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{{short description|Polish pole vaulter}}
{{short description|Polish pole vaulter}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Władysław Kozakiewicz
| name = Władysław Kozakiewicz
| nickname = Wolly
| nickname = Wolly
| image = Wladyslaw Kozakiewicz.jpg
| image = Władysław Kozakiewicz 2016.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Kozakiewicz in 2010
| caption = Kozakiewicz in 2016
| nationality = [[Poland|Polish]]/[[Germany|German]]
| nationality = [[Poland|Polish]]/[[Germany|German]]
| sport = [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]]
| sport = [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]]
| event = [[Pole vault]]
| event = [[Pole vault]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|12|8}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|12|8}}
| birth_place = [[Šalčininkai]], [[Lithuanian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| birth_place = [[Šalčininkai]], [[Lithuanian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]] (now [[Lithuania]])
| death_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_place =
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{{Medal|Gold | [[1979 Summer Universiade|1979 Mexico City]] | Pole vault }}
{{Medal|Gold | [[1979 Summer Universiade|1979 Mexico City]] | Pole vault }}
}}
}}

'''Władysław Kozakiewicz''' (born 8 December 1953) is a retired [[Poland|Polish]] athlete who specialised in the [[pole vault]]. He is best known for winning the gold medal at the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[bras d'honneur]] gesture which he showed to the hostile Soviet crowd. In Poland, where the gesture was viewed as a symbol of resistance against Soviet dominance, it became known as "Kozakiewicz's gesture" (''gest Kozakiewicza'').<ref name=sportvintage>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportvintage.it/2009/05/02/gest-kozakiewicza/ |title=Gest Kozakiewicza |language=italian |publisher=sportvintage.it |accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref> In addition, he won several medals at continental level, won two [[Summer Universiade]]s and broke the pole vault world record three times, twice [[Men's pole vault world record progression|outdoors]] and once [[Men's pole vault indoor world record progression|indoors]]. He is also a ten-time Polish champion.
'''Władysław Kozakiewicz''' ({{IPA|pl|vwaˈdɨswaf kɔzaˈkʲɛvit͡ʂ}}; born 8 December 1953) is a [[Lithuania]]n-born retired [[Polish people|Polish]] athlete who specialised in the [[pole vault]]. He is best known for winning the gold medal at the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[bras d'honneur]] gesture which he showed to the hostile Soviet crowd. In Poland, where the gesture was viewed as a symbol of resistance against Soviet dominance, it became known as "Kozakiewicz's gesture" ({{lang|pl|gest Kozakiewicza}}).<ref name=sportvintage>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportvintage.it/2009/05/02/gest-kozakiewicza/ |title=Gest Kozakiewicza |language=it |publisher=sportvintage.it |access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> In addition, he won several medals at continental level, won two [[Summer Universiade]]s and broke the pole vault world record three times, twice [[Men's pole vault world record progression|outdoors]] and once [[Men's pole vault indoor world record progression|indoors]]. He is also a ten-time Polish champion.


==Early years==
==Early years==

Kozakiewicz was born on 8 December 1953 to a Polish family in [[Šalčininkai]], [[Lithuanian SSR]], near [[Vilnius]] as the fourth and youngest of four siblings. His father Stanisław was a tailor, his mother Franciszka a housewife. As he revealed in his 2013 autobiography, he was physically abused by his father during his childhood as was his entire family.<ref name="autobiography">{{cite book|last1=Kozakiewicz|first1=Władysław|last2=Pol|first2=Michał|title=Nie mówcie mi jak mam żyć|year=2013|publisher=[[Agora SA]]|location=Warsaw|language=Polish|isbn=978-83-268-1281-1}}</ref> The family moved to Poland in 1958 as part of the last wave of the [[Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)|post-war repatriations]] of Poles living in the Soviet Union, first staying in a refugee camp in [[Gryfice]] before settling in [[Gdynia]] where Władysław's father found a job as a dockworker.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 25–27.</ref>
Kozakiewicz was born on 8 December 1953 to a Polish family in [[Šalčininkai]], [[Lithuanian SSR]], near [[Vilnius]] as the fourth and youngest of four siblings. His father Stanisław was a tailor, his mother Franciszka a housewife. As he revealed in his 2013 autobiography, he was physically abused by his father during his childhood as was his entire family.<ref name="autobiography">{{cite book|last1=Kozakiewicz|first1=Władysław|last2=Pol|first2=Michał|title=Nie mówcie mi jak mam żyć|year=2013|publisher=[[Agora SA]]|location=Warsaw|language=pl|isbn=978-83-268-1281-1}}</ref> The family moved to Poland in 1958 as part of the last wave of the [[Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)|post-war repatriations]] of Poles living in the Soviet Union, first staying in a refugee camp in [[Gryfice]] before settling in [[Gdynia]] where Władysław's father found a job as a dockworker.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 25–27.</ref>


==Athletics career==
==Athletics career==

Władysław's older brother Edward (b. 1948) was an aspiring pole vaulter (later switched to decathlon) at the local club, Bałtyk Gdynia, and one day in 1966 encouraged his then 13-year-old brother to also give athletics a try. He showed his brother how to pole vault and Władysław's talent was soon noticed by Walenty Wejman who became his first coach. In 1972 Władysław Kozakiewicz broke Polish junior records both indoors and out, also breaking the 5 metres barrier for the first time.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 101.</ref> A year later, after changing the coach to Ryszard Tomaszewski, he broke the Polish senior record with 5.35 metres and made his major international debut taking silver at the [[1974 European Athletics Championships|1974 European Championships]] in Rome. In 1975 at the [[1975 European Athletics Indoor Championships|European Indoor Championships]] in Katowice, he won a bronze medal and later in the season at the [[Janusz Kusociński Memorial]] he jumped 5.60 metres setting a new European record.
Władysław's older brother Edward (b. 1948) was an aspiring pole vaulter (later switched to decathlon) at the local club, Bałtyk Gdynia, and one day in 1966 encouraged his then 13-year-old brother to also give athletics a try. He showed his brother how to pole vault and Władysław's talent was soon noticed by Walenty Wejman who became his first coach. In 1972 Władysław Kozakiewicz broke Polish junior records both indoors and out, also breaking the 5 metres barrier for the first time.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 101.</ref> A year later, after changing the coach to Ryszard Tomaszewski, he broke the Polish senior record with 5.35 metres and made his major international debut taking silver at the [[1974 European Athletics Championships|1974 European Championships]] in Rome. In 1975 at the [[1975 European Athletics Indoor Championships|European Indoor Championships]] in Katowice, he won a bronze medal and later in the season at the [[Janusz Kusociński Memorial]] he jumped 5.60 metres setting a new European record.


===The dominant years===
===The dominant years===

[[File:Władysław Kozakiewicz 1980.jpg|thumb|left|Kozakiewicz in 1980.]]
[[File:Władysław Kozakiewicz 1980.jpg|thumb|left|Kozakiewicz in 1980.]]

At the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in [[Montreal]], Kozakiewicz was one of the favourites for the gold but the Olympic debut ended in a disappointment. During a warm-up jump before the final, he ruptured his [[joint capsule]] and was later only able to clear 5.25 metres which gave him the 11th place.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lis|first=Jan|title=Poczet polskich olimpijczyków 1924–1984: Montreal '76, Moskwa '80|volume=6|year=1984|publisher=Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza|location=Warsaw|language=Polish|page=33|chapter=Magia wysokości|isbn=83-03-00579-0}}</ref> The competition was won by his unheralded compatriot, [[Tadeusz Ślusarski]]. Kozakiewicz was able to return to competition just three weeks after Montreal. Soon after, however, he was disqualified by the [[Polish Athletic Association]] (PZLA) for competing in the shoes of the Japanese manufacturer [[Onitsuka Tiger]], with which he signed a contract a year earlier, instead of [[Adidas]], which was then the official sponsor of the federation. This resulted in Kozakiewicz being barred from competing abroad for six months and marked the beginning of a series of disputes with the national federation and bans for insubordination.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 155–161.</ref>
At the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in [[Montreal]], Kozakiewicz was one of the favourites for the gold but the Olympic debut ended in a disappointment. During a warm-up jump before the final, he ruptured his [[joint capsule]] and was later only able to clear 5.25 metres which gave him the 11th place.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lis|first=Jan|title=Poczet polskich olimpijczyków 1924–1984: Montreal '76, Moskwa '80|volume=6|year=1984|publisher=Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza|location=Warsaw|language=pl|page=33|chapter=Magia wysokości|isbn=83-03-00579-0}}</ref> The competition was won by his unheralded compatriot, [[Tadeusz Ślusarski]]. Kozakiewicz was able to return to competition just three weeks after Montreal. Soon after, however, he was disqualified by the [[Polish Athletic Association]] (PZLA) for competing in the shoes of the Japanese manufacturer [[Onitsuka Tiger]], with which he signed a contract a year earlier, instead of [[Adidas]], which was then the official sponsor of the federation. This resulted in Kozakiewicz being barred from competing abroad for six months and marked the beginning of a series of disputes with the national federation and bans for insubordination.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 155–161.</ref>


The disqualification was eventually shortened so that Kozakiewicz could compete at the [[1977 European Athletics Indoor Championships|1977 European Indoor Championships]] in San Sebastián which he won in a new championships record of 5.51 metres. This started a very successful season in which he, among others, won the [[1977 Summer Universiade|Summer Universiade]] in Sofia and set a new European record of 5.66 metres in the [[1977 European Cup (athletics)|European Cup]] semifinal in Warsaw. In the entire year he suffered only one loss, at the [[1977 IAAF World Cup|1977 World Cup]], where, representing Europe, he came second behind the American [[Mike Tully]].
The disqualification was eventually shortened so that Kozakiewicz could compete at the [[1977 European Athletics Indoor Championships|1977 European Indoor Championships]] in San Sebastián which he won in a new championships record of 5.51 metres. This started a very successful season in which he, among others, won the [[1977 Summer Universiade|Summer Universiade]] in Sofia and set a new European record of 5.66 metres in the [[1977 European Cup (athletics)|European Cup]] semifinal in Warsaw. In the entire year he suffered only one loss, at the [[1977 IAAF World Cup|1977 World Cup]], where, representing Europe, he came second behind the American [[Mike Tully]].
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===Olympic gold and Kozakiewicz's gesture===
===Olympic gold and Kozakiewicz's gesture===

[[File:Kozakiewicz gesture.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Kozakiewicz's gesture.<ref>Władysław Kozakiewicz makes a gesture towards booing and jeering Soviet crowds seconds after securing his gold medal in the 1980 Summer Olympics pole vault competition at the Lenin Grand Stadium, 30 July 1980.</ref>]]
[[File:Kozakiewicz gesture.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Kozakiewicz's gesture.<ref>Władysław Kozakiewicz makes a gesture towards booing and jeering Soviet crowds seconds after securing his gold medal in the 1980 Summer Olympics pole vault competition at the Lenin Grand Stadium, 30 July 1980.</ref>]]
The sporting level in the [[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's pole vault|Olympic final]] which took place on 30 July 1980 at the [[Central Lenin Stadium]] in [[Moscow]], was significantly higher than four years earlier with no less than six athletes jumping higher than the previous Olympic record. The atmosphere at the stadium, however, as it was for the entire games was very hostile with the local Soviet crowd booing, hissing, and whistling at every non-Soviet competitor's attempt. Soviet officials even tried to disrupt Kozakiewicz by opening doors to the stadium during his jumps so wind conditions would disturb him.<ref>https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1185110-top-10-scandals-in-summer-olympic-history#slide2</ref>


The sporting level in the [[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's pole vault|Olympic final]] which took place on 30 July 1980 at the [[Central Lenin Stadium]] in [[Moscow]], was significantly higher than four years earlier with no less than six athletes jumping higher than the previous Olympic record. The atmosphere at the stadium, however, as it was for the entire games was very hostile with the local Soviet crowd booing, hissing, and whistling at every non-Soviet competitor's attempt. Soviet officials even tried to disrupt Kozakiewicz by opening doors to the stadium during his jumps so wind conditions would disturb him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1185110-top-10-scandals-in-summer-olympic-history#slide2|title = Top 10 Scandals in Summer Olympic History| website=[[Bleacher Report]] }}</ref>
This irritated Kozakiewicz, who after jumping 5.70 metres, higher than any other competitor that day, showed the [[bras d'honneur]] gesture in defiance to the jeering spectators. He then repeated the gesture after clearing 5.75 metres which ensured his victory over the local favourite, [[Konstantin Volkov (athlete)|Konstantin Volkov]]. He finally confirmed his dominance over the competition by breaking the world record with 5.78 meters. This was the first time since 1920 that the world record in pole vault was broken at the Olympic Games.


This irritated Kozakiewicz who, after jumping 5.70 metres, higher than any other competitor that day, showed the [[bras d'honneur]] gesture in defiance to the jeering spectators. He then repeated the gesture after clearing 5.75 metres which ensured his victory over the local favourite, [[Konstantin Volkov (athlete)|Konstantin Volkov]]. He finally confirmed his dominance over the competition by breaking the world record with 5.78 meters. This was the first time since 1920 that the world record in pole vault was broken at the Olympic Games.
The photos of the incident circled the globe, with the exception of the [[Soviet Union]] and its satellites, although the event was broadcast live on TV in many countries of the Eastern Bloc. While international observers varied in their reaction to the incident, Kozakiewicz's act received much support in Polish society, which resented Soviet control over Eastern Europe (Poland was in the midst of labor strikes that led to the creation of the labor union [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] less than two months later). After the 1980 Olympics ended, the Soviet ambassador to Poland demanded that Kozakiewicz be stripped of his medal over his "insult to the [[Soviet people]]".<ref name=sr>{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ko/wladyslaw-kozakiewicz-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417173905/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ko/wladyslaw-kozakiewicz-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2020 |title=Władysław Kozakiewicz |accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref> The official response of the Polish government was that Kozakiewicz's arm gesture had been an involuntary muscle spasm caused by his exertion.<ref name=sportvintage/>

The photos of the incident circled the globe, with the exception of the [[Soviet Union]] and its satellites, although the event was broadcast live on TV in many countries of the Eastern Bloc. While international observers varied in their reaction to the incident, Kozakiewicz's act received much support in Polish society, which resented Soviet control over Eastern Europe (Poland was in the midst of labour strikes that led to the creation of the labour union [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] less than two months later). After the 1980 Olympics ended, the Soviet ambassador to Poland demanded that Kozakiewicz be stripped of his medal over his "insult to the [[Soviet people]]".<ref name=sr>{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ko/wladyslaw-kozakiewicz-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417173905/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ko/wladyslaw-kozakiewicz-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2020 |title=Władysław Kozakiewicz |access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> The official response of the Polish government was that Kozakiewicz's arm gesture had been an involuntary muscle spasm caused by his exertion.<ref name=sportvintage/>


In an interview years later, Kozakiewicz gave his thoughts about the incident:<ref>{{cite web|title=Explaining Kozakiewicz's Gesture: Poland's Most Scandalous Arm|first=Marek|last=Kępa|date=June 19, 2018|url=https://culture.pl/en/article/kozakiewicz-pole-vault-olympics-scandal-poland|website=[[culture.pl]]}}</ref>
In an interview years later, Kozakiewicz gave his thoughts about the incident:<ref>{{cite web|title=Explaining Kozakiewicz's Gesture: Poland's Most Scandalous Arm|first=Marek|last=Kępa|date=June 19, 2018|url=https://culture.pl/en/article/kozakiewicz-pole-vault-olympics-scandal-poland|website=[[culture.pl]]}}</ref>
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===After Moscow===
===After Moscow===

In 1982, struggling to get into form after splitting from his long-time coach Ryszard Tomaszewski, Kozakiewicz won what would be his last medal for Poland, a bronze at the [[1982 European Athletics Indoor Championships|1982 European Indoor Championships]] in Milan.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 274.</ref> In the summer, he decided to skip the outdoor [[1982 European Athletics Indoor Championships|European Championships]] citing poor form, for which he received another 6-month disqualification from PZLA. The following 1983 season did not begin well for Kozakiewicz as he finished only 9th at the [[1983 European Athletics Indoor Championships|1983 European Indoor Championships]] in Budapest. After that poor showing he reunited with coach Tomaszewski and tried to build form for the [[1983 World Championships in Athletics|1983 World Championships]] in Helsinki. He eventually finished eighth in that event clearing 5.40 metres. In the Olympic year of 1984, Kozakiewicz jumped much better reaching 5.75 metres in July. However, due to a Soviet-led [[1984 Summer Olympics boycott|boycott]] of the [[1984 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles Olympics]] most athletes from the Eastern bloc could not compete in the Games. Instead, an alternative event was organised for the socialist countries, the [[Friendship Games]], with men's athletics being contested in Moscow. Kozakiewicz, not willing to take part in what he saw as a farcical event, took only one successful attempt at 5.40 metres before feigning an injury and calling it quits.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 285.</ref> His performance angered the Polish federation which demanded that he immediately return to Poland from a meeting in Brussels in which he took part soon after the Friendship Games and after he refused he was disqualified again.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 289.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=kozakiewicz&coll=ddd&identifier=ABCDDD%3A010879390%3Ampeg21%3Aa0225&resultsidentifier=ABCDDD%3A010879390%3Ampeg21%3Aa0225|title=Half jaar schorsing voor Kozakiewicz|date=14 September 1984|work=[[De Volkskrant]]|page=13|language=Dutch|accessdate=10 February 2018}}</ref>
In 1982, struggling to get into form after splitting from his long-time coach Ryszard Tomaszewski, Kozakiewicz won what would be his last medal for Poland, a bronze at the [[1982 European Athletics Indoor Championships|1982 European Indoor Championships]] in Milan.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 274.</ref> In the summer, he decided to skip the outdoor [[1982 European Athletics Indoor Championships|European Championships]] citing poor form, for which he received another 6-month disqualification from PZLA. The following 1983 season did not begin well for Kozakiewicz as he finished only 9th at the [[1983 European Athletics Indoor Championships|1983 European Indoor Championships]] in Budapest. After that poor showing he reunited with coach Tomaszewski and tried to build form for the [[1983 World Championships in Athletics|1983 World Championships]] in Helsinki. He eventually finished eighth in that event clearing 5.40 metres. In the Olympic year of 1984, Kozakiewicz jumped much better reaching 5.75 metres in July. However, due to a Soviet-led [[1984 Summer Olympics boycott|boycott]] of the [[1984 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles Olympics]] most athletes from the Eastern bloc could not compete in the Games. Instead, an alternative event was organised for the socialist countries, the [[Friendship Games]], with men's athletics being contested in Moscow. Kozakiewicz, not willing to take part in what he saw as a farcical event, took only one successful attempt at 5.40 metres before feigning an injury and calling it quits.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 285.</ref> His performance angered the Polish federation which demanded that he immediately return to Poland from a meeting in Brussels in which he took part soon after the Friendship Games and after he refused he was disqualified again.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 289.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=kozakiewicz&coll=ddd&identifier=ABCDDD%3A010879390%3Ampeg21%3Aa0225&resultsidentifier=ABCDDD%3A010879390%3Ampeg21%3Aa0225|title=Half jaar schorsing voor Kozakiewicz|date=14 September 1984|work=[[De Volkskrant]]|page=13|language=nl|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref>


===Defection to West Germany===
===Defection to West Germany===

Even after his disqualification ended in 1985, Kozakiewicz was not allowed to participate in meetings abroad unless he jumped 5.70 metres. Given he was recovering from a knee surgery this did not seem realistic and not being able to support his family he decided to flee Poland. He last competed for his native country in April in São Paulo<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 290.</ref> and in July 1985 he defected to [[West Germany]]. A move which was intended to be a temporary means to earn some money before retiring would later turn out to be permanent. He based himself in [[Hannover]], and joined a local club where he also became a pole vaulting coach. In May 1986 Kozakiewicz gained West German citizenship as his wife's grandparents were born in Germany.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 300.</ref> Soon after he set a new West German record of 5.70 metres which lasted until 1994. In 1988 Kozakiewicz jumped 5.62 metres, the standard for the [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Olympic Games]] in Seoul, however, according to the rules, the Polish federation had to give him permission to compete for a new country at the Olympics which it did not.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 306–307.</ref> Kozakiewicz retired from professional athletics in 1989.
Even after his disqualification ended in 1985, Kozakiewicz was not allowed to participate in meetings abroad unless he jumped 5.70 metres. Given he was recovering from a knee surgery this did not seem realistic and not being able to support his family he decided to flee Poland. He last competed for his native country in April in São Paulo<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 290.</ref> and in July 1985 he defected to [[West Germany]]. A move which was intended to be a temporary means to earn some money before retiring would later turn out to be permanent. He based himself in [[Hannover]], and joined a local club where he also became a pole vaulting coach. In May 1986 Kozakiewicz gained West German citizenship as his wife's grandparents were born in Germany.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 300.</ref> Soon after he set a new West German record of 5.70 metres which lasted until 1994. In 1988 Kozakiewicz jumped 5.62 metres, the standard for the [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Olympic Games]] in Seoul, however, according to the rules, the Polish federation had to give him permission to compete for a new country at the Olympics, which it did not.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 306–307.</ref> Kozakiewicz retired from professional athletics in 1989.


==After athletics==
==After athletics==

In the 1980s and 1990s apart from training young talents, he also worked as a manager for many professional athletes, mostly from the former [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 319–325.</ref> Between 1998 and 2002 he was a member the Gdynia city council. In 2011, he ran unsuccessfully for the Polish parliament from the lists of the [[Polish People's Party]].
In the 1980s and 1990s apart from training young talents, he also worked as a manager for many professional athletes, mostly from the former [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 319–325.</ref> Between 1998 and 2002 he was a member of the Gdynia city council.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} In 2011, he ran unsuccessfully for the Polish parliament from the lists of the [[Polish People's Party]].{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}


==Personal life==
==Personal life==

[[File:Władysław Kozakiewicz medal & autograph.jpg|thumb|260px| Copy of W. Kozakiewicz medal and autograph in '' [[:pl:Aleja Gwiazd Sportu w Dziwnowie|Sports Star Avenue in Dziwnów]] '']]
[[File:Władysław Kozakiewicz medal & autograph.jpg|thumb|260px| Copy of W. Kozakiewicz medal and autograph in '' [[:pl:Aleja Gwiazd Sportu w Dziwnowie|Sports Star Avenue in Dziwnów]] '']]

Since 1977 he has been married to Anna Kozakiewicz, a former swimmer. They have two daughters Katarzyna (b. 1979) and Małgorzata (b. 1983).<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013 p. 185–203.</ref> In December 1986, he settled in [[Bissendorf]], [[Lower Saxony]], northwestern Germany, where he lives to this day.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 304.</ref>
Since 1977 he has been married to Anna Kozakiewicz, a former swimmer. They have two daughters Katarzyna (b. 1979) and Małgorzata (b. 1983).<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013 p. 185–203.</ref> In December 1986, he settled in [[Bissendorf]], [[Lower Saxony]], northwestern Germany, where he lives to this day.<ref>Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 304.</ref>


==International competitions==
==International competitions==

{| {{AchievementTable}}
{| {{AchievementTable}}
|-
|-
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==Season bests==
==Season bests==
{{unreferenced-section|date=December 2024}}
*1969 – 3.85
*1969 – 3.85
*1971 – 4.65
*1971 – 4.65
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*1986 – 5.70
*1986 – 5.70
*1987 – 5.65
*1987 – 5.65
*1988 – 5.55i
*1988 – 5.55
*1989 – 5.50
*1989 – 5.50


==See also==
==See also==

* [[1968 Olympics Black Power salute]]
* [[1968 Olympics Black Power salute]]


==References==
==References==

{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


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{{S-ach|rec}}
{{S-ach|rec}}
{{succession box
{{succession box
| before = {{Flag icon|USA}} [[David Roberts (athlete)|David Roberts]]
| before = {{Flag icon|USA}} [[David Roberts (pole vaulter)|David Roberts]]
| title = [[World record progression pole vault men|Men's Pole Vault World Record Holder]]
| title = [[World record progression pole vault men|Men's Pole Vault World Record Holder]]
| years = 11 May 1980 – 29 June 1980
| years = 11 May 1980 – 29 June 1980
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{{S-sports}}
{{S-sports}}
{{succession box
{{succession box
| before = {{Flag icon|USA}} [[David Roberts (athlete)|Dave Roberts]]
| before = {{Flag icon|USA}} [[David Roberts (pole vaulter)|Dave Roberts]]
| title = [[Pole vault#Best year performance (outdoors)|Men's Pole Vault Best Year Performance]]
| title = [[Pole vault#Best year performance (outdoors)|Men's Pole Vault Best Year Performance]]
| years = 1977
| years = 1977
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[[Category:Lithuanian people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Lithuanian people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Soviet people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Soviet people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:German people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Soviet emigrants to Poland]]
[[Category:Soviet emigrants to Poland]]
[[Category:Polish emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:Polish emigrants to West Germany]]
[[Category:Polish defectors]]
[[Category:Polish defectors]]
[[Category:Polish male pole vaulters]]
[[Category:Polish male pole vaulters]]
[[Category:West German pole vaulters]]
[[Category:West German male pole vaulters]]
[[Category:European Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:European Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Universiade gold medalists for Poland]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games gold medalists for Poland]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes of Poland]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for Poland]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1977 Summer Universiade]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1977 Summer Universiade]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1979 Summer Universiade]]
[[Category:Naturalised athletes]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for Poland]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 1984 Friendship Games]]
[[Category:Polish Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:West German Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish sportsmen]]

Latest revision as of 11:31, 12 December 2024

Władysław Kozakiewicz
Kozakiewicz in 2016
Personal information
NicknameWolly
NationalityPolish/German
Born (1953-12-08) 8 December 1953 (age 71)
Šalčininkai, Lithuanian SSR, Soviet Union (now Lithuania)
EducationPoznań University of Physical Education
Height1.87 m (6 ft 1+12 in)
Weight82 kg (181 lb)
Sport
Country Poland
SportAthletics
EventPole vault
ClubKS Bałtyk Gdynia (1966–1985)
Turn-Klub zu Hannover (1985–1989)
Coached byWalenty Wejman (1966–1974)
Ryszard Tomaszewski (1974–1981, 1983–1985)
Edward Kozakiewicz (1981–1983)
Retired1989
Achievements and titles
Personal bestPole vault: 5.78 m (1980)
Medal record
Olympic Games
Gold medal – first place 1980 Moscow Pole vault
European Championships
Silver medal – second place 1974 Rome Pole vault
European Indoor Championships
Gold medal – first place 1977 San Sebastián Pole vault
Gold medal – first place 1979 Vienna Pole vault
Universiade
Gold medal – first place 1977 Sofia Pole vault
Gold medal – first place 1979 Mexico City Pole vault

Władysław Kozakiewicz (Polish pronunciation: [vwaˈdɨswaf kɔzaˈkʲɛvit͡ʂ]; born 8 December 1953) is a Lithuanian-born retired Polish athlete who specialised in the pole vault. He is best known for winning the gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow and the bras d'honneur gesture which he showed to the hostile Soviet crowd. In Poland, where the gesture was viewed as a symbol of resistance against Soviet dominance, it became known as "Kozakiewicz's gesture" (gest Kozakiewicza).[1] In addition, he won several medals at continental level, won two Summer Universiades and broke the pole vault world record three times, twice outdoors and once indoors. He is also a ten-time Polish champion.

Early years

[edit]

Kozakiewicz was born on 8 December 1953 to a Polish family in Šalčininkai, Lithuanian SSR, near Vilnius as the fourth and youngest of four siblings. His father Stanisław was a tailor, his mother Franciszka a housewife. As he revealed in his 2013 autobiography, he was physically abused by his father during his childhood as was his entire family.[2] The family moved to Poland in 1958 as part of the last wave of the post-war repatriations of Poles living in the Soviet Union, first staying in a refugee camp in Gryfice before settling in Gdynia where Władysław's father found a job as a dockworker.[3]

Athletics career

[edit]

Władysław's older brother Edward (b. 1948) was an aspiring pole vaulter (later switched to decathlon) at the local club, Bałtyk Gdynia, and one day in 1966 encouraged his then 13-year-old brother to also give athletics a try. He showed his brother how to pole vault and Władysław's talent was soon noticed by Walenty Wejman who became his first coach. In 1972 Władysław Kozakiewicz broke Polish junior records both indoors and out, also breaking the 5 metres barrier for the first time.[4] A year later, after changing the coach to Ryszard Tomaszewski, he broke the Polish senior record with 5.35 metres and made his major international debut taking silver at the 1974 European Championships in Rome. In 1975 at the European Indoor Championships in Katowice, he won a bronze medal and later in the season at the Janusz Kusociński Memorial he jumped 5.60 metres setting a new European record.

The dominant years

[edit]
Kozakiewicz in 1980.

At the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Kozakiewicz was one of the favourites for the gold but the Olympic debut ended in a disappointment. During a warm-up jump before the final, he ruptured his joint capsule and was later only able to clear 5.25 metres which gave him the 11th place.[5] The competition was won by his unheralded compatriot, Tadeusz Ślusarski. Kozakiewicz was able to return to competition just three weeks after Montreal. Soon after, however, he was disqualified by the Polish Athletic Association (PZLA) for competing in the shoes of the Japanese manufacturer Onitsuka Tiger, with which he signed a contract a year earlier, instead of Adidas, which was then the official sponsor of the federation. This resulted in Kozakiewicz being barred from competing abroad for six months and marked the beginning of a series of disputes with the national federation and bans for insubordination.[6]

The disqualification was eventually shortened so that Kozakiewicz could compete at the 1977 European Indoor Championships in San Sebastián which he won in a new championships record of 5.51 metres. This started a very successful season in which he, among others, won the Summer Universiade in Sofia and set a new European record of 5.66 metres in the European Cup semifinal in Warsaw. In the entire year he suffered only one loss, at the 1977 World Cup, where, representing Europe, he came second behind the American Mike Tully.

The next season while again full of victories at various meetings, saw Kozakiewicz narrowly missing out on medals at two major international competitions. First he came fifth at the 1978 European Indoor Championships in Milan, and then, affected by an illness, fourth at the 1978 European Championships in Prague. The latter performance was deemed a big loss by the federation and he was handed another half-year disqualification.[7]

In 1979 Kozakiewicz won the European Indoor Championships in Vienna, his second gold at this competition, improving the indoor European record to 5.58 metres. He later won the 1979 Summer Universiade in Mexico City where at altitude he jumped 5.60 metres.

The 1980 season did not start very well as he finished only fourth at the 1980 European Indoor Championships in Sindelfingen, West Germany, the competition won by the Soviet Konstantin Volkov, who would be Kozakiewicz's main rival at the upcoming Moscow Olympics. However, in May that year at a meeting in Milan, Kozakiewicz for the first time in his career broke the world record with a mark of 5.72 metres. The record was later that summer bettered by two Frenchmen, first Thierry Vigneron added three centimetres to it and then Philippe Houvion another two, setting it at 5.77 metres.

Olympic gold and Kozakiewicz's gesture

[edit]
Kozakiewicz's gesture.[8]

The sporting level in the Olympic final which took place on 30 July 1980 at the Central Lenin Stadium in Moscow, was significantly higher than four years earlier with no less than six athletes jumping higher than the previous Olympic record. The atmosphere at the stadium, however, as it was for the entire games was very hostile with the local Soviet crowd booing, hissing, and whistling at every non-Soviet competitor's attempt. Soviet officials even tried to disrupt Kozakiewicz by opening doors to the stadium during his jumps so wind conditions would disturb him.[9]

This irritated Kozakiewicz who, after jumping 5.70 metres, higher than any other competitor that day, showed the bras d'honneur gesture in defiance to the jeering spectators. He then repeated the gesture after clearing 5.75 metres which ensured his victory over the local favourite, Konstantin Volkov. He finally confirmed his dominance over the competition by breaking the world record with 5.78 meters. This was the first time since 1920 that the world record in pole vault was broken at the Olympic Games.

The photos of the incident circled the globe, with the exception of the Soviet Union and its satellites, although the event was broadcast live on TV in many countries of the Eastern Bloc. While international observers varied in their reaction to the incident, Kozakiewicz's act received much support in Polish society, which resented Soviet control over Eastern Europe (Poland was in the midst of labour strikes that led to the creation of the labour union Solidarity less than two months later). After the 1980 Olympics ended, the Soviet ambassador to Poland demanded that Kozakiewicz be stripped of his medal over his "insult to the Soviet people".[10] The official response of the Polish government was that Kozakiewicz's arm gesture had been an involuntary muscle spasm caused by his exertion.[1]

In an interview years later, Kozakiewicz gave his thoughts about the incident:[11]

The Russian crowd was whistling... at any non-Russian contestant. They were whistling to distract us, you can only imagine the noise: 70,000 people at the Luzhniki Stadium, probably only 10,000 of them were tourists.

It occurred to me that I'm the only person in the world who got whistled at for breaking the world record. So when I landed, I showed them this 'Polish shaft', the nicest one you can imagine. I expressed my anger at the whistling Soviet audience; nobody whistles in athletics. If you take a look at TV broadcasts, you find that people either clap rhythmically when they feel like it, or simply sit quietly.

After Moscow

[edit]

In 1982, struggling to get into form after splitting from his long-time coach Ryszard Tomaszewski, Kozakiewicz won what would be his last medal for Poland, a bronze at the 1982 European Indoor Championships in Milan.[12] In the summer, he decided to skip the outdoor European Championships citing poor form, for which he received another 6-month disqualification from PZLA. The following 1983 season did not begin well for Kozakiewicz as he finished only 9th at the 1983 European Indoor Championships in Budapest. After that poor showing he reunited with coach Tomaszewski and tried to build form for the 1983 World Championships in Helsinki. He eventually finished eighth in that event clearing 5.40 metres. In the Olympic year of 1984, Kozakiewicz jumped much better reaching 5.75 metres in July. However, due to a Soviet-led boycott of the Los Angeles Olympics most athletes from the Eastern bloc could not compete in the Games. Instead, an alternative event was organised for the socialist countries, the Friendship Games, with men's athletics being contested in Moscow. Kozakiewicz, not willing to take part in what he saw as a farcical event, took only one successful attempt at 5.40 metres before feigning an injury and calling it quits.[13] His performance angered the Polish federation which demanded that he immediately return to Poland from a meeting in Brussels in which he took part soon after the Friendship Games and after he refused he was disqualified again.[14][15]

Defection to West Germany

[edit]

Even after his disqualification ended in 1985, Kozakiewicz was not allowed to participate in meetings abroad unless he jumped 5.70 metres. Given he was recovering from a knee surgery this did not seem realistic and not being able to support his family he decided to flee Poland. He last competed for his native country in April in São Paulo[16] and in July 1985 he defected to West Germany. A move which was intended to be a temporary means to earn some money before retiring would later turn out to be permanent. He based himself in Hannover, and joined a local club where he also became a pole vaulting coach. In May 1986 Kozakiewicz gained West German citizenship as his wife's grandparents were born in Germany.[17] Soon after he set a new West German record of 5.70 metres which lasted until 1994. In 1988 Kozakiewicz jumped 5.62 metres, the standard for the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, however, according to the rules, the Polish federation had to give him permission to compete for a new country at the Olympics, which it did not.[18] Kozakiewicz retired from professional athletics in 1989.

After athletics

[edit]

In the 1980s and 1990s apart from training young talents, he also worked as a manager for many professional athletes, mostly from the former Soviet Union.[19] Between 1998 and 2002 he was a member of the Gdynia city council.[citation needed] In 2011, he ran unsuccessfully for the Polish parliament from the lists of the Polish People's Party.[citation needed]

Personal life

[edit]
Copy of W. Kozakiewicz medal and autograph in Sports Star Avenue in Dziwnów

Since 1977 he has been married to Anna Kozakiewicz, a former swimmer. They have two daughters Katarzyna (b. 1979) and Małgorzata (b. 1983).[20] In December 1986, he settled in Bissendorf, Lower Saxony, northwestern Germany, where he lives to this day.[21]

International competitions

[edit]
Year Competition Venue Position Notes
Representing  Poland
1974 European Championships Rome, Italy 2nd 5.35 m
1975 European Indoor Championships Katowice, Poland 3rd 5.30 m
1976 Olympic Games Montreal, Canada 11th 5.25 m
1977 European Indoor Championships San Sebastián, Spain 1st 5.51 m
Universiade Sofia, Bulgaria 1st 5.55 m
World Cup Düsseldorf, West Germany 2nd 5.55 m
1978 European Indoor Championships Milan, Italy 5th 5.40 m
European Championships Prague, Czechoslovakia 4th 5.45 m
1979 European Indoor Championships Vienna, Austria 1st 5.58 m
Universiade Mexico City, Mexico 1st 5.60 m
1980 European Indoor Championships Sindelfingen, West Germany 4th 5.50 m
Olympic Games Moscow, Soviet Union 1st 5.78 m
1982 European Indoor Championships Milan, Italy 3rd 5.60 m
1983 European Indoor Championships Budapest, Hungary 9th 5.30 m
World Championships Helsinki, Finland 8th 5.40 m
1984 Friendship Games Moscow, Soviet Union 6th 5.40 m

Season bests

[edit]
  • 1969 – 3.85
  • 1971 – 4.65
  • 1972 – 5.02
  • 1973 – 5.35
  • 1974 – 5.38
  • 1975 – 5.60
  • 1976 – 5.62
  • 1977 – 5.66
  • 1978 – 5.62
  • 1979 – 5.61
  • 1980 – 5.78
  • 1981 – 5.62
  • 1982 – 5.60
  • 1983 – 5.62
  • 1984 – 5.70
  • 1985 – 5.55i
  • 1986 – 5.70
  • 1987 – 5.65
  • 1988 – 5.55
  • 1989 – 5.50

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Gest Kozakiewicza" (in Italian). sportvintage.it. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  2. ^ Kozakiewicz, Władysław; Pol, Michał (2013). Nie mówcie mi jak mam żyć (in Polish). Warsaw: Agora SA. ISBN 978-83-268-1281-1.
  3. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 25–27.
  4. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 101.
  5. ^ Lis, Jan (1984). "Magia wysokości". Poczet polskich olimpijczyków 1924–1984: Montreal '76, Moskwa '80 (in Polish). Vol. 6. Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. p. 33. ISBN 83-03-00579-0.
  6. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 155–161.
  7. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 276.
  8. ^ Władysław Kozakiewicz makes a gesture towards booing and jeering Soviet crowds seconds after securing his gold medal in the 1980 Summer Olympics pole vault competition at the Lenin Grand Stadium, 30 July 1980.
  9. ^ "Top 10 Scandals in Summer Olympic History". Bleacher Report.
  10. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Władysław Kozakiewicz". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  11. ^ Kępa, Marek (19 June 2018). "Explaining Kozakiewicz's Gesture: Poland's Most Scandalous Arm". culture.pl.
  12. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 274.
  13. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 285.
  14. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 289.
  15. ^ "Half jaar schorsing voor Kozakiewicz". De Volkskrant (in Dutch). 14 September 1984. p. 13. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  16. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 290.
  17. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 300.
  18. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 306–307.
  19. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 319–325.
  20. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013 p. 185–203.
  21. ^ Kozakiewicz/Pol 2013, p. 304.
[edit]
Records
Preceded by Men's Pole Vault World Record Holder
11 May 1980 – 29 June 1980
Succeeded by
Preceded by Men's Pole Vault World Record Holder
30 July 1980 – 20 June 1981
Succeeded by
Sporting positions
Preceded by Men's Pole Vault Best Year Performance
1977
Succeeded by
Preceded by Men's Pole Vault Best Year Performance
1980
Succeeded by