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'''Stanisław Skalski''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|DSO|DFC2}} (27 November 1915 – 12 November 2004) was a Polish aviator and [[fighter ace]] who served with the [[Polish Air Force]] and British [[Royal Air Force]] during the [[Second World War]]. Skalski was the top Polish fighter ace of the war and chronologically the first Allied fighter ace of the war,<ref name="Grabowski2017">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTMqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT59|title=Skalski Against all Odds: The First Allied Ace of the Second World War|author=Franciszek Grabowski|date=29 June 2017|publisher=Fonthill Media|pages=59–|id=GGKEY:A28ADN16W33}}</ref> credited, according to the [[Bajan's list]], with 18 <small><sup>11</sup>/<sub>12</sub></small> victories and two probable. Some sources, including Skalski himself, give a number of 22 <small><sup>11</sup>/<sub>12</sub></small> victories.
'''Stanisław Skalski''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|DSO|DFC2}} (27 November 1915 – 12 November 2004) was a Polish aviator and [[fighter ace]] who served with the [[Polish Air Force]] and British [[Royal Air Force]] during the [[Second World War]]. Skalski was the top Polish fighter ace of the war and chronologically the first Allied fighter ace of the war,<ref name="Grabowski2017">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTMqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT59|title=Skalski Against all Odds: The First Allied Ace of the Second World War|author=Franciszek Grabowski|date=29 June 2017|publisher=Fonthill Media|pages=59–|id=GGKEY:A28ADN16W33}}</ref> credited, according to the [[Bajan's list]], with 18 <small><sup>11</sup>/<sub>12</sub></small> victories and two probable. Some sources, including Skalski himself, give a number of 22 <small><sup>11</sup>/<sub>12</sub></small> victories.


He returned to Poland after the war but was imprisoned by the communist authorities under the pretext that he was a spy for Great Britain. While in arrest he was tortured and then, in a show trial, sentenced to death on 7 April 1950. Skalski refused to ask for clemency but after his mother's intervention with the president of communist Poland, [[Boleslaw Bierut]], his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He remained in prison until 1956 when a court overturned the previous verdict. After the "[[Polish October]]" and subsequent liberalization and end of Stalinist terror, he was rehabilitated and rejoined the Polish armed forces. In 1972 he was moved to inactive service and in 1988, on the cusp of fall of communism in Poland he was promoted to the rank of [[brigadier general]].
He returned to Poland after the war but was imprisoned by the communist authorities under the pretext that he was a spy for Great Britain. While in arrest he was tortured and then, in a show trial, sentenced to death on 7 April 1950. Skalski refused to ask for clemency but after his mother's intervention with the president of communist Poland, [[Boleslaw Bierut]], his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He remained in prison until 1956 when a court overturned the previous verdict. After the "[[Polish October]]" and subsequent liberalization and end of Stalinist terror, he was rehabilitated and rejoined the Polish armed forces. In 1972 he was moved to inactive service and in 1988, on the cusp of fall of communism in Poland he was promoted to the rank of [[brigadier general]].


==Early life and career==
==Early life and career==
Stanisław Skalski was born on 27 November 1915 in [[Kodyma]] in [[Podolia Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now in [[Ukraine]]). In 1936, he entered the [[Polish Air Force University|Cadet School]] in [[Dęblin]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbm.org.uk/airmen/SkalskiS.htm |title=The Airmen's Stories - P/O S Skalski |website=bbm.org.uk |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> After completing Pilot Training in 1938, Skalski was ordered to the 142nd Fighter Squadron in Toruń (142 eskadra "Toruńska"). On 1 September 1939 he attacked a German [[Henschel Hs 126]] reconnaissance aircraft, which was eventually shot down by [[Marian Pisarek]]. Skalski then landed next to it, helped to bandage wounded crew members and arranged for them to be taken to a military hospital.
Stanisław Skalski was born on 27 November 1915 in [[Kodyma]] in [[Podolia Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now in [[Ukraine]]). In 1936, he entered the [[Polish Air Force University|Cadet School]] in [[Dęblin]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbm.org.uk/airmen/SkalskiS.htm |title=The Airmen's Stories - P/O S Skalski |website=bbm.org.uk |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> After completing Pilot Training in 1938, Skalski was ordered to the 142nd Fighter Squadron in Toruń (142 eskadra "Toruńska"). On 1 September 1939 he attacked a German [[Henschel Hs 126]] reconnaissance aircraft, which was eventually shot down by [[Marian Pisarek]]. Skalski then landed next to it, helped to bandage wounded crew members and arranged for them to be taken to a military hospital.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
The following day, nine [[PZL P-11]]s of the 142 Squadron, led by Major Lesnievski, intercepted two formations of Dornier Do 217 on River Vistula.<ref name="Jackson p. 27.">Jackson 1979, p. 27.</ref> Attacking head on, the Polish pilots managed to shoot down seven twin-engined bombers, two of them credited to Skalski.<ref name="Jackson pp. 28-29.">Jackson 1979, pp. 28-29.</ref>
The following day, nine [[PZL P-11]]s of the 142 Squadron, led by Major Lesnievski, intercepted two formations of Dornier Do 217 on River Vistula.<ref name="Jackson p. 27.">Jackson 1979, p. 27.</ref> Attacking head on, the Polish pilots managed to shoot down seven twin-engined bombers, two of them credited to Skalski.<ref name="Jackson pp. 28-29.">Jackson 1979, pp. 28-29.</ref>
By 16 September Skalski reached [[flying ace]] status, claiming a total of six German aircraft and making him the first Allied air ace of the Second World War.<ref name="Grabowski2017"/>
By 16 September Skalski reached [[flying ace]] status, claiming a total of six German aircraft and making him the first Allied air ace of the Second World War.<ref name="Grabowski2017"/>


Skalski's claims consisted of one [[Junkers Ju 86]], two [[Dornier Do 17]], one [[Junkers Ju 87]], two Hs 126s and one Hs 126 shared (official list credits him with four aircraft: two Do 17s, one Hs 126, one Ju 87 and one Hs 126 shared).<ref>Note: In this context "ace" means shooting down five or more enemy aircraft.</ref> Soon after he fled the country with other Polish pilots to [[Romania]], and from there via [[Beirut]] to France and after went on to fight with the [[Royal Air Force]] in the [[Battle of Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warhist.pl/biografie/stanislaw-skalski/ |language=pl |title=Stanisław Skalski |website=warhist.pl |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
Skalski's claims consisted of one [[Junkers Ju 86]], two [[Dornier Do 17]], one [[Junkers Ju 87]], two Hs 126s and one Hs 126 shared (official list credits him with four aircraft: two Do 17s, one Hs 126, one Ju 87 and one Hs 126 shared).<ref>Note: In this context "ace" means shooting down five or more enemy aircraft.</ref> Soon after he fled the country with other Polish pilots to [[Romania]], and from there via [[Beirut]] to France and after went on to fight with the [[Royal Air Force]] in the [[Battle of Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warhist.pl/biografie/stanislaw-skalski/ |language=pl |title=Stanisław Skalski |website=warhist.pl |date=6 July 2021 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>


==RAF service==
==RAF service==
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In August 1940, [[Pilot Officer]] Skalski joined [[No. 501 Squadron RAF]]. From 30 August to 2 September 1940 he shot down a He 111 bomber and three [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]s. On 5 September Skalski himself was shot down.<ref>According to some sources, he shot down a He 111 bomber and two Bf 109s in that flight, but there is no firm evidence, these victories were not acknowledged officially, and several other pilots also claimed these Bf 109s.</ref> Skalski bailed out with severe burns, and was hospitalized for six weeks. He returned to his unit in late October 1940. During the [[Battle of Britain]], he was credited with four planes shot down and one shared.
In August 1940, [[Pilot Officer]] Skalski joined [[No. 501 Squadron RAF]]. From 30 August to 2 September 1940 he shot down a He 111 bomber and three [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]s. On 5 September Skalski himself was shot down.<ref>According to some sources, he shot down a He 111 bomber and two Bf 109s in that flight, but there is no firm evidence, these victories were not acknowledged officially, and several other pilots also claimed these Bf 109s.</ref> Skalski bailed out with severe burns, and was hospitalized for six weeks. He returned to his unit in late October 1940. During the [[Battle of Britain]], he was credited with four planes shot down and one shared.


In March 1941 Skalski was assigned to [[No. 306 Polish Fighter Squadron|No. 306 (Polish) Squadron RAF]],<ref>Note: 306 Dywizjon Myśliwski "Toruński"; the unit insignia was derived from that of Skalski's original unit, 142 eskadry</ref> flying in ''[[Glossary of RAF code names#Circus|Circus]]'' sorties over France. On 15 August 1941 he crashed while landing Spitfire W3170 after returning from a mission. On 1 March 1942, he became a flight commander in [[No. 316 Polish Fighter Squadron|No. 316 (Polish) Squadron RAF]]. On 29 April 1942 [[Flight Lieutenant]] Skalski was made Commanding Officer of the [[No. 317 Polish Fighter Squadron|No. 317 (Polish) Squadron RAF]] for five months. From November 1942 he was an instructor with No. 58 Operation Training Unit.<ref name="auto2"></ref>
In March 1941 Skalski was assigned to [[No. 306 Polish Fighter Squadron|No. 306 (Polish) Squadron RAF]],<ref>Note: 306 Dywizjon Myśliwski "Toruński"; the unit insignia was derived from that of Skalski's original unit, 142 eskadry</ref> flying in ''[[Glossary of RAF code names#Circus|Circus]]'' sorties over France. On 15 August 1941 he crashed while landing Spitfire W3170 after returning from a mission. On 1 March 1942, he became a flight commander in [[No. 316 Polish Fighter Squadron|No. 316 (Polish) Squadron RAF]]. On 29 April 1942 [[Flight Lieutenant]] Skalski was made Commanding Officer of the [[No. 317 Polish Fighter Squadron|No. 317 (Polish) Squadron RAF]] for five months. From November 1942 he was an instructor with No. 58 Operation Training Unit.<ref name="auto2" />


In October 1942 Skalski was given command of the [[Polish Fighting Team]] (PFT), or so called "Cyrk Skalskiego" (Skalski's Circus) – a special flight consisting of fifteen experienced Polish fighter pilot volunteers.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/general-stanislaw-skalski-534268.html |title=General Stanislaw Skalski |website=independent.co.uk |date=23 November 2004 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> The Poles arrived at Bu Grara airfield, west of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] in March 1943 and attached to [[No. 145 Squadron RAF]]. The PFT took part in actions in [[Tripolitania]] and in [[Sicily]]. On 28 March the PFT engaged in combat for the first time. The flight, led by Skalski, encountered a group of Ju88s and destroyed two of them. Skalski became the first Pole to command a British squadron when he was given command of [[No. 601 Squadron RAF]].<ref name="auto3"></ref> On 6 May 1943 the "Skalski Circus" fought its last battle. The unit was disbanded after the conclusion of the North African campaign. During its two months on operations, the Polish pilots had claimed a total of 26 German and Italian aircraft shot down. Skalski scored four aircraft, and Pilot Officer [[Eugeniusz Horbaczewski]] claimed five confirmed victories.
In October 1942 Skalski was given command of the [[Polish Fighting Team]] (PFT), or so called "Cyrk Skalskiego" (Skalski's Circus) – a special flight consisting of fifteen experienced Polish fighter pilot volunteers.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/general-stanislaw-skalski-534268.html |title=General Stanislaw Skalski |website=independent.co.uk |date=23 November 2004 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> The Poles arrived at Bu Grara airfield, west of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] in March 1943 and attached to [[No. 145 Squadron RAF]]. The PFT took part in actions in [[Tripolitania]] and in [[Sicily]]. On 28 March the PFT engaged in combat for the first time. The flight, led by Skalski, encountered a group of Ju88s and destroyed two of them. Skalski became the first Pole to command a British squadron when he was given command of [[No. 601 Squadron RAF]].<ref name="auto3" /> On 6 May 1943 the "Skalski Circus" fought its last battle. The unit was disbanded after the conclusion of the North African campaign. During its two months on operations, the Polish pilots had claimed a total of 26 German and Italian aircraft shot down. Skalski scored four aircraft, and Pilot Officer [[Eugeniusz Horbaczewski]] claimed five confirmed victories.


[[File:Skalski.JPG|thumb|Skalski with Air Marshal [[Arthur Coningham (RAF officer)|Arthur Coningham]] (pictured left) and General [[Kazimierz Sosnkowski]] (pictured right).]]
[[File:Skalski.JPG|thumb|Skalski with Air Marshal [[Arthur Coningham (RAF officer)|Arthur Coningham]] (pictured left) and General [[Kazimierz Sosnkowski]] (pictured right).]]
[[File:Skalski Mustang III.jpg|thumb|A Mustang flown by Stanisław Skalski, [[Coolham]], June 1944.]]
[[File:Skalski Mustang III.jpg|thumb|A Mustang flown by Stanisław Skalski, [[Coolham]], June 1944.]]


Skalski then became commander of [[No. 601 Squadron RAF|No. 601 (County of London) Squadron]], the first Pole to command an RAF squadron. He then took part in the [[invasion of Sicily]] and [[Allied invasion of Italy|invasion of Italy]]. From December 1943 to April 1944 [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] Skalski commanded [[No. 131 Wing RAF|No. 131 Polish Fighter Wing]]. On 4 April 1944 he was appointed commander of [[No. 133 Wing RAF|No. 133 Polish Fighter Wing]], flying the Mustang Mk III. On 24 June 1944, Skalski was attacked by [[Messerschmitt Bf 109|Bf 109]]s. Without firing a single shot, he executed a sudden darting action, which caused the two 109s to collide and crash to the ground.<ref name="auto3"></ref>
Skalski then became commander of [[No. 601 Squadron RAF|No. 601 (County of London) Squadron]], the first Pole to command an RAF squadron. He then took part in the [[invasion of Sicily]] and [[Allied invasion of Italy|invasion of Italy]]. From December 1943 to April 1944 [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] Skalski commanded [[No. 131 Wing RAF|No. 131 Polish Fighter Wing]]. On 4 April 1944 he was appointed commander of [[No. 133 Wing RAF|No. 133 Polish Fighter Wing]], flying the Mustang Mk III. On 24 June 1944, Skalski was attacked by [[Messerschmitt Bf 109|Bf 109]]s. Without firing a single shot, he executed a sudden darting action, which caused the two 109s to collide and crash to the ground.<ref name="auto3" />


Skalski left for a tour of duty in the US in September 1944, returning in February 1945 to a staff position at No. 11 Group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polishnews.com/leading-polish-fighter-ace-of-the-second-world-war-with-22-victories-to-his-name |title=Leading Polish fighter “ace” of the Second World War, with 22 victories to his name |website=polishnews.com |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
Skalski left for a tour of duty in the US in September 1944, returning in February 1945 to a staff position at No. 11 Group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polishnews.com/leading-polish-fighter-ace-of-the-second-world-war-with-22-victories-to-his-name |title=Leading Polish fighter "ace" of the Second World War, with 22 victories to his name |website=polishnews.com |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>


==Return to Poland and arrest==
==Return to Poland and arrest==
[[File:Stanislaw Skalski MBP.jpg|300px|thumb|Stanisław Skalski after arrest by communist political police 1948]]
[[File:Stanislaw Skalski MBP.jpg|300px|thumb|Stanisław Skalski after arrest by communist political police 1948]]
After the war Skalski returned to Poland in 1947 and joined the [[Air Force of the Polish Army]]. In 1948 however he was arrested under the false charge of espionage. In 1950, he was sentenced to death,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-polish-pilots-who-flew-in-the-battle-of-britain |title=The Polish Pilots Who Flew In The Battle Of Britain |website=iwm.org.uk |author=Mariusz Gasior |access-date=22 March 2024}}}</ref> he spent three years awaiting the execution, after which his sentence was changed to [[life imprisonment]] in [[Wronki Prison]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://naszahistoria.pl/komunisci-chcieli-zniszczyc-legende-szakal-przezyl-ich-wszystkich/ar/c15-917801 |language=pl |title=Komuniści chcieli zniszczyć legendę. "Szakal" przeżył ich wszystkich |website=naszahistoria.pl |date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
After the war Skalski returned to Poland in 1947 and joined the [[Air Force of the Polish Army]]. In 1948 however he was arrested under the false charge of espionage. In 1950, he was sentenced to death,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-polish-pilots-who-flew-in-the-battle-of-britain |title=The Polish Pilots Who Flew In The Battle Of Britain |website=iwm.org.uk |author=Mariusz Gasior |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> he spent three years awaiting the execution, after which his sentence was changed to [[life imprisonment]] in [[Wronki Prison]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://naszahistoria.pl/komunisci-chcieli-zniszczyc-legende-szakal-przezyl-ich-wszystkich/ar/c15-917801 |language=pl |title=Komuniści chcieli zniszczyć legendę. "Szakal" przeżył ich wszystkich |website=naszahistoria.pl |date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>


After the end of [[Stalinism]] in Poland, in 1956 he was released, rehabilitated, and allowed to join the military. He served at various posts in the Headquarters of the Polish Air Force. He wrote memoires of the 1939 campaign ''Czarne krzyże nad Polską'' ("Black crosses over Poland", 1957). On 20 May 1968 he was nominated the secretary general of the [[Aeroklub Polski]] and on 10 April 1972 he retired. On 15 September 1988 he was promoted to the rank of [[Generał brygady|brigadier general]].<ref name="auto1"></ref> In 1990 he met with the German pilot whom he had rescued on the first day of the war.
After the end of [[Stalinism]] in Poland, in 1956 he was released, rehabilitated, and allowed to join the military. He served at various posts in the Headquarters of the Polish Air Force. He wrote memoires of the 1939 campaign ''Czarne krzyże nad Polską'' ("Black crosses over Poland", 1957). On 20 May 1968 he was nominated the secretary general of the [[Aeroklub Polski]] and on 10 April 1972 he retired. On 15 September 1988 he was promoted to the rank of [[Generał brygady|brigadier general]].<ref name="auto1" /> In 1990 he met with the German pilot whom he had rescued on the first day of the war.


Skalski died in Warsaw on 12 November 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/09/02/second-world-war-80-years-general-stanislaw-skalski-polish-fighter/ |title=Second World War 80 years on: General Stanislaw Skalski, Polish fighter ace who destroyed 22 enemy aircraft and later spent six years under a death sentence |website=telegraph.co.uk |date=2 September 2019 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/zmarl-bohater-bitwy-o-anglie-stanislaw-skalski-6037048606876289a |language=pl |title=Zmarł bohater "Bitwy o Anglię" - Stanisław Skalski |website=wp.pl |date=12 November 2004 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> He was buried at the [[Powązki Military Cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/100-lat-temu-urodzil-sie-stanislaw-skalski-lotnictwa |language=pl |title=105 lat temu urodził się Stanisław Skalski, as lotnictwa |website=dzieje.pl |date=27 November 2020 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
Skalski died in Warsaw on 12 November 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/09/02/second-world-war-80-years-general-stanislaw-skalski-polish-fighter/ |title=Second World War 80 years on: General Stanislaw Skalski, Polish fighter ace who destroyed 22 enemy aircraft and later spent six years under a death sentence |website=telegraph.co.uk |date=2 September 2019 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/zmarl-bohater-bitwy-o-anglie-stanislaw-skalski-6037048606876289a |language=pl |title=Zmarł bohater "Bitwy o Anglię" - Stanisław Skalski |website=wp.pl |date=12 November 2004 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> He was buried at the [[Powązki Military Cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/100-lat-temu-urodzil-sie-stanislaw-skalski-lotnictwa |language=pl |title=105 lat temu urodził się Stanisław Skalski, as lotnictwa |website=dzieje.pl |date=27 November 2020 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
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[[File:Stanislaw Skalski monument.jpg|right|thumb|Stanisław Skalski's monument, [[Warsaw]] ([[Poland]]), 30 July 2006]]
[[File:Stanislaw Skalski monument.jpg|right|thumb|Stanisław Skalski's monument, [[Warsaw]] ([[Poland]]), 30 July 2006]]
[[File:Stanislaw Skalski auf MiG-29.jpg|right|thumb|Stanislaw Skalski on the tailfin of a Polish [[Mikoyan MiG-29]] (2016)]]
[[File:Stanislaw Skalski auf MiG-29.jpg|right|thumb|Stanislaw Skalski on the tailfin of a Polish [[Mikoyan MiG-29]] (2016)]]
In 2005, a commemorative plaque was unveiled at his birth home in [[Warsaw]] at al. Wyzwolenia 10. In the same year, Skalski was the subject of a [[documentary film]] entitled ''Spętany anioł'' (Shackled Angel) by Zbigniew Kowalewski.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmweb.pl/film/Sp%C4%99tany+anio%C5%82-2005-273161# |language=pl |title=Spętany anioł |website=filmweb.pl |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
In 2005, a commemorative plaque was unveiled at his birth home in [[Warsaw]] at al. Wyzwolenia 10. In the same year, Skalski was the subject of a [[documentary film]] entitled ''Spętany anioł'' (Shackled Angel) by Zbigniew Kowalewski.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmweb.pl/film/Sp%C4%99tany+anio%C5%82-2005-273161# |language=pl |title=Spętany anioł |website=filmweb.pl |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>


In 2007, Skalski's biography by Katarzyna Ochabska was published.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polot.net/pl/general-pilot-stanislaw-skalski-katarzyna-ochabska-2007r-11 |language=pl |title=Generał Pilot Stanisław Skalski - Katarzyna Ochabska. 2007r. |website=polot.net |date=12 October 2008 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
In 2007, Skalski's biography by Katarzyna Ochabska was published.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polot.net/pl/general-pilot-stanislaw-skalski-katarzyna-ochabska-2007r-11 |language=pl |title=Generał Pilot Stanisław Skalski - Katarzyna Ochabska. 2007r. |website=polot.net |date=12 October 2008 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
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In 2008, Agnieszka Bujas directed a film ''Żyłem jak chciałem'' (I Lived Life My Way) which is devoted to the life and legacy of Skalski.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmweb.pl/film/%C5%BBy%C5%82em%2C+jak+chcia%C5%82em...+gen.+Stanis%C5%82aw+Skalski-2008-559681 |language=pl |title=Żyłem jak chiałem |website=filmweb.pl |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
In 2008, Agnieszka Bujas directed a film ''Żyłem jak chciałem'' (I Lived Life My Way) which is devoted to the life and legacy of Skalski.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmweb.pl/film/%C5%BBy%C5%82em%2C+jak+chcia%C5%82em...+gen.+Stanis%C5%82aw+Skalski-2008-559681 |language=pl |title=Żyłem jak chiałem |website=filmweb.pl |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>


In 2015, another biography of Skalski was published. It was written by Grzegorz Sojda and Grzegorz Śliżewski and was titled ''Generał pilot Stanisław Skalski: portret ze światłocieniem''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warhist.pl/recenzja/general-pilot-stanislaw-skalski-recenzja-ksiazki/ |language=pl |title=„Generał pilot Stanisław Skalski” – recenzja książki |website=warhist.pl |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
In 2015, another biography of Skalski was published. It was written by Grzegorz Sojda and Grzegorz Śliżewski and was titled ''Generał pilot Stanisław Skalski: portret ze światłocieniem''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warhist.pl/recenzja/general-pilot-stanislaw-skalski-recenzja-ksiazki/ |language=pl |title="Generał pilot Stanisław Skalski" – recenzja książki |website=warhist.pl |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>


On 2 November 2015, Vice Secretary of State, Maciej Jankowcki, acting on behalf of the [[Ministry of Defence (Poland)|Minister of Defence]] granted the name of Stanisław Skalski to [[22nd Air Base]] in [[Malbork]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/trojmiasto/gen-stanislaw-skalski-patronem-22-bazy-lotnictwa-taktycznego-w-malborku/8t6yzh2 |language=pl |title=Gen. Stanisław Skalski patronem 22 Bazy Lotnictwa Taktycznego w Malborku |website=onet.pl |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
On 2 November 2015, Vice Secretary of State, Maciej Jankowcki, acting on behalf of the [[Ministry of Defence (Poland)|Minister of Defence]] granted the name of Stanisław Skalski to [[22nd Air Base]] in [[Malbork]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/trojmiasto/gen-stanislaw-skalski-patronem-22-bazy-lotnictwa-taktycznego-w-malborku/8t6yzh2 |language=pl |title=Gen. Stanisław Skalski patronem 22 Bazy Lotnictwa Taktycznego w Malborku |website=onet.pl |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>

==Promotions==
* [[File:Naramiennik Podporucznik lotn.svg|50px]] Podporucznik ([[Second lieutenant]]) - 1938
* [[File:Naramiennik Porucznik lotn.svg|50px]] Porucznik ([[First lieutenant]]) - 1941
* [[File:Naramiennik Kapitan lotn.svg|50px]] Kapitan ([[Captain]]) - 1942
* [[File:Naramiennik Major lotn.svg|50px]] Major ([[Major (United States)|Major]]) - 1943
* [[File:Naramiennik Podpulkownik lotn.svg|50px]] Podpułkownik ([[Lieutenant colonel]]) - 1957
* [[File:Naramiennik Pulkownik lotn.svg|50px]] Pułkownik ([[Colonel]]) - 1968
* [[File:Naramiennik General Brygady lotn.svg|50px]] Generał brygady ([[Brigadier general]]) - 1988


==Awards==
==Awards==
* Polish:
[[File:POL Virtuti Militari Złoty BAR.svg|60px]] [[Virtuti Militari]], Golden Cross<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.kenleyrevival.org/content/history/faces-of-kenley/stanislaw-skalski-best-polish-pilot-battle-britain |title=Stanisław Skalski - a great Polish pilot serving during the Battle of Britain |website=kenleyrevival.org |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref><br>
** [[File:POL Virtuti Militari Złoty BAR.svg|60px]] Golden Cross of [[Virtuti Militari]]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.kenleyrevival.org/content/history/faces-of-kenley/stanislaw-skalski-best-polish-pilot-battle-britain |title=Stanisław Skalski - a great Polish pilot serving during the Battle of Britain |website=kenleyrevival.org |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
[[File:POL Virtuti Militari Srebrny BAR.svg|60px]] [[Virtuti Militari]], Silver Cross <br>
[[File:POL Krzyż Walecznych (1940) 4r BAR.PNG|60px]] [[Cross of Valour (Poland)]], four times<br>
** [[File:POL Virtuti Militari Srebrny BAR.svg|60px]] Silver Cross of [[Virtuti Militari]]
[[File:POL Polonia Restituta Kawalerski BAR.svg|60px]] [[Order of Polonia Restituta]], Knight's Cross<br>
** [[File:POL Polonia Restituta Kawalerski BAR.svg|60px]] [[Order of Polonia Restituta]], Knight's Cross
[[File:POL Order Krzyża Grunwaldu 3 Klasy BAR.svg|60px]] [[Order of the Cross of Grunwald]], 3rd class<br>
** [[File:POL Order Krzyża Grunwaldu 3 Klasy BAR.svg|60px]] [[Order of the Cross of Grunwald]], 3rd class
** [[File:POL Krzyż Walecznych (1940) 4r BAR.PNG|60px]] [[Cross of Valour (Poland)]], four times
⚫
[[File:Dso-ribbon.png|60px]] [[Distinguished Service Order]]<br>
[[File:UK DFC w 2bars BAR.svg|60px]]
** [[File:POL Medal Lotniczy 4r BAR.svg|60px]] Air Medal, four times
** [[File:POL Krzyz Kampanii Wrzesniowej 1939 BAR.svg|60px]] September Campaign Cross
⚫
[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)]] and two [[medal bar|bars]]<br>
[[File:39-45 Star w BoB clasp BAR.svg|60px]] [[1939-1945 Star]] with [[Battle of Britain]] clasp <br>
** [[File:POL Medal Za udział w wojnie obronnej 1939 BAR.svg|60px]] Medal "For participation in the defensive war of 1939"
[[File:Italy Star BAR.svg|60px]] [[Italy Star]]
** [[File:POL Krzyż Czynu Bojowego PSZnZ BAR.svg|60px]] Cross of Combat Action of the Polish Armed Forces in the West
** [[File:POL Medal Zwycięstwa i Wolności BAR.svg|60px]] [[Medal of Victory and Freedom 1945]]
** [[File:POL Za Warszawę 1939-1945 BAR.svg|60px]] [[Medal for Warsaw 1939–1945]]
** [[File:POL Medal 30-lecia Polski Ludowej BAR.svg|60px]] [[Medal of the 30th Anniversary of People's Poland]]
** [[File:POL Złoty Medal Siły Zbrojne w Służbie Ojczyzny BAR.svg|60px]] Golden [[Medal of the Armed Forces in the Service of the Fatherland]]
** [[File:POL Srebrny Medal Siły Zbrojne w Służbie Ojczyzny BAR.svg|60px]] Silver [[Medal of the Armed Forces in the Service of the Fatherland]]
** [[File:POL Medal 10-lecia Polski Ludowej BAR.svg|60px]] [[Medal of the 10th Anniversary of People's Poland]]
** [[File:POL Złoty Medal za Zasługi dla Obronności Kraju BAR.svg|60px]] Golden [[Medal of Merit for National Defence]]
** [[File:POL Srebrny Medal za Zasługi dla Obronności Kraju BAR.svg|60px]] Silver [[Medal of Merit for National Defence]]
** [[File:POL Brązowy Medal za Zasługi dla Obronności Kraju BAR.svg|60px]] Bronze [[Medal of Merit for National Defence]]
** [[File:POL Medal KEN BAR.svg|60px]] Medal of the National Education Commission
** [[File:POL Krzyż Więźnia Politycznego BAR.png|60px]] Political Prisoner's Cross
** [[File:POL Odznaka za rany i kontuzje 1 gwiazdka BAR.png|60px]] [[Wound badge]]
* British:
⚫
** [[File:Dso-ribbon.png|60px]] [[Distinguished Service Order]]
⚫
** [[File:UK DFC w 2bars BAR.svg|60px]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] and two [[medal bar|bars]]
** [[File:39-45 Star w BoB clasp BAR.svg|60px]] [[1939-1945 Star]] with [[Battle of Britain]] clasp
** [[File:Ribbon - Air Crew Europe Star.png|60px]] [[Air Crew Europe Star]] with France and Germany clasp
** [[File:Ribbon - Africa Star & Rosette.png|60px]] [[Africa Star]] with North Africa 1942-43 clasp
** [[File:Italy Star BAR.svg|60px]] [[Italy Star]]
** [[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|60px]] [[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]]
** [[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR.svg|60px]] [[War Medal 1939–1945]]
* French:
** [[File:Croix du Combattant (1930 France) ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Combatant's Cross]]
** [[File:Croix du Combattant Volontaire 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Volunteer Combatant's Cross 1914–1918]]
** [[File:Croix du Combattant Volontaire 1939-1945 ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Volunteer Combatant's Cross]]
** [[File:Medaille commemorative de la Guerre 1939-1945 ribbon.svg|60px]] [[1939–1945 Commemorative war medal (France)|1939–1945 Commemorative war medal]]


==See also==
==See also==
*[[History of Poland (1939–1945)]]
*[[History of Poland (1939–1945)]]
*[[The Few]]
*[[The Few]]
*[[Jan Zumbach]]
*[[Witold Urbanowicz]]
*[[Battle of Britain]]
*[[Battle of Britain]]


Line 111: Line 148:
* Koniarek, Dr. Jan. ''Polish Air Force 1939–1945''. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc.,1994. {{ISBN|0-89747-324-8}}.
* Koniarek, Dr. Jan. ''Polish Air Force 1939–1945''. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc.,1994. {{ISBN|0-89747-324-8}}.
* Kornicki, Franciszek. ''Polish Air Force- Chronicle of Main Events''. UK: Polish Air Force Association of Great Britain, 1993.
* Kornicki, Franciszek. ''Polish Air Force- Chronicle of Main Events''. UK: Polish Air Force Association of Great Britain, 1993.
* Tadeusz Jerzy Krzystek, Anna Krzystek: ''Polskie Siły Powietrzne w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1940-1947 łącznie z Pomocniczą Lotniczą Służbą Kobiet (PLSK-WAAF)''. Sandomierz: Stratus, 2012, p. 516. {{ISBN|9788361421597}}
* Tadeusz Jerzy Krzystek, Anna Krzystek: ''Polskie Siły Powietrzne w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1940-1947 łącznie z Pomocniczą Lotniczą Służbą Kobiet (PLSK-WAAF)''. Sandomierz: Stratus, 2012, p.&nbsp;516. {{ISBN|9788361421597}}
* Lisiewicz, Mieczyslaw (Translated from the Polish by Ann Maitland-Chuwen). ''Destiny can wait – The Polish Air Force in the Second World War''. London: Heinemann, 1949.
* Lisiewicz, Mieczyslaw (Translated from the Polish by Ann Maitland-Chuwen). ''Destiny can wait – The Polish Air Force in the Second World War''. London: Heinemann, 1949.
* Jerzy Pawlak: ''Absolwenci Szkoły Orląt: 1925-1939''. Warszawa: Retro-Art, 2009, p. 188. {{ISBN|8387992224}}
* Jerzy Pawlak: ''Absolwenci Szkoły Orląt: 1925-1939''. Warszawa: Retro-Art, 2009, p.&nbsp;188. {{ISBN|8387992224}}
* Piotr Sikora: ''Asy polskiego lotnictwa''. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Alma-Press. 2014, p. 147–157. {{ISBN|9788370205607}}
* Piotr Sikora: ''Asy polskiego lotnictwa''. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Alma-Press. 2014, p.&nbsp;147–157. {{ISBN|9788370205607}}
* Zamoyski, Adam. ''The Forgotten Few: The Polish Air Force in The Second World War''. UK: Leo Cooper Ltd., 2004. {{ISBN|1-84415-090-9}}.
* Zamoyski, Adam. ''The Forgotten Few: The Polish Air Force in The Second World War''. UK: Leo Cooper Ltd., 2004. {{ISBN|1-84415-090-9}}.
* Józef Zieliński: ''Asy polskiego lotnictwa''. Warszawa: Agencja lotnicza ALTAIR, 1994, p. 8–9. {{ISBN|9788311123946}}
* Józef Zieliński: ''Asy polskiego lotnictwa''. Warszawa: Agencja lotnicza ALTAIR, 1994, p.&nbsp;8–9. {{ISBN|9788311123946}}
* Józef Zieliński: ''Lotnicy polscy w Bitwie o Wielką Brytanię''. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza MH, 2005, p. 187–189. {{ISBN|8390662043}}
* Józef Zieliński: ''Lotnicy polscy w Bitwie o Wielką Brytanię''. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza MH, 2005, p.&nbsp;187–189. {{ISBN|8390662043}}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 09:26, 12 December 2024

Stanisław Skalski
Born(1915-11-27)27 November 1915
Kodyma, Russian Empire
Died12 November 2004(2004-11-12) (aged 88)
Warsaw, Poland
AllegiancePoland
United Kingdom
Service / branchPolish Air Force
Royal Air Force
Years of service1938–1945
1956–1972
RankGenerał brygady
Service number76710
CommandsNo. 133 Polish Fighter Wing
No. 131 Polish Fighter Wing
No. 601 (County of London) Squadron
Polish Fighting Team
No. 317 (Polish) Squadron RAF
Battles / warsPolish Defensive War
Second World War
AwardsGolden Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Cross of Valour (4)
Order of the Cross of Grunwald
Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)
Distinguished Flying Cross & Two Bars (United Kingdom)

Stanisław Skalski, DSO, DFC & Two Bars (27 November 1915 – 12 November 2004) was a Polish aviator and fighter ace who served with the Polish Air Force and British Royal Air Force during the Second World War. Skalski was the top Polish fighter ace of the war and chronologically the first Allied fighter ace of the war,[1] credited, according to the Bajan's list, with 18 11/12 victories and two probable. Some sources, including Skalski himself, give a number of 22 11/12 victories.

He returned to Poland after the war but was imprisoned by the communist authorities under the pretext that he was a spy for Great Britain. While in arrest he was tortured and then, in a show trial, sentenced to death on 7 April 1950. Skalski refused to ask for clemency but after his mother's intervention with the president of communist Poland, Boleslaw Bierut, his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He remained in prison until 1956 when a court overturned the previous verdict. After the "Polish October" and subsequent liberalization and end of Stalinist terror, he was rehabilitated and rejoined the Polish armed forces. In 1972 he was moved to inactive service and in 1988, on the cusp of fall of communism in Poland he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general.

Early life and career

[edit]

Stanisław Skalski was born on 27 November 1915 in Kodyma in Podolia Governorate, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine). In 1936, he entered the Cadet School in Dęblin.[2] After completing Pilot Training in 1938, Skalski was ordered to the 142nd Fighter Squadron in Toruń (142 eskadra "Toruńska"). On 1 September 1939 he attacked a German Henschel Hs 126 reconnaissance aircraft, which was eventually shot down by Marian Pisarek. Skalski then landed next to it, helped to bandage wounded crew members and arranged for them to be taken to a military hospital.[citation needed] The following day, nine PZL P-11s of the 142 Squadron, led by Major Lesnievski, intercepted two formations of Dornier Do 217 on River Vistula.[3] Attacking head on, the Polish pilots managed to shoot down seven twin-engined bombers, two of them credited to Skalski.[4] By 16 September Skalski reached flying ace status, claiming a total of six German aircraft and making him the first Allied air ace of the Second World War.[1]

Skalski's claims consisted of one Junkers Ju 86, two Dornier Do 17, one Junkers Ju 87, two Hs 126s and one Hs 126 shared (official list credits him with four aircraft: two Do 17s, one Hs 126, one Ju 87 and one Hs 126 shared).[5] Soon after he fled the country with other Polish pilots to Romania, and from there via Beirut to France and after went on to fight with the Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain.[6]

RAF service

[edit]
Stanisław Skalski

In August 1940, Pilot Officer Skalski joined No. 501 Squadron RAF. From 30 August to 2 September 1940 he shot down a He 111 bomber and three Messerschmitt Bf 109s. On 5 September Skalski himself was shot down.[7] Skalski bailed out with severe burns, and was hospitalized for six weeks. He returned to his unit in late October 1940. During the Battle of Britain, he was credited with four planes shot down and one shared.

In March 1941 Skalski was assigned to No. 306 (Polish) Squadron RAF,[8] flying in Circus sorties over France. On 15 August 1941 he crashed while landing Spitfire W3170 after returning from a mission. On 1 March 1942, he became a flight commander in No. 316 (Polish) Squadron RAF. On 29 April 1942 Flight Lieutenant Skalski was made Commanding Officer of the No. 317 (Polish) Squadron RAF for five months. From November 1942 he was an instructor with No. 58 Operation Training Unit.[9]

In October 1942 Skalski was given command of the Polish Fighting Team (PFT), or so called "Cyrk Skalskiego" (Skalski's Circus) – a special flight consisting of fifteen experienced Polish fighter pilot volunteers.[10] The Poles arrived at Bu Grara airfield, west of Tripoli in March 1943 and attached to No. 145 Squadron RAF. The PFT took part in actions in Tripolitania and in Sicily. On 28 March the PFT engaged in combat for the first time. The flight, led by Skalski, encountered a group of Ju88s and destroyed two of them. Skalski became the first Pole to command a British squadron when he was given command of No. 601 Squadron RAF.[10] On 6 May 1943 the "Skalski Circus" fought its last battle. The unit was disbanded after the conclusion of the North African campaign. During its two months on operations, the Polish pilots had claimed a total of 26 German and Italian aircraft shot down. Skalski scored four aircraft, and Pilot Officer Eugeniusz Horbaczewski claimed five confirmed victories.

Skalski with Air Marshal Arthur Coningham (pictured left) and General Kazimierz Sosnkowski (pictured right).
A Mustang flown by Stanisław Skalski, Coolham, June 1944.

Skalski then became commander of No. 601 (County of London) Squadron, the first Pole to command an RAF squadron. He then took part in the invasion of Sicily and invasion of Italy. From December 1943 to April 1944 Wing Commander Skalski commanded No. 131 Polish Fighter Wing. On 4 April 1944 he was appointed commander of No. 133 Polish Fighter Wing, flying the Mustang Mk III. On 24 June 1944, Skalski was attacked by Bf 109s. Without firing a single shot, he executed a sudden darting action, which caused the two 109s to collide and crash to the ground.[10]

Skalski left for a tour of duty in the US in September 1944, returning in February 1945 to a staff position at No. 11 Group.[11]

Return to Poland and arrest

[edit]
Stanisław Skalski after arrest by communist political police 1948

After the war Skalski returned to Poland in 1947 and joined the Air Force of the Polish Army. In 1948 however he was arrested under the false charge of espionage. In 1950, he was sentenced to death,[12] he spent three years awaiting the execution, after which his sentence was changed to life imprisonment in Wronki Prison.[13]

After the end of Stalinism in Poland, in 1956 he was released, rehabilitated, and allowed to join the military. He served at various posts in the Headquarters of the Polish Air Force. He wrote memoires of the 1939 campaign Czarne krzyże nad Polską ("Black crosses over Poland", 1957). On 20 May 1968 he was nominated the secretary general of the Aeroklub Polski and on 10 April 1972 he retired. On 15 September 1988 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general.[13] In 1990 he met with the German pilot whom he had rescued on the first day of the war.

Skalski died in Warsaw on 12 November 2004.[14][15] He was buried at the Powązki Military Cemetery.[16]

Remembrance

[edit]
Stanisław Skalski's monument, Warsaw (Poland), 30 July 2006
Stanislaw Skalski on the tailfin of a Polish Mikoyan MiG-29 (2016)

In 2005, a commemorative plaque was unveiled at his birth home in Warsaw at al. Wyzwolenia 10. In the same year, Skalski was the subject of a documentary film entitled Spętany anioł (Shackled Angel) by Zbigniew Kowalewski.[17]

In 2007, Skalski's biography by Katarzyna Ochabska was published.[18]

In 2008, Agnieszka Bujas directed a film Żyłem jak chciałem (I Lived Life My Way) which is devoted to the life and legacy of Skalski.[19]

In 2015, another biography of Skalski was published. It was written by Grzegorz Sojda and Grzegorz Śliżewski and was titled Generał pilot Stanisław Skalski: portret ze światłocieniem.[20]

On 2 November 2015, Vice Secretary of State, Maciej Jankowcki, acting on behalf of the Minister of Defence granted the name of Stanisław Skalski to 22nd Air Base in Malbork.[21]

Promotions

[edit]

Awards

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Franciszek Grabowski (29 June 2017). Skalski Against all Odds: The First Allied Ace of the Second World War. Fonthill Media. pp. 59–. GGKEY:A28ADN16W33.
  2. ^ "The Airmen's Stories - P/O S Skalski". bbm.org.uk. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  3. ^ Jackson 1979, p. 27.
  4. ^ Jackson 1979, pp. 28-29.
  5. ^ Note: In this context "ace" means shooting down five or more enemy aircraft.
  6. ^ "Stanisław Skalski". warhist.pl (in Polish). 6 July 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  7. ^ According to some sources, he shot down a He 111 bomber and two Bf 109s in that flight, but there is no firm evidence, these victories were not acknowledged officially, and several other pilots also claimed these Bf 109s.
  8. ^ Note: 306 Dywizjon Myśliwski "Toruński"; the unit insignia was derived from that of Skalski's original unit, 142 eskadry
  9. ^ a b "Stanisław Skalski - a great Polish pilot serving during the Battle of Britain". kenleyrevival.org. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  10. ^ a b c "General Stanislaw Skalski". independent.co.uk. 23 November 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  11. ^ "Leading Polish fighter "ace" of the Second World War, with 22 victories to his name". polishnews.com. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  12. ^ Mariusz Gasior. "The Polish Pilots Who Flew In The Battle Of Britain". iwm.org.uk. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  13. ^ a b "Komuniści chcieli zniszczyć legendę. "Szakal" przeżył ich wszystkich". naszahistoria.pl (in Polish). 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  14. ^ "Second World War 80 years on: General Stanislaw Skalski, Polish fighter ace who destroyed 22 enemy aircraft and later spent six years under a death sentence". telegraph.co.uk. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  15. ^ "Zmarł bohater "Bitwy o Anglię" - Stanisław Skalski". wp.pl (in Polish). 12 November 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  16. ^ "105 lat temu urodził się Stanisław Skalski, as lotnictwa". dzieje.pl (in Polish). 27 November 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  17. ^ "Spętany anioł". filmweb.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  18. ^ "Generał Pilot Stanisław Skalski - Katarzyna Ochabska. 2007r". polot.net (in Polish). 12 October 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  19. ^ "Żyłem jak chiałem". filmweb.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  20. ^ ""Generał pilot Stanisław Skalski" – recenzja książki". warhist.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  21. ^ "Gen. Stanisław Skalski patronem 22 Bazy Lotnictwa Taktycznego w Malborku". onet.pl (in Polish). 27 November 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2024.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Cynk, Jerzy Bogdam. Polskie lotnictwo myśliwskie w boju wrześniowym (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 2000.
  • Cynk, Jerzy Bogdam. Polskie Siły Powietrzne w wojnie tom 1: 1939–43 (Polish Air Force in War pt. 1: 1939–43) (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 2001.
    (Updated and revised edition of The Polish Air Force at War: The Official History, Vol.2 1939–1943. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Books, 1998. ISBN 0-7643-0559-X.)
  • Cynk, Jerzy Bogdam. Polskie Siły Powietrzne w wojnie tom 2: 1943–45 (Polish Air Force in War pt. 2: 1943–45) (In Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 2002.
    (Updated and revised edition of The Polish Air Force at War: The Official History, Vol.2 1943–1945. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Books, 1998. ISBN 0-7643-0560-3.)
  • Grabowski, Franciszek. Gen. bryg. pil. Stanisław Skalski. in: "Militaria i Fakty" 2/2005 (Polish)
  • Grabowski, Franciszek. Stanisław Skalski. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2007. ISBN 83-89450-11-9.
  • Gretzyngier, Robert. Poles in Defence of Britain: A Day-by-day Chronology of Polish Day and Night Fighter Pilot Operations – July 1940 – June 1941. London: Grub Street, 2005. ISBN 1-904943-05-5.
  • Jackson, Robert. Fighter! The Story of Air Combat 1936-1945. London, Artur Barker Limited. 1979. ISBN 0-213-16717-4.
  • Ochabska, Katarzyna. Stanisław Skalski. Gliwice, 2007.
  • Skalski, Stanisław. Czarne krzyże nad Polską (in Polish). Warszawa, Poland, 1957 (New edition: De Facto, 2006).

Further reading

[edit]
  • Cynk, Jerzy Bogdam. History of the Polish Air Force 1918–1968. UK: Osprey Publications, 1972.
  • Koniarek, Dr. Jan. Polish Air Force 1939–1945. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc.,1994. ISBN 0-89747-324-8.
  • Kornicki, Franciszek. Polish Air Force- Chronicle of Main Events. UK: Polish Air Force Association of Great Britain, 1993.
  • Tadeusz Jerzy Krzystek, Anna Krzystek: Polskie Siły Powietrzne w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1940-1947 łącznie z Pomocniczą Lotniczą Służbą Kobiet (PLSK-WAAF). Sandomierz: Stratus, 2012, p. 516. ISBN 9788361421597
  • Lisiewicz, Mieczyslaw (Translated from the Polish by Ann Maitland-Chuwen). Destiny can wait – The Polish Air Force in the Second World War. London: Heinemann, 1949.
  • Jerzy Pawlak: Absolwenci Szkoły Orląt: 1925-1939. Warszawa: Retro-Art, 2009, p. 188. ISBN 8387992224
  • Piotr Sikora: Asy polskiego lotnictwa. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Alma-Press. 2014, p. 147–157. ISBN 9788370205607
  • Zamoyski, Adam. The Forgotten Few: The Polish Air Force in The Second World War. UK: Leo Cooper Ltd., 2004. ISBN 1-84415-090-9.
  • Józef Zieliński: Asy polskiego lotnictwa. Warszawa: Agencja lotnicza ALTAIR, 1994, p. 8–9. ISBN 9788311123946
  • Józef Zieliński: Lotnicy polscy w Bitwie o Wielką Brytanię. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza MH, 2005, p. 187–189. ISBN 8390662043
[edit]
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