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{{Short description|American Founding Father and politician (1754–1807)}}
'''Abraham Baldwin''' ([[November 22]], [[1754]]–[[March 4]], [[1807]]) is one of America's [[founding fathers]]. Originally from [[Connecticut]], he later moved to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and represented Georgia in the [[Continental Congress]], and both the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]].
[[Image:abraham_baldwin.jpg|thumb|236px|Abraham Baldwin]]
{{For|his nephew|Abraham Dudley Baldwin}}
{{Distinguish|Adam Baldwin}}
Abraham was born at [[Guilford, Connecticut]], in 1754, the second son of a [[blacksmith]] who fathered 12 children by 2 wives. Besides Abraham, several of the family attained distinction. His sister Ruth married the poet and diplomat Joel Barlow, and his half-brother Henry attained the position of justice of the [[U.S. Supreme Court]]. Their ambitious father went heavily into debt to educate his children.
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abraham Baldwin
| image = Abraham Baldwin by Naegele.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]
| term_start = December 8, 1801
| term_end = December 13, 1802
| predecessor = [[James Hillhouse]]
| successor = [[Stephen R. Bradley]]
| jr/sr1 = [[United States Senator]]
| state1 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| term_start1 = March 4, 1799
| term_end1 = March 4, 1807
| predecessor1 = [[Josiah Tattnall (politician)]]
| successor1 = [[George Jones (U.S. Senator)|George Jones]]
| state2 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| district2 = [[Georgia's at-large congressional district|at-large]]
| term_start2 = March 4, 1793
| term_end2 = March 3, 1799
| preceded2 = ''district created''
| succeeded2 = [[James Jones (Georgia politician)|James Jones]]
| state3 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| district3 = [[Georgia's 2nd congressional district|2nd]]
| term_start3 = March 4, 1789
| term_end3 = March 3, 1793
| preceded3 = ''district created''
| succeeded3 = ''Converted to at-large districts''
| order4 =
| office4 = [[University of Georgia|President of the University of Georgia]]
| term_start4 = 1785
| term_end4 = 1801
| predecessor4 = ''None; post established''
| successor4 = [[Josiah Meigs]]
| order5 = Delegate from Georgia to the [[Congress of the Confederation]]
| term_start5 = 1785
| term_end5 = 85, 1787–88
| birth_date = November 22, 1754
| birth_place = [[Guilford, Connecticut|Guilford]], [[Connecticut Colony]], [[British America]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1807|3|4|1754|11|22}}
| death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|resting_place = [[Rock Creek Cemetery]]<br />Washington, D.C., U.S.
| alma_mater = [[Yale College]]
}}
'''Abraham Baldwin''' (November 22, 1754{{spaced ndash}}March 4, 1807) was an American [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]], [[Patriot (American Revolution)|patriot]], [[Politics of the United States|politician]], and [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Father]] who signed the [[United States Constitution]]. Born and raised in [[Connecticut]], he was a 1772 graduate of [[Yale College]]. After the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], Baldwin became a lawyer. He moved to the [[U.S. state]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] in the mid-1780s and founded the [[University of Georgia]]. Baldwin was a member of [[Society of the Cincinnati]].<ref>Metcalf, Bryce. Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the Society of the Cincinnati, 1783–1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies (Strasburg, Va.: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc., 1938), p. 41.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Officers Represented in the Society of the Cincinnati|url=https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/soldiers-and-sailors-of-the-revolutionary-war/officers-represented-in-the-society-of-the-cincinnati/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413005731/https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/soldiers-and-sailors-of-the-revolutionary-war/officers-represented-in-the-society-of-the-cincinnati/ |archive-date=April 13, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aimone|first=Alan Conrad|date=2005|title=New York State Society of the Cincinnati: Biographies of Original Members and Other Continental Officers (review)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2005.0002|journal=The Journal of Military History|volume=69|issue=1|pages=231–232|doi=10.1353/jmh.2005.0002|s2cid=162248285|issn=1543-7795}}</ref>


Baldwin served as a United States [[List of United States senators from Georgia|Senator from Georgia]] from 1799 to 1807. During his tenure, he served as [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]] from 1801 to 1802.
After attending a local village school, Abraham matriculated at [[Yale]], in nearby [[New Haven]]. He graduated in 1772. Three years later, he became a minister and tutor at the college. He held that position until 1779, when he served as a chaplain in the [[Continental Army]]. Two years later, he declined an offer from his alma mater of a professorship of divinity. Instead of resuming his ministerial or educational duties after the war, he turned to the study of law and in 1783 gained admittance to the bar at [[Fairfield]], Connecticut.


==Early life, education and career==
Within a year, Baldwin moved to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], won legislative approval to practice his profession, and obtained a grant of land in [[Wilkes County]]. In 1785 he sat in the assembly and the [[Continental Congress]]. Two years later, his father died and Baldwin undertook to pay off his debts and educate, out of his own pocket, his half-brothers and half-sisters.
Abraham Baldwin was born in 1754 in [[Guilford, Connecticut|Guildford]] in the [[Connecticut Colony]] into a large family, the son of Lucy (Dudley) and Michael Baldwin, a blacksmith, and descended from Elder [[John Strong (colonist)|John Strong]].<ref>book The History of the Descendants of Elder John Strong, of Northampton, Mass pages 229,230,757&760. {{ISBN|0342958860}}.</ref> His half-brother, [[Henry Baldwin (judge)|Henry Baldwin]], was an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]. After attending Guildford Grammar School, Abraham Baldwin attended Yale College in nearby [[New Haven, Connecticut]], where he was a member of the [[Linonian Society]]. He graduated in 1772.<ref name="auto">Marquis Who's Who, Inc. ''Who Was Who in American History, the Military''. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1975. P. 25 {{ISBN|0837932017}}. {{OCLC|657162692}}.</ref>


Three years later after theological study, he was licensed as a [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] minister. He also served as a tutor at the college. He held that position until 1779. During the American Revolutionary War, he served as a [[chaplain]] in the [[Connecticut Line|Connecticut Contingent]] of the [[Continental Army]]. He did not see combat while with the Continental troops.<ref name=soldierState>{{cite book|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/baldwin.htm|title=Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution|id=CMH Pub 71-25|chapter=Abraham Baldwin|lccn=87001353|oclc=15549460|year=1987|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=United States Army Center of Military History|first1=Robert K.|last1=Wright Jr.|first2=Morris J.|last2=MacGregor Jr.|access-date=June 8, 2010|archive-date=May 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513071820/https://history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/baldwin.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two years later at the conclusion of the war, Baldwin declined an offer from Yale's new president, Ezra Stiles, to become Professor of Divinity. Instead, he turned to the study of law and in 1783 was admitted to the Connecticut bar.<ref name="auto" />
That same year, Baldwin attended the [[Constitutional Convention]], from which he was absent for a few weeks. Although usually inconspicuous, he sat on the Committee on [[Postponed Matters]] and helped resolve the large-small state representation crisis. At first, he favored representation in the Senate based upon property holdings, but possibly because of his close relationship with the Connecticut delegation he later came to fear alienation of the small states and changed his mind to representation by state.


==Move to Georgia==
After the convention, Baldwin returned to the Continental Congress (1787-89). He was then elected to the [[U.S. Congress]], where he served for 18 years (House of Representatives, 1789-99; Senate, 1799-1807). During these years, he became a bitter opponent of [[Alexander_Hamilton|Hamiltonian]] policies and, unlike most other native [[New England]]ers, an ally of Madison and Jefferson and the [[Democratic-Republican]]s. In the Senate, he presided for a while as president pro tem.
Encouraged by his former commanding officer General [[Nathanael Greene]], who had acquired the plantation at Mulberry Grove where [[Eli Whitney]] would later invent the [[cotton gin]], Baldwin moved to Georgia. He was recruited by fellow Yale alumnus Governor [[Lyman Hall]], another transplanted New Englander, to develop a state education plan. Baldwin was named the first president of the University of Georgia and became active in politics to build support for the university, which had not yet enrolled its first student. He was appointed as a delegate to the [[Congress of the Confederation]] and then to the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]]; in September 1786 he was one of the state’s two signatories to the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]].
Baldwin remained president of the University of Georgia during its initial development phase until 1800.<ref name="auto"/> During this period, he also worked with the legislature on the college charter. In 1801, [[Franklin College of Arts and Sciences|Franklin College]], the University of Georgia's initial college, opened to students. [[Josiah Meigs]] was hired to succeed Baldwin as first acting president and oversee the inaugural class of students. The first buildings of the college were architecturally modeled on Baldwin's and Meigs's ''alma mater'' of Yale where they both had taught. (Later the university sports team adopted as its mascot the bulldog, also in tribute to Baldwin and Meigs, as it is the mascot of Yale.)


==Politics==
By 1790 Baldwin had taken up residence in [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]]. Beginning in the preceding decade, he had begun efforts to advance the educational system in Georgia. Appointed with six others in 1784 to oversee the founding of a state college, he saw his dream come true in 1798 when [[Franklin College]] was founded. Modeled after Yale, it became the nucleus of the [[University of Georgia]]. In addition, [[Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College]] in southern Georgia is named in his honor.
[[File:Abraham Baldwin's draft copy of the US Constitution.jpg|alt=Abraham Baldwin's draft copy of the U.S. Constitution|thumb|Baldwin's draft copy of the U.S. Constitution is held by the Georgia Historical Society. It is the second printed draft of the Constitution, printed by Dunlap and Claypoole on four folio leaves complete with Baldwin's signature and marginal notes. This second draft was produced by a Committee of Style and Arrangement, consisting of [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[William Samuel Johnson]], [[Rufus King]], [[James Madison]], and [[Gouverneur Morris]]. It is one of only a handful still in existence. [http://ghs.galileo.usg.edu/ghs/view?docId=ead/MS%201703-ead.xml View the Georgia Historical Society’s finding aid for this item].]]
Baldwin was elected to the Georgia Assembly, where he became very active, working to develop support for the college. He was able to mediate between the rougher frontiersmen, perhaps because of his childhood as the son of a blacksmith, and the aristocratic planter elite who dominated the coastal [[South Carolina Lowcountry|Lowcountry]]. He became one of the most prominent legislators, pushing significant measures such as the education bill{{Which|date=December 2023}} through the sometimes split Georgia Assembly.<ref name=soldierState/><ref>{{cite book|author=Rowe, H.J.|title=History of Athens & Clarke County|year=2000|publisher=Southern Historical Press}}</ref>


He was elected as [[United States House of Representatives|representative]] to the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] in 1788. The Georgia legislature elected him as [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] in 1799<ref>Congressional Biography</ref> (this was the practice until [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|popular election in 1913]].) He served as [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]] from December 1801 to December 1802. He was re-elected and served in office until his death.


==Death and legacy==
Baldwin, who never married, died after a short illness during his 53rd year in 1807. Still serving in the Senate at the time, he was buried in Washington's [[Rock Creek Cemetery]].
On March 4, 1807, at age 52, Baldwin died while serving as a U.S. senator from Georgia. Later that month the ''Savannah Republican'' and ''Savannah Evening Ledger'' reprinted an obituary that had first been published in a Washington, D.C., newspaper: "He originated the plan of The University of Georgia, drew up the charter, and with infinite labor and patience, in vanquishing all sorts of prejudices and removing every obstruction, he persuaded the assembly to adopt it."<ref name="gaenc">[http://www.newgeorgiaencyclopedia.com/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2710 "Abraham Baldwin (1754–1807)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318064622/http://www.newgeorgiaencyclopedia.com/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2710 |date=March 18, 2012 }}, ''New Georgia Encyclopedia'' (January 6, 2009), Retrieved on July 21, 2013</ref> His remains are interred at [[Rock Creek Cemetery]] in Washington, DC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgiahistory.com/education-outreach/online-exhibits/featured-historical-figures/abraham-baldwin/brief-biography/|title=Brief Biography}}</ref>
==External link ==
* The [[United States Postal Service]] made a 7¢ [[Great Americans series]] [[postage stamp]] in his honor;<ref>{{cite news|author=Sine, Richard L.|title=Stamps; Great American Series|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 27, 1985|page=33}}</ref>
*[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000084 Baldwin's Congressional biography]
* Places and institutions were named for him, including:
----
** [[Baldwin County, Alabama|Baldwin County]] in Alabama and [[Baldwin County, Georgia|Georgia]];<ref>{{cite book|title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins|publisher=Winship Press|author=Krakow, Kenneth K.|year=1975|location=Macon, GA|pages=13|isbn=0-915430-00-2}}</ref>
[[Category:Continental Congressmen|Baldwin, Abraham]]
** [[Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College]] in [[Tifton, Georgia]];
[[Category:Continental Army officers|Baldwin, Abraham]]
** Abraham Baldwin Middle School in [[Guilford, Connecticut]];
[[Category:United States Senators|Baldwin, Abraham]]
** Baldwin streets in [[Madison, Wisconsin]]<ref>[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/odd/archives/002071.asp Odd Wisconsin Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194631/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/odd/archives/002071.asp |date=March 3, 2016 }}. Wisconsinhistory.org (March 29, 2006). Retrieved on July 21, 2013.</ref> and [[Athens, Georgia]];
[[Category:Members of the U.S. House of Representatives|Baldwin, Abraham]]
* The University of Georgia erected a statue of Baldwin on the historic North Campus quad in his honor as its founding father.<ref>{{cite web|title=UGA unveils statue of Abraham Baldwin|url=https://www.tiftongazette.com/archives/uga-unveils-statue-of-abraham-baldwin/article_1b74e022-dc8c-5161-8c5c-8939b7d7d262.html|author=Coley Ingram, Tracy|work=[[The Tifton Gazette]]|place=Tifton, Georgia|date=September 26, 2011|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=White |first=Henry Clay |title=Abraham Baldwin: One of the Founders of the Republic, and Father of the University of Georgia, the First of American State Universities |year=1926 |publisher=McGregor Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4sBAAAAMAAJ |author-link=Henry Clay White }}

==See also==
{{Portal|Georgia (U.S. State)}}
* [[List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{CongBio|B000084}}
* {{cite BDA1906 |wstitle= Baldwin, Abraham |volume= 1 |page= 195 |short=}}

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{{US House succession box|state=Georgia|district=2|before=New Seat|after=Converted to At-Large districts|years=March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1793}}
{{US House succession box|state=Georgia|district=AL|before=Converted from district seats|after=[[James Jones (Georgia politician)|James Jones]]|years=March 4, 1793 – March 4, 1799}}
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{{U.S. Senator box|class=2|state=Georgia|before=[[Josiah Tattnall (politician)|Josiah Tattnall]]|after=[[George Jones (U.S. Senator)|George Jones]]|years=March 4, 1799 – March 4, 1807|alongside=[[James Gunn (senator)|James Gunn]], [[James Jackson (Georgia politician)|James Jackson]], [[John Milledge]]}}
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{{succession box|title=[[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]|before=[[James Hillhouse]]|years=December 7, 1801 – December 13, 1802|after=[[Stephen R. Bradley]]}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Baldwin, Abraham}}
[[Category:1754 births]]
[[Category:1807 deaths]]
[[Category:Founding Fathers of the United States]]
[[Category:People from Guilford, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Continental Congressmen from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:People of Connecticut in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Presidents of the University of Georgia]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:United States senators from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery]]
[[Category:Democratic-Republican Party United States senators]]
[[Category:American military chaplains]]
[[Category:Signers of the United States Constitution]]
[[Category:People from Fairfield, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Baldwin County, Alabama]]
[[Category:Baldwin County, Georgia]]
[[Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate]]
[[Category:Yale Divinity School alumni]]
[[Category:People from colonial Connecticut]]
[[Category:Yale College alumni]]
[[Category:Founders of American schools and colleges]]
[[Category:19th-century United States senators]]
[[Category:18th-century United States senators]]
[[Category:18th-century members of the United States House of Representatives]]

Latest revision as of 02:33, 12 December 2024

For his nephew, see Abraham Dudley Baldwin.
Not to be confused with Adam Baldwin.

Abraham Baldwin
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
In office
December 8, 1801 – December 13, 1802
Preceded byJames Hillhouse
Succeeded byStephen R. Bradley
United States Senator
from Georgia
In office
March 4, 1799 – March 4, 1807
Preceded byJosiah Tattnall (politician)
Succeeded byGeorge Jones
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Georgia's at-large district
In office
March 4, 1793 – March 3, 1799
Preceded bydistrict created
Succeeded byJames Jones
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Georgia's 2nd district
In office
March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793
Preceded bydistrict created
Succeeded byConverted to at-large districts
President of the University of Georgia
In office
1785–1801
Preceded byNone; post established
Succeeded byJosiah Meigs
Delegate from Georgia to the Congress of the Confederation
In office
1785 – 85, 1787–88
Personal details
BornNovember 22, 1754
Guilford, Connecticut Colony, British America
DiedMarch 4, 1807(1807-03-04) (aged 52)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeRock Creek Cemetery
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Alma materYale College

Abraham Baldwin (November 22, 1754 – March 4, 1807) was an American minister, patriot, politician, and Founding Father who signed the United States Constitution. Born and raised in Connecticut, he was a 1772 graduate of Yale College. After the Revolutionary War, Baldwin became a lawyer. He moved to the U.S. state of Georgia in the mid-1780s and founded the University of Georgia. Baldwin was a member of Society of the Cincinnati.[1][2][3]

Baldwin served as a United States Senator from Georgia from 1799 to 1807. During his tenure, he served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1801 to 1802.

Early life, education and career

[edit]

Abraham Baldwin was born in 1754 in Guildford in the Connecticut Colony into a large family, the son of Lucy (Dudley) and Michael Baldwin, a blacksmith, and descended from Elder John Strong.[4] His half-brother, Henry Baldwin, was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. After attending Guildford Grammar School, Abraham Baldwin attended Yale College in nearby New Haven, Connecticut, where he was a member of the Linonian Society. He graduated in 1772.[5]

Three years later after theological study, he was licensed as a Congregationalist minister. He also served as a tutor at the college. He held that position until 1779. During the American Revolutionary War, he served as a chaplain in the Connecticut Contingent of the Continental Army. He did not see combat while with the Continental troops.[6] Two years later at the conclusion of the war, Baldwin declined an offer from Yale's new president, Ezra Stiles, to become Professor of Divinity. Instead, he turned to the study of law and in 1783 was admitted to the Connecticut bar.[5]

Move to Georgia

[edit]

Encouraged by his former commanding officer General Nathanael Greene, who had acquired the plantation at Mulberry Grove where Eli Whitney would later invent the cotton gin, Baldwin moved to Georgia. He was recruited by fellow Yale alumnus Governor Lyman Hall, another transplanted New Englander, to develop a state education plan. Baldwin was named the first president of the University of Georgia and became active in politics to build support for the university, which had not yet enrolled its first student. He was appointed as a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation and then to the Constitutional Convention; in September 1786 he was one of the state’s two signatories to the U.S. Constitution.

Baldwin remained president of the University of Georgia during its initial development phase until 1800.[5] During this period, he also worked with the legislature on the college charter. In 1801, Franklin College, the University of Georgia's initial college, opened to students. Josiah Meigs was hired to succeed Baldwin as first acting president and oversee the inaugural class of students. The first buildings of the college were architecturally modeled on Baldwin's and Meigs's alma mater of Yale where they both had taught. (Later the university sports team adopted as its mascot the bulldog, also in tribute to Baldwin and Meigs, as it is the mascot of Yale.)

Politics

[edit]
Abraham Baldwin's draft copy of the U.S. Constitution
Baldwin's draft copy of the U.S. Constitution is held by the Georgia Historical Society. It is the second printed draft of the Constitution, printed by Dunlap and Claypoole on four folio leaves complete with Baldwin's signature and marginal notes. This second draft was produced by a Committee of Style and Arrangement, consisting of Alexander Hamilton, William Samuel Johnson, Rufus King, James Madison, and Gouverneur Morris. It is one of only a handful still in existence. View the Georgia Historical Society’s finding aid for this item.

Baldwin was elected to the Georgia Assembly, where he became very active, working to develop support for the college. He was able to mediate between the rougher frontiersmen, perhaps because of his childhood as the son of a blacksmith, and the aristocratic planter elite who dominated the coastal Lowcountry. He became one of the most prominent legislators, pushing significant measures such as the education bill[which?] through the sometimes split Georgia Assembly.[6][7]

He was elected as representative to the U.S. Congress in 1788. The Georgia legislature elected him as U.S. Senator in 1799[8] (this was the practice until popular election in 1913.) He served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate from December 1801 to December 1802. He was re-elected and served in office until his death.

Death and legacy

[edit]

On March 4, 1807, at age 52, Baldwin died while serving as a U.S. senator from Georgia. Later that month the Savannah Republican and Savannah Evening Ledger reprinted an obituary that had first been published in a Washington, D.C., newspaper: "He originated the plan of The University of Georgia, drew up the charter, and with infinite labor and patience, in vanquishing all sorts of prejudices and removing every obstruction, he persuaded the assembly to adopt it."[9] His remains are interred at Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, DC.[10]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • White, Henry Clay (1926). Abraham Baldwin: One of the Founders of the Republic, and Father of the University of Georgia, the First of American State Universities. McGregor Company.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Metcalf, Bryce. Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the Society of the Cincinnati, 1783–1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies (Strasburg, Va.: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc., 1938), p. 41.
  2. ^ "Officers Represented in the Society of the Cincinnati". Archived from the original on April 13, 2021.
  3. ^ Aimone, Alan Conrad (2005). "New York State Society of the Cincinnati: Biographies of Original Members and Other Continental Officers (review)". The Journal of Military History. 69 (1): 231–232. doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0002. ISSN 1543-7795. S2CID 162248285.
  4. ^ book The History of the Descendants of Elder John Strong, of Northampton, Mass pages 229,230,757&760. ISBN 0342958860.
  5. ^ a b c Marquis Who's Who, Inc. Who Was Who in American History, the Military. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1975. P. 25 ISBN 0837932017. OCLC 657162692.
  6. ^ a b Wright Jr., Robert K.; MacGregor Jr., Morris J. (1987). "Abraham Baldwin". Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. LCCN 87001353. OCLC 15549460. CMH Pub 71-25. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  7. ^ Rowe, H.J. (2000). History of Athens & Clarke County. Southern Historical Press.
  8. ^ Congressional Biography
  9. ^ "Abraham Baldwin (1754–1807)" Archived March 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, New Georgia Encyclopedia (January 6, 2009), Retrieved on July 21, 2013
  10. ^ "Brief Biography".
  11. ^ Sine, Richard L. (January 27, 1985). "Stamps; Great American Series". The New York Times. p. 33.
  12. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins. Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
  13. ^ Odd Wisconsin Archives Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Wisconsinhistory.org (March 29, 2006). Retrieved on July 21, 2013.
  14. ^ Coley Ingram, Tracy (September 26, 2011). "UGA unveils statue of Abraham Baldwin". The Tifton Gazette. Tifton, Georgia. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
[edit]
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
New Seat
 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Georgia's 2nd congressional district
March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1793 		Succeeded by
Converted to At-Large districts
Preceded by
Converted from district seats
 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Georgia's at-large congressional district
March 4, 1793 – March 4, 1799 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. senator (Class 2) from Georgia
March 4, 1799 – March 4, 1807
Served alongside: James Gunn, James Jackson, John Milledge 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by President pro tempore of the United States Senate
December 7, 1801 – December 13, 1802 		Succeeded by
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