369/IZ_Lemaitre2000AspectsofEvolution.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Invertebrate Reproduction and Development|volume=38|issue=3|pages=159–169|doi=10.1080/07924259.2000.9652453|s2cid=55956527|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227010212/http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/7369/1/IZ_Lemaitre2000AspectsofEvolution.pdf|archive-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref> The third, fourth, and fifth segments are each composed of one median (inner) plate and a pair of lateral (outer) plates, although the third segment has accessory plates in two small regions on the left and right surrounded by the second segment, third median plate, and third lateral plates.<ref name="McLaughlin & Lemaitre 2000" /> Males have an equal number of these plates on both sides, but females often have more accessory plates to the left of the median.<ref name="McLaughlin & Lemaitre 2000" />
''Cryptolithodes sitchensis'' may be hard to spot due to its rough, rock-like exterior, but it is easily caught due to its slow movements. Found most commonly in the intertidal zone, this species feeds on [[coralline algae]]. The reason for the diverse colorations of its carapace may be camouflage with its surroundings.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Cryptolithodes sitchensis'' Brandt, 1853|url=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Arthropoda/Crustacea/Malacostraca/Eumalacostraca/Eucarida/Decapoda/Anomura/Family_Lithodidae/Cryptolithodes_sitchensis.html|last=Cowles|first=Dave|date=2005|publisher=[[Walla Walla University]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018081244/http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Arthropoda/Crustacea/Malacostraca/Eumalacostraca/Eucarida/Decapoda/Anomura/Family_Lithodidae/Cryptolithodes_sitchensis.html|archive-date=October 18, 2007|access-date=May 11, 2010}}</ref>


==Threats==
==Taxonomy==
''Cryptolithodes sitchensis'' was described by naturalist [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt]] in 1853 from a specimen found near [[Sitka, Alaska]].<ref name="Brandt 1853" /> It is one of the three species of ''[[Cryptolithodes]]'', along with ''[[Cryptolithodes typicus|C. typicus]]'' and ''[[Cryptolithodes expansus|C. expansus]]''.<ref name="WoRMS Cryptolithodes">{{cite WoRMS|last=Ahyong|first=Shane T.|author-link=Shane T. Ahyong|date=12 December 2023|title=''Cryptolithodes'' Brandt, 1848|id=550614|access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref>
A major threat to ''C. sitchensis'' in [[Southern California]] is [[deforestation]] and its effects on the giant [[Kelp forest|kelp forests]] around the [[Channel Islands National Park]]. The forests of ''[[Macrocystis pyrifera]]'' form a protective [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]], fostering the ideal temperature for various species that are temperature-sensitive, such as ''C. sitchensis'', and the growth of [[Seaweed|macroalgae]] and coralline algae needed for their survival.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Graham|first=Michael H.|date=2004|title=Effects of Local Deforestation on the Diversity and Structure of Southern California Giant Kelp Forest Food Webs|journal=[[Ecosystems (journal)|Ecosystems]]|volume=7|issue=4|pages=341–357|doi=10.1007/s10021-003-0245-6|jstor=3658821|s2cid=36589268}}</ref>


⚫
<!--[[File:Red specimen C. sitchensis.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Red specimen]]-->
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}
{{Reflist|32em}}

Latest revision as of 00:08, 12 December 2024

Cryptolithodes sitchensis
An umbrella crab from the intertidal at Bean Hollow State Beach, Pescadero, CA, USA.
An umbrella crab being held in somebody's hand. The dorsal carapace is facing downward, revealing the venter (underside), and the anterior is toward the bottom of the frame. The abdomen, walking legs, chelipeds, and mouthparts are visible. The chelipeds conceal the eyes and all but a small portion of the antennae.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Infraorder: Anomura
Family: Lithodidae
Genus: Cryptolithodes
Species:
C. sitchensis
Binomial name
Cryptolithodes sitchensis
Brandt, 1853[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Cryptolithodes altafissura Spence Bate, 1865
  • Cryptolithodes alta-fissura Spence Bate, 1865

Cryptolithodes sitchensis, known as the umbrella crab and the turtle crab,[3][4] is a species of king crab native to coastal regions of the northeastern regions of the Pacific Ocean, ranging from Sitka, Alaska to Point Loma, California.[5] Its carapace extends over its legs such that when it pulls in its legs, it resembles a small stone. It lives in rocky areas from the low intertidal to depths of 37 m (121 ft).[5][6]

Description

[edit]

Cryptolithodes sitchensis' carapace is ovate, nearly smooth, and extends over all of its three pairs of walking legs and two chelipeds.[7][4] It is generally about 5⁄3 as wide as it is long and can be over 5 cm (2.0 in) wide at the adult stage.[4] It ranges from neutral sandy colors to bright oranges, reds, and purples.[4][8] In adults, the first abdominal segment is fused with the second.[9] The third, fourth, and fifth segments are each composed of one median (inner) plate and a pair of lateral (outer) plates, although the third segment has accessory plates in two small regions on the left and right surrounded by the second segment, third median plate, and third lateral plates.[9] Males have an equal number of these plates on both sides, but females often have more accessory plates to the left of the median.[9]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Cryptolithodes sitchensis was described by naturalist Johann Friedrich von Brandt in 1853 from a specimen found near Sitka, Alaska.[1] It is one of the three species of Cryptolithodes, along with C. typicus and C. expansus.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b von Brandt, Johann Friedrich (1853). "Ueber eine neue Art der Gattung Cryptolithodes (Cryptolithodes sitchensis)" [About a new species of the genus Cryptolithodes (Cryptolithodes sitchensis)]. Bulletin de la Classe physico-mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg (in German). 11: 254–256. ISSN 1029-998X.
  2. ^ De Grave, Sammy (25 July 2022). "Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt, 1853". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  3. ^ Snow, C. Dale (April 1978). "Interesting Crabs of Oregon". Oregon Wildlife. Vol. 33, no. 4. Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission. p. 6.
  4. ^ a b c d Kozloff, Eugene N. (1993). Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast: An Illustrated Guide to Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 192, 255. ISBN 0-295-96084-1. LCCN 83001130 – via the Internet Archive.
  5. ^ a b Jensen, Gregory C. (1995). Pacific Coast Crabs and Shrimps. Sea Challengers. ISBN 0-930118-20-0. LCCN 94039292.
  6. ^ Hall, Sally; Thatje, Sven (October 15, 2009). "Global bottlenecks in the distribution of marine Crustacea: temperature constraints in the family Lithodidae" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 36 (11): 2125–2135. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02153.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2018 – via the University of Southampton.
  7. ^ Poore, Gary C. B.; Ahyong, Shane T. (2023). "Anomura". Marine Decapod Crustacea: A Guide to Families and Genera of the World. CRC Press. pp. 311–317. ISBN 978-1-4863-1178-1.
  8. ^ Schmitt, Waldo L. (1921). The Marine Decapoda Crustacea of California. University of California Press. p. 155. Retrieved 11 December 2024 – via the Internet Archive.
  9. ^ a b c McLaughlin, Patsy A.; Lemaitre, Rafael (2000). "Aspects of evolution in the anomuran superfamily Paguroidea: one larval prospective" (PDF). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development. 38 (3): 159–169. doi:10.1080/07924259.2000.9652453. S2CID 55956527. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2012.
  10. ^ Ahyong, Shane T. (12 December 2023). "Cryptolithodes Brandt, 1848". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
[edit]
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