Nāgarī script: Difference between revisions

Nāgarī
Nāgarī;
	The word Nāgarī in the Nāgarī script.
Script type	Abugida
Time period	7th century CE
Languages	Sanskrit; Prakrit;
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brahmi Gupta Siddhaṃ Nāgarī; ; ; ; ; ;
Child systems	Devanagari; Kaithi; Nandinagari; Gujarati; Modi;
Sister systems	Bengali-Assamese script, Odia script, Nepalese
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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The Nāgarī script is the ancestor of Devanagari, Nandinagari and other variants, and was first used to write Prakrit and Sanskrit. The term is sometimes used as a synonym for Devanagari script.^[7]^[8]^[9] It came in vogue during the first millennium CE.^[10]

The Nāgarī script has roots in the ancient Brahmi script family.^[9] The Nāgarī script was in regular use by 7th century CE, and had fully evolved into Devanagari and Nandinagari scripts by about the end of first millennium of the common era.^[8]^[11]^[12]

Etymology

Nagari is a vṛddhi derivation from नगर (nagara), which means city.^[13]

Origins

The Nāgarī script appeared in ancient India as a central-eastern variant of the Gupta script (whereas Śāradā was the western variety and Siddham was the far eastern variety). In turn it branched off into several scripts, such as Devanagari and Nandinagari.^{[citation needed]}

Usage outside India

The 7th century Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo ordered that all foreign books be transcribed into the Tibetan language, and sent his ambassador Tonmi Sambota to India to acquire alphabetic and writing methods, who returned with a Sanskrit Nāgarī script from Kashmir corresponding to twenty-four (24) Tibetan sounds and innovating new symbols for six (6) local sounds.^[14]

The museum in Mrauk-u (Mrohaung) in the Rakhine state of Myanmar held in 1972 two examples of Nāgarī script. Archaeologist Aung Thaw describes these inscriptions, associated with the Chandra, or Candra, dynasty that first hailed from the ancient Indian city of Vesáli:^[15]

... epigraphs in mixed Sanskrit and Pali in North-eastern Nāgarī script of the 6th century dedicated by [Queen] Niti Candra and [King] Vira Candra
— Aung Thaw, Historical sites in Burma (1972)

Coppern plates in Nāgarī script, 1035 CE
Nagari Script 01
Nagari Script 02

References

^ https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D/mode/2up,p39-41 ^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27
^ Daniels, P.T. (January 2008). "Writing systems of major and minor languages". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 143.
^ Richard Salomon (1992), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press, p. 81
^ D.R. Sahni (1911), Sahet-Mahet plate of Govinda Chandra Samvat 1186, Epigraphia Indica, Volume XI, pp. 20–26
^ Tripathi, Kunjabihari (1962). The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script. Utkal University. p. 28. Retrieved 21 March 2021. Northern Nāgarī (almost identical with modern Nagari)
^ ^a ^b Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1615301492, page 83
^ ^a ^b George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415772945, pages 68-69
^ "Devanagari through the ages". India Central Hindi Directorate (Instituut voor Toegepaste Sociologie te Nijmegen). University of California. 1967.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Richard Salomon (2014), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195356663, pages 33-47
^ Pandey, Anshuman. (2017). Final proposal to encode Nandinagari in Unicode.
^ Monier Williams Online Dictionary, nagara, Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany
^ William Woodville Rockhill, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, p. 671, at Google Books, United States National Museum, page 671
^ Aung Thaw (1972). Historical sites in Burma. Rangoon: Ministry of Union Culture, Government of the Union of Burma. OCLC 65722346.

[1] ttps://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D/mode/2up,p39-41 ^{[dead link‍]}

[Akshara_Orthography_2019_p.27-2] Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27

[daniels-3] Daniels, P.T. (January 2008). "Writing systems of major and minor languages". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[masica-4] Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 143.

[5] Richard Salomon (1992), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press, p. 81

[6] D.R. Sahni (1911), Sahet-Mahet plate of Govinda Chandra Samvat 1186, Epigraphia Indica, Volume XI, pp. 20–26

[7] Tripathi, Kunjabihari (1962). The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script. Utkal University. p. 28. Retrieved 21 March 2021. Northern Nāgarī (almost identical with modern Nagari)

[kathleen-8] Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1615301492, page 83

[Danesh_Jain_2003-9] George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415772945, pages 68-69

[nagari-10] "Devanagari through the ages". India Central Hindi Directorate (Instituut voor Toegepaste Sociologie te Nijmegen). University of California. 1967.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[11] Richard Salomon (2014), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195356663, pages 33-47

[12] Pandey, Anshuman. (2017). Final proposal to encode Nandinagari in Unicode.

[13] Monier Williams Online Dictionary, nagara, Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany

[14] William Woodville Rockhill, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, p. 671, at Google Books, United States National Museum, page 671

[15] Aung Thaw (1972). Historical sites in Burma. Rangoon: Ministry of Union Culture, Government of the Union of Burma. OCLC 65722346.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Abugida}}
 {{Infobox Writing system
  |name=Nāgarī
@@ Line 7: / Line 8: @@
  |languages={{plainlist|
 *[[Sanskrit]]
-*[[Prakrit]]
+*[[Prakrit]]}}
+ |time= 7th century CE
-*[[Old Javanese]]
+|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]
-*[[Old Sundanese language|Old Sundanese]]}}
+|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]]
- |time= Early signs: 1st century CE, Developed form: 7th century CE
-|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup>
+|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]]
-|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup>
-|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup>
-|footnotes=[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
 |fam4=[[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
 |fam5=[[Gupta script|Gupta]]
-|fam6=[[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]]<ref>https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D/mode/2up,p39-41</ref><ref> Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27</ref><ref name=daniels>{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=P.T. |title=Writing systems of major and minor languages |date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref>
+|fam6=[[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]]<ref>https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D/mode/2up,p39-41 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Akshara Orthography 2019 p.27">Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27</ref><ref name=daniels>{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=P.T. |title=Writing systems of major and minor languages |date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref>
-|sisters=[[Bengali-Assamese script]], [[Odia script]],<ref>Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27</ref> [[Nepalese scripts|Nepalese]]
+|sisters=[[Bengali-Assamese script]], [[Odia script]],<ref name="Akshara Orthography 2019 p.27">Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27</ref> [[Nepalese scripts|Nepalese]]
  |children={{plainlist|
 *[[Devanagari]]
@@ Line 28: / Line 26: @@
 [[File:1st century Sravasti Bodhisattva, Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit, Saheth-Maheth, Uttar Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|260px|Inscribed life-sized [[Shravasti]] [[Bodhisattva]] statue inscribed in 1st-century Brahmi script (first three lines) and 9th-century Nagari script (last line).<ref>Richard Salomon (1992), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press, p. 81</ref><ref>D.R. Sahni (1911), ''Sahet-Mahet plate of Govinda Chandra Samvat 1186'', Epigraphia Indica, Volume XI, pp. 20–26</ref> ]]
 {{brahmic}}
-The '''Nāgarī script''' or '''Northern Nagari'''<ref>{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Kunjabihari |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |publisher=Utkal University |year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |page=28 |quote="Northern Nāgarī (almost identical with modern Nagari)" |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref> is the ancestor of [[Devanagari]], [[Nandinagari]] and other variants, and was first used to write [[Prakrit]] and [[Sanskrit]]. The term is sometimes used as a synonym for Devanagari script.<ref name=kathleen>Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, {{ISBN|978-1615301492}}, page 83</ref><ref>George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415772945}}, pages 68-69</ref> It came in vogue during the first millennium CE.<ref name=nagari>{{cite book|chapter=Devanagari through the ages |title=India Central Hindi Directorate (Instituut voor Toegepaste Sociologie te Nijmegen)|year=1967|location=University of California}}</ref>
+The '''Nāgarī script''' is the ancestor of [[Devanagari]], [[Nandinagari]] and other variants, and was first used to write [[Prakrit]] and [[Sanskrit]]. The term is sometimes used as a synonym for Devanagari script.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Kunjabihari |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |publisher=Utkal University |year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |page=28 |quote="Northern Nāgarī (almost identical with modern Nagari)" |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name=kathleen>Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, {{ISBN|978-1615301492}}, page 83</ref><ref name="Danesh Jain 2003">George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415772945}}, pages 68-69</ref> It came in vogue during the first millennium CE.<ref name=nagari>{{cite book|chapter=Devanagari through the ages |title=India Central Hindi Directorate (Instituut voor Toegepaste Sociologie te Nijmegen)|year=1967|location=University of California}}</ref>
-The Nāgarī script has roots in the ancient Brahmi script family.<ref>George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415772945}}, pages 68-69</ref> Some of the earliest epigraph evidence attesting to the developing Sanskrit Nāgarī script in ancient India is from the 1st to 4th century CE inscriptions discovered in [[Gujarat]].<ref name=gazett>{{Google books|0bkMAAAAIAAJ|Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|page=30}}, Rudradaman’s inscription from 1st through 4th century CE found in Gujarat, India, Stanford University Archives, pages 30-45</ref> The Nāgarī script was in regular use by 7th century CE, and had fully evolved into Devanagari and Nandinagari scripts by about the end of first millennium of the common era.<ref name=kathleen>Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, {{ISBN|978-1615301492}}, page 83</ref><ref>Richard Salomon (2014), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195356663}}, pages 33-47</ref><ref>Pandey, Anshuman. (2017). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17162-nandinagari.pdf ''Final proposal to encode Nandinagari in Unicode''.]</ref>
+The Nāgarī script has roots in the ancient Brahmi script family.<ref name="Danesh Jain 2003"/> The Nāgarī script was in regular use by 7th century CE, and had fully evolved into Devanagari and Nandinagari scripts by about the end of first millennium of the common era.<ref name=kathleen/><ref>Richard Salomon (2014), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195356663}}, pages 33-47</ref><ref>Pandey, Anshuman. (2017). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17162-nandinagari.pdf ''Final proposal to encode Nandinagari in Unicode''.]</ref>
 ==Etymology==
-Nagari comes from [[wikt:नगर|नगर]] ({{transl | hi | ISO | Nagara }}), which means city.<ref>Monier Williams Online Dictionary, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html nagara], Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref>
+Nagari is a [[vṛddhi]] derivation from [[wikt:नगर|नगर]] ({{transl|hi|ISO|nagara}}), which means city.<ref>Monier Williams Online Dictionary, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html nagara], Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref>
 ==Origins==
-The Nāgarī script appeared in [[History of India|ancient India]] as a central-eastern variant of the [[Gupta script]] (whereas [[Śāradā script|Śāradā]] was the western variety and [[Siddham alphabet|Siddham]] was the far eastern variety). In turn it branched off into several scripts, such as Devanagari and Nandinagari.
+The Nāgarī script appeared in [[History of India|ancient India]] as a central-eastern variant of the [[Gupta script]] (whereas [[Śāradā script|Śāradā]] was the western variety and [[Siddham alphabet|Siddham]] was the far eastern variety). In turn it branched off into several scripts, such as Devanagari and Nandinagari.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
 ==Usage outside India==
+{{Further|Sanskrit epigraphy}}
-The 7th century Tibetan king [[Songtsen Gampo|Srong Btsan Sgam Po]] ordered that all foreign books be transcribed into Tibetan language, and sent his ambassador Tonmi Sambota to India to acquire alphabet and writing methods, who returned with Sanskrit Nāgarī script from Kashmir corresponding to 24 Tibetan sounds and innovating new symbols for 6 local sounds.<ref>William Woodville Rockhill, {{Google books|avFDAQAAMAAJ|Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution|page=671}}, United States National Museum, page 671</ref>
+The 7th century Tibetan king [[Songtsen Gampo]] ordered that all foreign books be transcribed into the Tibetan language, and sent his ambassador Tonmi Sambota to India to acquire alphabetic and writing methods, who returned with a Sanskrit Nāgarī script from Kashmir corresponding to twenty-four (24) Tibetan sounds and innovating new symbols for six (6) local sounds.<ref>William Woodville Rockhill, {{Google books|avFDAQAAMAAJ|Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution|page=671}}, United States National Museum, page 671</ref>
-The museum in Mrauk-u ([[Mrohaung]]) in the [[Rakhine state]] of [[Myanmar]] held in 1972 two examples of Nāgarī script. Archaeologist Aung Thaw<ref>Historical Sites in Burma, 1972</ref>{{full|date=July 2015}} writes: "... epigraphs in mixed Sanskrit and Pali in North-eastern Nāgarī script of the 6th century dedicated by (Kings) Niti Candra and Vira Candra", of a dynasty hailing from Vesáli in India.{{cn|date=July 2015}}
+The museum in Mrauk-u ([[Mrohaung]]) in the [[Rakhine state]] of [[Myanmar]] held in 1972 two examples of Nāgarī script. Archaeologist [[Aung Thaw]] describes these inscriptions, associated with the [[Chandra dynasty|Chandra, or Candra]], dynasty that first hailed from the ancient Indian city of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesáli]]:<ref>{{cite book |author1=Aung Thaw |author1-link=Aung Thaw |title=Historical sites in Burma |date=1972 |publisher=Ministry of Union Culture, Government of the Union of Burma |location=Rangoon |oclc=65722346|language=en}}</ref>
+{{blockquote|... epigraphs in mixed Sanskrit and Pali in North-eastern Nāgarī script of the 6th century dedicated by [Queen] Niti Candra and [King] Vira Candra
+|author= [[Aung Thaw]]
+|source= Historical sites in Burma (1972) }}
 <gallery class="center" widths="120px" heights="200px">
-File:Copper plates NMND-1.JPG|Copper plates in Nāgarī script, 1035 CE
+File:Copper plates NMND-1.JPG|Coppern plates in Nāgarī script, 1035 CE
-File:Nagari Script 01.jpg|thumb|Nagari Script 01
+File:Nagari Script 01.jpg|Nagari Script 01
-File:Nagari Script 02.jpg|thumb|Nagari Script 02
+File:Nagari Script 02.jpg|Nagari Script 02
 </gallery>

v t e Sanskrit
Influence zone	Greater India Indosphere Mandala model
Mode of spread	Sociology Linguistic Sanskritism
Language	Vedic Buddhist Hybrid Grammar Nouns Pronouns Compounds Verbs Vedic grammar Prosody
Scripts	Origin Brahmi script Later development Devanagari Nandinagari Nagari script Spread of usage Bangla script Gujarati script Kawi script Odia script Suyat family of scripts
Writings	Literature Buddhist literature Drama Epics Historic texts Legendary creatures Poets Vyākaraṇa
Current usage	Sanskrit mottos of universities in India Loanwords English Hindi Indonesian Tagalog Malay inscriptions
Modern status	Revival Studies Academic institutes outside India Universities in India Wikipedia World Sanskrit Day World Sanskrit Conference

Latest revision as of 09:15, 12 December 2024

Etymology

Origins

Usage outside India

See also

References