British Rail Class 117: Difference between revisions
→Preservation: As the owner of 59520 we purchased the vehicle and we moved it from the Dartmoor railway to the midnorfolk railway last year and it is now with our power cars as part of Set L432 this can be varified by looking at the Class 117 set L432 Facebook page. Thank you Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
→Preservation: Various updates with references |
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{{Short description|British diesel multiple-unit passenger trains}} |
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{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=September 2022}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} |
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{{Use British English|date=March 2017}} |
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}} |
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| image = File:BR class 117 L421.jpg |
| image = File:BR class 117 L421.jpg |
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| imagealt = |
| imagealt = |
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| caption = A 117 at {{stnlink|Didcot Parkway}}, 1989 |
| caption = A Class 117 at {{stnlink|Didcot Parkway}}, 1989 |
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| interiorimage = DMU carriage interior on the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway.jpg |
| interiorimage = DMU carriage interior on the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway.jpg |
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| interiorimagealt = |
| interiorimagealt = |
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| entrylevelorstep = |
| entrylevelorstep = |
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| doors = Slam |
| doors = Slam |
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| art-sections = |
| art-sections = |
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| maxspeed = {{convert|70|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} |
| maxspeed = {{convert|70|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} |
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| weight = ''Power cars:'' {{long ton|36|0}},<br />''Trailer cars:'' {{long ton|30|0}} |
| weight = ''Power cars:'' {{long ton|36|0}},<br />''Trailer cars:'' {{long ton|30|0}} |
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==Original work== |
==Original work== |
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A total of 123 Class 117 cars were built by [[Pressed Steel Company|Pressed Steel]] between 1959 and 1961, delivered as 39 three-car units plus three pairs of spare motor coaches. |
A total of 123 Class 117 cars were built by [[Pressed Steel Company|Pressed Steel]] between 1959 and 1961, delivered as 39 three-car units plus three pairs of spare motor coaches. When first introduced in 1960, these three-car units were all based with the similar [[British Rail Class 121|Class 121]] single carriage (railcar) units on British Railways [[Western Region of British Railways|Western Region]] for suburban work out of London Paddington. The units were largely based at [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] and [[Southall]] depots. The units remained here for many years working these services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.igg.org.uk/rail/00-app3-4/ap3-dmu.htm|title = Diesel Multiple Units}}</ref> |
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The type was used for a railtour from Paddington to the south west on 31 May 1969.<ref>{{ |
The type was used for a railtour from Paddington to the south west on 31 May 1969.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Taunton Trains Collection Gallery| website=TauntonTrains.co.uk| url=https://www.tauntontrains.co.uk/photos/gallery/ttcollection/1 | access-date=19 May 2024}}</ref> |
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==Later operations== |
==Later operations== |
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In the 1980s, expiry of other DMUs facilitated moves for some units from the Western Region to Birmingham, as below, and Scotland, prior to the delivery of new units to replace them. They were given refurbishments. |
In the 1980s, expiry of other DMUs facilitated moves for some units from the Western Region to Birmingham, as below, and Scotland, prior to the delivery of new units to replace them. They were given refurbishments. |
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The first shake up in ownership occurred in the late 1980s, when the Scottish, Welsh, Cornish and Birmingham based units were transferred to Provincial Services, later [[Regional Railways]], in the sectorisation of [[British Rail]], while the Southall-based units transferred to [[Network SouthEast]]. |
The first shake up in ownership occurred in the late 1980s, when the Scottish, Welsh, Cornish and Birmingham based units were transferred to Provincial Services, later [[Regional Railways]], in the sectorisation of [[British Rail]], while the Southall-based units transferred to [[Network SouthEast]]. |
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⚫ | They were replaced on the lines out of [[London Paddington|Paddington]] when the [[British Rail Class 165|Class 165/1 'Network Turbo']] units came into service by 28 November 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdn.akamai.steamstatic.com/steam/apps/222626/manuals/BR%20Class%20117%20Manual.pdf?t=1418633400 |title=BR Class Manual |format=PDF}}</ref> |
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In the early 1990s, several units were named: 701 (51350/92) was named 'Marston Vale' and 705 (51358/400) was 'Leslie Crabbe'.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=Removed citation under WP:UGC}} |
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⚫ | They soldiered on in the former Western Region until replaced by [[British Rail Class 150|Class 150]] and [[British Rail Class 153|Class 153]] DMUs by 21 May 1993, although the type could be found running Penzance - Looe services until 1997. An attempt was made to remove them from Cornish work using [[British Rail Class 142|Class 142]] "Skipper/Pacer" railcars, but these fixed wheelbase units proved to be a liability on the tight Cornish branchline curves, increasing rail and wheel wear, and were transferred to the North of England instead. The 117s were finally replaced with the advent of more Class 150s and Class 153s freed up from other areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glostransporthistory.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/North%20from%20Toddington.htm|title=Toddington to Laverton Halt|accessdate=19 May 2024}}</ref> |
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⚫ | They were replaced on the lines out of [[London Paddington|Paddington]] when the [[British Rail Class 165|Class 165/1 'Network Turbo']] units came into service by 28 November 1992.<ref>http://cdn.akamai.steamstatic.com/steam/apps/222626/manuals/BR%20Class%20117%20Manual.pdf?t=1418633400 |
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⚫ | They soldiered on in the former Western Region until replaced by [[British Rail Class 150|Class 150]] and [[British Rail Class 153|Class 153]] DMUs by 21 May 1993, although the type could be found running Penzance - Looe services until 1997. An attempt was made to remove them from Cornish work using [[British Rail Class 142|Class 142]] "Skipper/Pacer" |
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[[File:117308 at Haymarket.jpg|thumb|left|117308 in Scotrail livery at Edinburgh Haymarket in 1994]] |
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The type was used in Scotland between Edinburgh - Perth, Cowdenbeath and Markinch using the [[Forth Bridge]] and continued to work in Scotland until 12 January 1998, where they were replaced with [[British Rail Class 156|Class 156]]s.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The final day of 117s running in Scotland was 27 November 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railcar.co.uk/type/class-117/|title = Class 117 DMU}}</ref> |
The type was used in Scotland between Edinburgh - Perth, Cowdenbeath and Markinch using the [[Forth Bridge]] and continued to work in Scotland until 12 January 1998, where they were replaced with [[British Rail Class 156|Class 156]]s.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The final day of 117s running in Scotland was 27 November 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railcar.co.uk/type/class-117/|title = Class 117 DMU}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In 2000, [[British Rail Class 150|Class 150 Sprinter]] units replaced the Class 117 units on [[Silverlink]], finally bringing to an end decades of service on Britain's rail network in front line service.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pv4mCgAAQBAJ&q=class+117+silverlink&pg=PT54|title = Heritage DMUs: The Final Years|isbn = 9781445640297|last1 = Marks|first1 = Roger|date = 15 February 2015| publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited }}</ref> |
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For many years, passenger services on the [[Birmingham Cross-City Line]] were worked by Class 117, along with Class [[British Rail Class 115|115]], [[British Rail Class 116|116]], [[British Rail Class 118|118]] and [[British Rail Class 121|121]] diesel multiple units{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}, but all were withdrawn from service by 1995. |
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⚫ | In 2000, [[British Rail Class 150|Class 150 Sprinter]] units replaced the Class 117 units on [[Silverlink]], finally bringing to an end decades of service on Britain's rail network in front line service.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pv4mCgAAQBAJ&q=class+117+silverlink&pg=PT54|title = Heritage DMUs: The Final Years|isbn = 9781445640297|last1 = Marks|first1 = Roger|date = 15 February 2015}}</ref> |
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Once in preservation it has since been discovered that the units had all sorts of Leyland 680 engine variants.{{original research inline|date=September 2009}}. For example, one unit was noted as having a Leyland 680/1 (150 BHP) and a Leyland 680-1595 (180 BHP) . |
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{| class=wikitable |
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== Gallery == |
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<gallery> |
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File:1 CLASS 117 DMU.JPG|A Rail Blue and Grey liveried three car Class 117 DMU at [[Peterborough Nene Valley railway station]] on the preserved, heritage [[Nene Valley Railway]]. |
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File:3 CLASS 117 DMU TCO Vehicle.JPG|The unpowered centre TCL vehicle from a Class 117 DMU. |
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File:4 Class 117 DMU TCO NSE First Class Interior.JPG|The interior of the mid 1980s refurbished First Class cabin, in Network SouthEast moquette, aboard a three car Class 117 DMU. |
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File:6 CLASS 117 DMU DMSO NSE Standard Class Interior.JPG|The interior of the mid 1980s refurbished Standard Class accommodation, in Network SouthEast moquette, aboard a three car Class 117 DMU. |
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</gallery> |
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==Preservation== |
==Preservation== |
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Line 123: | Line 110: | ||
!DMS |
!DMS |
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|- |
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|align=center| |
|align=center|L425 |
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|align=center|51363 |
|align=center|51363 |
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|align=center|59510 |
|align=center|59510 |
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|align=center|51405 |
|align=center|51405 |
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|BR Green |
|BR Green |
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|[[ |
|[[Bo'ness and Kinneil Railway|Bo'ness & Kinneil Railway]] |
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||Moved from the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway in operational condition in late 2024 <ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |date=December 2024 |title=Railcar fleet strengthened |magazine=The Railway Magazine |volume=170 |issue=1485 |pages=74}}</ref> |
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||<small>Fully operational, owned by [http://www.gwsr-dmu.org.uk Cotswold Diesel Railcar Ltd].</small> |
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|align=center|117204 |
|align=center|117204 |
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Line 178: | Line 165: | ||
|[[Colne Valley Railway]] |
|[[Colne Valley Railway]] |
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|<small>Moved from East Lancashire Railway in 2021</small> |
|<small>Moved from East Lancashire Railway in 2021</small> |
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|align=center|L702 |
|align=center|L702 |
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Line 184: | Line 170: | ||
|align=center|59492 |
|align=center|59492 |
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|align=center|51392 |
|align=center|51392 |
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|BR Green |
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|Network SouthEast |
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|[[Swanage Railway]] |
|[[Swanage Railway]] |
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|<small>51356 restored to main line standard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://preserved.railcar.co.uk/51356.html|title = 51356}}</ref></small> |
|<small>51356 restored to main line standard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://preserved.railcar.co.uk/51356.html|title = 51356}}</ref></small> |
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|BR Blue |
|BR Blue |
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|[[Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway]] |
|[[Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway]] |
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|<small>Moved from the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway in 2013</small> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Class 117 – W51360 – Cotswold Diesel Railcar |url=https://www.gwsr-dmu.co.uk/the-fleet/class-117-w51360/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=www.gwsr-dmu.co.uk}}</ref> |
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|<small>Has recently been refloored inside, expected to return to BR green in due course.</small> |
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|align=center|59520 |
|align=center|59520 |
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|align=center|51412 |
|align=center|51412 |
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|BR |
|BR Blue |
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|[[Mid-Norfolk Railway]] |
|[[Mid-Norfolk Railway]] |
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| - |
| - |
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|align=center|- |
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|BR Blue |
|BR Blue |
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|[[Bo'ness and Kinneil Railway|Bo'ness & Kinneil Railway]] |
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|Private site; Titley junction station <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://preserved.railcar.co.uk/51372.html|title = 51372}}</ref> |
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| Moved from the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway in late 2024, to be used for spares for L425 <ref name=":0" /> |
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| - |
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|align=center|- |
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Line 402: | Line 388: | ||
|BR Green |
|BR Green |
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|[[Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway]] |
|[[Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway]] |
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||<small>Under restoration, owned by [http://www.gwsr-dmu.org.uk Cotswold Diesel Railcar Ltd].</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://preserved.railcar.co.uk/59505.html|title = 59505}}</ref> |
||<small>Under restoration, owned by [http://www.gwsr-dmu.org.uk Cotswold Diesel Railcar Ltd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813043626/http://www.gwsr-dmu.org.uk/ |date=13 August 2012 }}.</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://preserved.railcar.co.uk/59505.html|title = 59505}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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⚫ | |||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
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*{{cite book|title=A Pictorial Record of British Railways Diesel Multiple Units|first=Brian|last=Golding|publisher=Cheona|location=Stadhampton|year=1995|isbn=9781900298001|oclc=59628291}} |
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*{{cite book|title=British Rail Fleet Survey|volume=8: Diesel Multiple Units - The First Generation|first=Brian|last=Haresnape|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton|year=1985|isbn=9780711014954|oclc=810581284}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Motive Power Recognition|volume=3 DMUs|first=Colin J.|last=Marsden|publisher=Ian Allan|location=London|year=1986|isbn=9780711015708|oclc=16471467}} |
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*{{cite book|title=British Railway Pictorial: First Generation DMUs|first=Kevin|last=Robertson|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Hersham|year=2004|isbn= 9780711029705|oclc=56454643}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite magazine|title=Sound of the suburbs|first1=Simon|last1=Bendall|first2=Dave|last2=Lowery|first3=Robert|last3=Forsythe|magazine=[[Model Rail]]|pages=18–24|issue=61|date=November 2003|page= |location=Peterborough|publisher=EMAP Apex|issn=1369-5118|oclc=173324502}} |
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==External links== |
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⚫ | |||
*[http://www.railcar.co.uk/ The Railcar Association] |
*[http://www.railcar.co.uk/ The Railcar Association] |
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*Motive Power Recognition: 3 DMUs. Colin J. Marsden |
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*British Railway Pictorial: First Generation DMUs. Kevin Robertson |
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*British Rail Fleet Survey 8: Diesel Multiple Units- The First Generation. Brian Haresnape |
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*A Pictorial Record of British Railways Diesel Multiple Units. Brian Golding |
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{{British Rail DMU}} |
{{British Rail DMU}} |
Revision as of 09:50, 12 December 2024
British Rail Class 117 | |
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In service | 1959–2000; one unit used in departmental use until 2015 |
Manufacturer | Pressed Steel Company |
Family name | First generation |
Replaced | Steam locomotives and carriages |
Constructed | 1959–1961 |
Number built | 123 cars (42 DMBS, 42 DMS, 39 TCL) |
Number preserved | 35 cars (17 DMBS, 16 DMS, 23 TCL) |
Number scrapped | 88 cars (25 DMBS, 26 DMS, 16 TCL) |
Formation | DMBS-TCL-DMS |
Operators | British Rail ScotRail Silverlink |
Lines served | Western Region London Midland region Scottish region |
Specifications | |
Car body construction | Steel |
Car length | 64 ft 0 in (19.51 m) |
Width | 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m) |
Height | 12 ft 8+1⁄2 in (3.87 m) |
Doors | Slam |
Maximum speed | 70 mph (113 km/h) |
Weight | Power cars: 36 long tons 0 cwt (80,600 lb or 36.6 t), Trailer cars: 30 long tons 0 cwt (67,200 lb or 30.5 t) |
Prime mover(s) | BUT (AEC) then BUT (Leyland), of 150 hp (110 kW), (both types), two per power car |
Power output | 600 hp (450 kW) per 3-car set |
Transmission | Mechanical |
HVAC | Oil burning air heater |
Braking system(s) | Vacuum |
Safety system(s) | AWS |
Coupling system | Screw |
Multiple working | ■ Blue Square |
Track gauge | 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) |
The British Rail Class 117 diesel multiple units (DMUs) were built by Pressed Steel from 1959 to 1961. It was a licence-built variant of the British Rail Class 116.[1]
Original work
A total of 123 Class 117 cars were built by Pressed Steel between 1959 and 1961, delivered as 39 three-car units plus three pairs of spare motor coaches. When first introduced in 1960, these three-car units were all based with the similar Class 121 single carriage (railcar) units on British Railways Western Region for suburban work out of London Paddington. The units were largely based at Reading and Southall depots. The units remained here for many years working these services.[2]
The type was used for a railtour from Paddington to the south west on 31 May 1969.[3]
Later operations
In the 1980s, expiry of other DMUs facilitated moves for some units from the Western Region to Birmingham, as below, and Scotland, prior to the delivery of new units to replace them. They were given refurbishments.
The first shake up in ownership occurred in the late 1980s, when the Scottish, Welsh, Cornish and Birmingham based units were transferred to Provincial Services, later Regional Railways, in the sectorisation of British Rail, while the Southall-based units transferred to Network SouthEast.
They were replaced on the lines out of Paddington when the Class 165/1 'Network Turbo' units came into service by 28 November 1992.[4]
They soldiered on in the former Western Region until replaced by Class 150 and Class 153 DMUs by 21 May 1993, although the type could be found running Penzance - Looe services until 1997. An attempt was made to remove them from Cornish work using Class 142 "Skipper/Pacer" railcars, but these fixed wheelbase units proved to be a liability on the tight Cornish branchline curves, increasing rail and wheel wear, and were transferred to the North of England instead. The 117s were finally replaced with the advent of more Class 150s and Class 153s freed up from other areas.[5]
The type was used in Scotland between Edinburgh - Perth, Cowdenbeath and Markinch using the Forth Bridge and continued to work in Scotland until 12 January 1998, where they were replaced with Class 156s.[citation needed] The final day of 117s running in Scotland was 27 November 1999.[6]
In 2000, Class 150 Sprinter units replaced the Class 117 units on Silverlink, finally bringing to an end decades of service on Britain's rail network in front line service.[7]
Lot No. | Type | Diagram | Qty | Fleet numbers | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
30546 | Driving Motor Brake Second (DMBS) | 534 | 42 | 51332–51373 | |
30547 | Trailer Composite with lavatory (TCL) | 601 | 39 | 59484–59522 | |
30548 | Driving Motor Second (DMS) | 535 | 42 | 51374–51415 |
Preservation
Due to the type's longevity, 12 units have been preserved on heritage railways.
Set number | Vehicle numbers | Livery | Location | Notes | ||
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DMBS | TCL | DMS | ||||
L425 | 51363 | 59510 | 51405 | BR Green | Bo'ness & Kinneil Railway | Moved from the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway in operational condition in late 2024 [8] |
117204 | 51365 | - | 51407 | BR Green | Plym Valley Railway | |
117301 | 51353 | - | - | ScotRail | Wensleydale Railway | Bought by a local community group.[9] 51395 Scrapped March 2013 |
117310 | - | - | 51381 | Regional Railways | Mangapps Railway Museum | - |
117311 | 51352 | - | 51376 | Yellow DMBS, Green with whiskers DMS | South Devon Railway | Currently Under Restoration to run with W55000.[10] |
- | 51371 | - | 51413 | BR Green | MOD Long Marston | Preserved June 2015 [11] |
117313 | 51339 | 59506 | 51382 | BR Green | Colne Valley Railway | Moved from East Lancashire Railway in 2021 |
L702 | 51356 | 59492 | 51392 | BR Green | Swanage Railway | 51356 restored to main line standard.[12] |
- | 51342 | - | 51384 | BR Green | Epping Ongar Railway | Repainted into BR green from EOR dark blue livery |
- | 51346 | 59486 | 51388 | BR Green | Swanage Railway | Overhauled & Mainline Registered. |
117444 | 51360 | BR Blue | Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway | Moved from the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway in 2013 [13] | ||
- | 51347 | 59508 | 51401 | BR Green | Gwili Railway | |
- | 51367 | 59511 | 51402 | BR Green | Strathspey Railway | 51402 and 51367 both now repainted, 59511 being restored |
L432 | 51370 | 59520 | 51412 | BR Blue | Mid-Norfolk Railway | - |
- | 51372 | - | - | BR Blue | Bo'ness & Kinneil Railway | Moved from the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway in late 2024, to be used for spares for L425 [8] |
- | - | 59509 | 51400 | BR Green | Wensleydale Railway | Main-line certificated by RESCO |
- | 51351 | - | 51397 | Green | Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway | |
L720 | 51354 | - | 51396 | BR Green | Peak Rail | |
- | - | - | 51375 | BR Green | Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway | Rebuilt as an intermediate car by Chiltern Railways for use as a water jetting van. Sold in 2015 to its current owner |
- | - | 59488 | - | Green and Cream | Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway | |
- | 59493 | - | BR Green | West Somerset Railway | ||
- | - | 59494 | - | Green and Cream | Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway | |
- | - | 59500 | - | Green and Cream | Wensleydale Railway | |
- | - | 59501 | - | BR Green | Great Central Railway | |
- | - | 59503 | - | Chocolate and Cream | Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway | |
- | - | 59507 | - | Chocolate and Cream | Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway | |
- | - | 59513 | - | Chocolate and Cream | Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway | |
- | - | 59514 | - | BR Green | Swindon and Cricklade Railway | |
- | - | 59515 | - | Blood and Custard | Yeovil Railway Centre | |
- | - | 59517 | - | Chocolate and Cream | Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway | |
- | - | 59521 | - | Scotrail | Helston Railway | |
- | - | 59522 | - | BR Blue and Grey | Chasewater Railway | |
- | - | 59511 | - | BR Green | Strathspey Railway | |
- | 51366 | - | - | - | - | parts survive [14] |
- | - | 59505 | - | BR Green | Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway | Under restoration, owned by Cotswold Diesel Railcar Ltd Archived 13 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine.[15] |
References
- ^ "Preserved Vehicles".
- ^ "Diesel Multiple Units".
- ^ "The Taunton Trains Collection Gallery". TauntonTrains.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
- ^ "BR Class Manual" (PDF).
- ^ "Toddington to Laverton Halt". Retrieved 19 May 2024.
- ^ "Class 117 DMU".
- ^ Marks, Roger (15 February 2015). Heritage DMUs: The Final Years. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781445640297.
- ^ a b "Railcar fleet strengthened". The Railway Magazine. Vol. 170, no. 1485. December 2024. p. 74.
- ^ "51353".
- ^ "51352".
- ^ "51371".
- ^ "51356".
- ^ "Class 117 – W51360 – Cotswold Diesel Railcar". www.gwsr-dmu.co.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
- ^ "Preserved Vehicles".
- ^ "59505".
Bibliography
- Golding, Brian (1995). A Pictorial Record of British Railways Diesel Multiple Units. Stadhampton: Cheona. ISBN 9781900298001. OCLC 59628291.
- Haresnape, Brian (1985). British Rail Fleet Survey. Vol. 8: Diesel Multiple Units - The First Generation. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 9780711014954. OCLC 810581284.
- Marsden, Colin J. (1986). Motive Power Recognition. Vol. 3 DMUs. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 9780711015708. OCLC 16471467.
- Robertson, Kevin (2004). British Railway Pictorial: First Generation DMUs. Hersham: Ian Allan. ISBN 9780711029705. OCLC 56454643.
Further reading
- Bendall, Simon; Lowery, Dave; Forsythe, Robert (November 2003). "Sound of the suburbs". Model Rail. No. 61. Peterborough: EMAP Apex. pp. 18–24. ISSN 1369-5118. OCLC 173324502.