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{{ref improve|date=January 2013}}
{{ref improve|date=January 2013}}
{{other ships|HNLMS Rotterdam}}
{{other ships|HNLMS Rotterdam}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
}}
{{Infobox ship image
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = [[File:HNLMS Rotterdam at Nieuwe Waterweg, Starboard Bow, 05.09.2016.jpg|300px|Rotterdam]]
| Ship image = [[File:HNLMS Rotterdam at Nieuwe Waterweg, Starboard Bow, 05.09.2016.jpg|300px|Rotterdam]]
| Ship caption = Rotterdam
| Ship caption = ''Rotterdam''
}}
}}
{{Infobox ship career
{{Infobox ship career
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| Ship namesake = [[Rotterdam]]
| Ship namesake = [[Rotterdam]]
| Ship operator = {{navy|Netherlands}}
| Ship operator = {{navy|Netherlands}}
| Ship original cost = [[Guilder|ƒ]]265m <ref>{{cite web|author=Jaime Karremann|url=https://marineschepen.nl/schepen/rotterdam.html |title=Zr.Ms. Rotterdam LPD |publisher=marineschepen.nl |date=2016-09-08|language=Dutch|accessdate=2018-03-26}}</ref>
| Ship original cost = $140m <ref>{{cite web|author=Jaime Karremann|url=https://marineschepen.nl/schepen/rotterdam.html |title=Zr.Ms. Rotterdam LPD |publisher=marineschepen.nl |date=2016-09-08|language=nl|access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref>
| Ship awarded =
| Ship awarded =
| Ship builder = [[Damen Group|Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding]]
| Ship builder = [[Damen Group|Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding]]
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| Ship fate =
| Ship fate =
| Ship status = {{ship in active service}}
| Ship status = {{ship in active service}}
| Ship badge = [[File:KM Zr Ms Rotterdam (L800).svg|150px]]
| Ship notes =
| Ship notes =
}}
}}
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| Hide header =
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Header caption =
| Ship type = [[Landing platform dock]]
| Ship type = {{sclass|Rotterdam|landing platform dock}}
| Ship displacement = *12,750 t
| Ship displacement = *12,750 t
* 14,000 full load
* 14,000 full load
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| Ship endurance = 6 weeks
| Ship endurance = 6 weeks
| Ship boats = 4 x LCVP
| Ship boats = 4 x LCVP
| Ship capacity = 90 armoured personnel carriers or 32 main battle tanks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/inhoud/materieel/schepen/amfibische-transportschepen |title=Amfibische transportschepen |publisher=Koninklijke Marine |accessdate=7 November 2011|language=nl}}</ref>
| Ship capacity = 90 armoured personnel carriers or 32 main battle tanks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/inhoud/materieel/schepen/amfibische-transportschepen |title=Amfibische transportschepen |publisher=Koninklijke Marine |access-date=7 November 2011|language=nl}}</ref>
| Ship troops = 611 marines
| Ship troops = 611 marines
| Ship complement =
| Ship complement =
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| Ship time to activate =
| Ship time to activate =
| Ship sensors = *Thales NS100 air / surface search
| Ship sensors = *Thales NS100 air / surface search
* GateKeeper Electro-optical 360° surveillance system
* IRSCAN
* SATCOM, [[Link 11]], JMCIS
* SATCOM, [[Link 11]], JMCIS
| Ship EW = * 1 × AN/[[SLQ-25 Nixie]] torpedo decoy
| Ship EW = * 1 × AN/[[SLQ-25 Nixie]] torpedo decoy
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| Ship armour =
| Ship armour =
| Ship aircraft =
| Ship aircraft =
| Ship aircraft facilities = [[Hangar]] for 6 x [[AgustaWestland]] [[Westland Lynx|Lynx]] or 3 x [[NH-90]] or [[AS-532]] Cougar helicopter and stern helicopter flight deck
| Ship aircraft facilities = [[Hangar]] for 6 x [[AgustaWestland]] [[Westland Lynx|Lynx]] or 3 x [[NHIndustries NH90#NFH: NATO Frigate Helicopter|NH90 NFH]] or [[Eurocopter_AS532_Cougar|H215M]] Cougar helicopter and stern helicopter flight deck
| Ship notes =
| Ship notes =
}}
}}
|}
|}
'''HNLMS ''Rotterdam''''' ({{lang-nl|Zr.Ms. Rotterdam}}) is a [[Landing Platform Dock]] (LPD) [[amphibious warfare]] ship of the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]]. The ship is named after the Dutch city of [[Rotterdam]].
'''HNLMS ''Rotterdam''''' ({{langx|nl|Zr.Ms. Rotterdam}}) is the lead ship in the {{sclass|Rotterdam|landing platform dock}}{{cn|date=May 2023}} of the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |title="Ships" |url=https://english.defensie.nl/organisation/navy/navy-units/ships |website=Royal Netherlands Navy |date=6 April 2018 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> The ship is named after the Dutch city of [[Rotterdam]].


==Design==
==Design==
She was the result of a joint project between the Netherlands and [[Spanish Navy|Spain]], which resulted in the [[Enforcer (ship)|Enforcer]] design. The ship is equipped with a large [[helicopter deck]] for helicopter operations and a dock for large [[landing craft]]. The ship has a complete Class II hospital,{{clarify |date=October 2018 |reason=What is a Class II? Is there a I, III, IV? }} including an operating theater and intensive care facilities. A surgical team can be stationed on board. The ship also has a desalination system enabling it to convert seawater into drinking water.
'''HNLMS ''Rotterdam''''' was the result of a joint project between the Netherlands and [[Spanish Navy|Spain]], which resulted in the [[Enforcer (ship)|Enforcer]] design. The ship is equipped with a large [[helicopter deck]] for helicopter operations and a dock for large [[landing craft]]. The ship has a complete Echelon II hospital – a step above a first aid unit, but below a fully-functional hospital<ref>{{cite web |title=Role/Echelon 2 |url=https://www.u-project.eu/Role2 |website=U Project |access-date=17 January 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> – including an operating theater and intensive care facilities. A surgical team can be stationed on board. The ship also has a desalination system enabling it to convert seawater into drinking water.

===Modifications===
In December 2014, the Netherlands Defence Materiel Organisation (DMO) announced the selection of Thales NS100 AESA radar to replace the DA08 air search radar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/digital-battlespace/thales-ns100-radar-selected-netherlands/|title = Thales' NS100 radar selected by the Netherlands - Shephard Media}}</ref> The new radar was installed on the redesigned foremast of the ship during her 2018 Major Refit Midlife Update Programme as executed by the RNLN Dockyards organisation DMI.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://magazines.defensie.nl/materieelgezien/2018/04/07_rotterdam |title= Rotterdam nieuwe stijl |author= Djenna Perreijn |date=19 June 2018|website= Materieelgezien |publisher= Defensie.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://marineschepen.nl/nieuws/Rotterdam-rondt-eerste-deelt-instandhouding-af-010918.html|title= Zr.Ms. Rotterdam rondt eerste deel instandhouding af en is op weg naar Den Helder |author= Jaime Karremann |date=1 September 2018|website= Marineschepen.nl|language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://marineschepen.nl/nieuws/Rotterdam-pronkstuk-van-de-marine-tijdens-Wereldhavendagen-2019-Rotterdam-040919.html|title= Zr.Ms. Rotterdam pronkstuk van marine tijdens Wereldhavendagen |author= Robbie Warmerdam |date=30 August 2019|website= Marineschepen.nl|language=Dutch}}</ref> She rejoined the fleet in mid-2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://marineschepen.nl/nieuws/Zr-Ms-Rotterdam-na-onderhoud-weer-naar-zee-190719.html |title= Zr.Ms. Rotterdam na onderhoud en verbouwing weer naar zee |author= Jaime Karremann |date=18 July 2019|website= Marineschepen.nl|language=Dutch}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
HNLMS ''Rotterdam'' was built at the [[Damen Group|Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding]] in Vlissingen. The [[keel laying]] took place on 23 February 1996 and the [[Ceremonial ship launching|launching]] on 22 February 1997. The ship was put into service on 18 April 1998.<ref name="helis.com">{{cite web |url= https://www.helis.com/database/unit/1226-Hr-Ms-Rotterdam/|title=helis.com|accessdate=17 August 2018}}</ref>
HNLMS ''Rotterdam'' was built at the [[Damen Group|Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding]] in Vlissingen. The [[keel laying]] took place on 23 February 1996 and the [[Ceremonial ship launching|launching]] on 22 February 1997. The ship was put into service on 18 April 1998.<ref name="helis.com">{{cite web |url= https://www.helis.com/database/unit/1226-Hr-Ms-Rotterdam/|title=helis.com|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>


The ship participated in an exercise called ''Floating Care'' in 1998. In December 1998 she transported Dutch troops to [[North Macedonia]]. In 1999 ''Rotterdam'' participated in the NATO operation ''Allied Harbour'' in [[Albania]]. She acted there as transport for Dutch marines and materials. Later that year she participated in the NATO exercise ''Bright Star'' off Egypt. In 2000 she would participate in the joint British-French-Dutch-American exercise called ''Deux Tricolores'' in the Caribbean. She later supported the Dutch-Canadian battalion for the UN mission UNMEE in Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 2001 she also participated in the NATO exercise ''Destined Glory'' off Spain. ''Rotterdam'' was send to Liberia for the UN mission UNMIL in 2003.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|author=Jaime Karremann|url=https://marineschepen.nl/schepen/rotterdam.html |title=Zr.Ms. Rotterdam LPD |publisher=marineschepen.nl |date=2016-09-08|language=Dutch|accessdate=2019-09-11}}</ref>
The ship participated in an exercise called ''Floating Care'' in 1998. In December 1998 she transported Dutch troops to [[North Macedonia]]. In 1999 ''Rotterdam'' participated in the NATO operation ''Allied Harbour'' in [[Albania]]. She acted there as transport for Dutch marines and materials. Later that year she participated in the NATO exercise ''Bright Star'' off Egypt. In 2000 she would participate in the joint British-French-Dutch-American exercise called ''Deux Tricolores'' in the Caribbean. She later supported the Dutch-Canadian battalion for the UN mission UNMEE in Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 2001 she also participated in the NATO exercise ''Destined Glory'' off Spain. ''Rotterdam'' was sent to Liberia for the UN mission UNMIL in 2003.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|author=Jaime Karremann|url=https://marineschepen.nl/schepen/rotterdam.html |title=Zr.Ms. Rotterdam LPD |publisher=marineschepen.nl |date=2016-09-08|language=nl|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>


In October 2012, while serving as the flagship for [[Operation Ocean Shield]], ''Rotterdam'' sank a suspected Somali pirate ship off the east coast of Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/dutch-warship-destroys-pirate-mother-ship/story?id=17554703#.UIl3jY7ffe4 |title=Dutch Warship Destroys Pirate 'Mother Ship' |publisher=ABC News |date=24 October 2012 |accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref> ''Rotterdam'' came under sustained attack from shore based weapons while rescuing the crew of the sunken ship and sustained damage to one of her small boats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=118332 |title=Counterpiracy Flagship Comes Under Fire Off Somalia's Coast |publisher=United States Department of Defense |date=25 October 2012 |accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref>
In October 2012, while serving as the flagship for [[Operation Ocean Shield]], ''Rotterdam'' sank a suspected Somali pirate ship off the east coast of Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/dutch-warship-destroys-pirate-mother-ship/story?id=17554703#.UIl3jY7ffe4 |title=Dutch Warship Destroys Pirate 'Mother Ship' |publisher=ABC News |date=24 October 2012 |access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref> ''Rotterdam'' came under sustained attack from shore based weapons while rescuing the crew of the sunken ship and sustained damage to one of her small boats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=118332 |title=Counterpiracy Flagship Comes Under Fire Off Somalia's Coast |publisher=United States Department of Defense |date=25 October 2012 |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235108/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=118332 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


In August 2013 ''Rotterdam'' departed for the west coast of Africa to participate in an exercise called ''African Winds''.<ref name="auto"/> The ship participated in an exercise called ''Emerald Move'' held in the Mediterranean sea in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://magazines.defensie.nl/defensiekrant/2016/21/sardinie-emerald-move |title= Sardinië ‘bevrijd’ tijdens unieke oefening |author= Jessica Bode |date=21 October 2016|website= Defensiekrant |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref> That same year the ''Rotterdam'', together with [[HNLMS Johan de Witt|HNLMS ''Johan de Witt'']], also took part in the NATO exercise Cold Response in the [[Norwegian Fjords]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://magazines.defensie.nl/defensiekrant/2016/05/coldcase_artikel |title= Oefenen tussen de Noorse fjorden |author= Jopke Rozenberg-van Lisdonk |date=11 March 2016|website= Defensiekrant |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref>
In August 2013 ''Rotterdam'' departed for the west coast of Africa to participate in an exercise called ''African Winds''.<ref name="auto"/>
The ship participated in an exercise called ''Emerald Move'' held in the Mediterranean sea in 2016.<ref name="auto"/>


In 2017 ''Rotterdam'' escorted the Russian frigate [[Russian frigate Admiral Grigorovich|''Admiral Grigorovich'']] in the [[North Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://magazines.defensie.nl/defensiekrant/2017/15/marineescort |title= Marine houdt voortuin op orde |author= Leo de Rooij |date=11 August 2017|website= Defensiekrant |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref>
In December 2014, the Netherlands Defence Materiel Organisation (DMO) announced the selection of Thale NS100 AESA radar to replace the DA08 air search radar. <ref>https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/digital-battlespace/thales-ns100-radar-selected-netherlands/</ref>

In 2020 ''Rotterdam'' left the Netherlands for England for a exercise.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://magazines.defensie.nl/defensiekrant/2020/06/01_wind-marine_06
|title= Storm plaagt Zr.Ms. Rotterdam |author= Jessica Bode |date=14 February 2020|website= Defensiekrant |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref> That same year ''Rotterdam'' also participated in Baltic Breeze 2020 alongside other RNLN ships.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://magazines.defensie.nl/defensiekrant/2020/22/04_baltic-breeze_22|title= Marine kiest het ruime sop |author= Jessica Bode |date=5 June 2020|website= Defensiekrant |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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==See also==
==See also==
* {{sclass-|Galicia|landing platform dock}}
* {{sclass|Galicia|landing platform dock}}
* {{HNLMS|Johan de Witt|L801}}
* {{HNLMS|Johan de Witt|L801}}


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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|L800 Zr.Ms. Rotterdam (ship, 1998)}}
{{Commons category|IMO 9109756}}
* [https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/inhoud/materieel/schepen/amfibische-transportschepen Rotterdam at defensie.nl]
* [https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/inhoud/materieel/schepen/amfibische-transportschepen Rotterdam at defensie.nl]
* [http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/rotterdam/ Naval-technology.com: Rotterdam-class]
* [http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/rotterdam/ Naval-technology.com: Rotterdam-class]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Rotterdam}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rotterdam}}
[[Category:Rotterdam-class landing platform docks]]
[[Category:1997 ships]]
[[Category:1997 ships]]
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessels of the Royal Netherlands Navy]]
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessels of the Royal Netherlands Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built by Koninklijke Maatschappij De Schelde]]



{{Post1945DutchShips}}
{{Post1945DutchShips}}

Latest revision as of 12:58, 12 December 2024

For other ships with the same name, see HNLMS Rotterdam.
Rotterdam
Rotterdam
History
Netherlands
NameRotterdam
NamesakeRotterdam
Operator Royal Netherlands Navy
BuilderDamen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding
Cost$140m [1]
Laid down23 February 1996
Launched22 February 1997
Commissioned18 April 1998
HomeportDen Helder
Identification
Statusin active service
Badge
General characteristics
TypeRotterdam-class landing platform dock
Displacement
  • 12,750 t
  • 14,000 full load
Length166 metres (545 ft)
Beam27 metres (89 ft)
Draft6 metres (20 ft)
Propulsion
  • Diesel-electric system
  • 4 × Stork Wärtsilä 12SW28 diesel generators at 14.6 MW
  • 4 × Holec electric motor (two in tandem per shaft) at 12 MW
  • 2 shafts
  • bow thruster
Speed19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)
Range6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km; 6,900 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Endurance6 weeks
Boats & landing
craft carried		4 x LCVP
Capacity90 armoured personnel carriers or 32 main battle tanks[2]
Troops611 marines
Crew128
Sensors and
processing systems
  • Thales NS100 air / surface search
  • GateKeeper Electro-optical 360° surveillance system
  • SATCOM, Link 11, JMCIS
Electronic warfare
& decoys		1 × AN/SLQ-25 Nixie torpedo decoy
Armament
Aviation facilitiesHangar for 6 x AgustaWestland Lynx or 3 x NH90 NFH or H215M Cougar helicopter and stern helicopter flight deck

HNLMS Rotterdam (Dutch: Zr.Ms. Rotterdam) is the lead ship in the Rotterdam-class landing platform dock[citation needed] of the Royal Netherlands Navy.[3] The ship is named after the Dutch city of Rotterdam.

Design

[edit]

HNLMS Rotterdam was the result of a joint project between the Netherlands and Spain, which resulted in the Enforcer design. The ship is equipped with a large helicopter deck for helicopter operations and a dock for large landing craft. The ship has a complete Echelon II hospital – a step above a first aid unit, but below a fully-functional hospital[4] – including an operating theater and intensive care facilities. A surgical team can be stationed on board. The ship also has a desalination system enabling it to convert seawater into drinking water.

Modifications

[edit]

In December 2014, the Netherlands Defence Materiel Organisation (DMO) announced the selection of Thales NS100 AESA radar to replace the DA08 air search radar.[5] The new radar was installed on the redesigned foremast of the ship during her 2018 Major Refit Midlife Update Programme as executed by the RNLN Dockyards organisation DMI.[6][7][8] She rejoined the fleet in mid-2019.[9]

History

[edit]

HNLMS Rotterdam was built at the Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding in Vlissingen. The keel laying took place on 23 February 1996 and the launching on 22 February 1997. The ship was put into service on 18 April 1998.[10]

The ship participated in an exercise called Floating Care in 1998. In December 1998 she transported Dutch troops to North Macedonia. In 1999 Rotterdam participated in the NATO operation Allied Harbour in Albania. She acted there as transport for Dutch marines and materials. Later that year she participated in the NATO exercise Bright Star off Egypt. In 2000 she would participate in the joint British-French-Dutch-American exercise called Deux Tricolores in the Caribbean. She later supported the Dutch-Canadian battalion for the UN mission UNMEE in Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 2001 she also participated in the NATO exercise Destined Glory off Spain. Rotterdam was sent to Liberia for the UN mission UNMIL in 2003.[11]

In October 2012, while serving as the flagship for Operation Ocean Shield, Rotterdam sank a suspected Somali pirate ship off the east coast of Africa.[12] Rotterdam came under sustained attack from shore based weapons while rescuing the crew of the sunken ship and sustained damage to one of her small boats.[13]

In August 2013 Rotterdam departed for the west coast of Africa to participate in an exercise called African Winds.[11] The ship participated in an exercise called Emerald Move held in the Mediterranean sea in 2016.[14] That same year the Rotterdam, together with HNLMS Johan de Witt, also took part in the NATO exercise Cold Response in the Norwegian Fjords.[15]

In 2017 Rotterdam escorted the Russian frigate Admiral Grigorovich in the North Sea.[16]

In 2020 Rotterdam left the Netherlands for England for a exercise.[17] That same year Rotterdam also participated in Baltic Breeze 2020 alongside other RNLN ships.[18]

[edit]
  • Rotterdam
    Rotterdam
  • Rotterdam well deck with LCVPs and rigid raider boats
    Rotterdam well deck with LCVPs and rigid raider boats

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jaime Karremann (2016-09-08). "Zr.Ms. Rotterdam LPD" (in Dutch). marineschepen.nl. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
  2. ^ "Amfibische transportschepen" (in Dutch). Koninklijke Marine. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  3. ^ ""Ships"". Royal Netherlands Navy. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  4. ^ "Role/Echelon 2". U Project. Retrieved 17 January 2022.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ "Thales' NS100 radar selected by the Netherlands - Shephard Media".
  6. ^ Djenna Perreijn (19 June 2018). "Rotterdam nieuwe stijl". Materieelgezien (in Dutch). Defensie.nl.
  7. ^ Jaime Karremann (1 September 2018). "Zr.Ms. Rotterdam rondt eerste deel instandhouding af en is op weg naar Den Helder". Marineschepen.nl (in Dutch).
  8. ^ Robbie Warmerdam (30 August 2019). "Zr.Ms. Rotterdam pronkstuk van marine tijdens Wereldhavendagen". Marineschepen.nl (in Dutch).
  9. ^ Jaime Karremann (18 July 2019). "Zr.Ms. Rotterdam na onderhoud en verbouwing weer naar zee". Marineschepen.nl (in Dutch).
  10. ^ "helis.com". Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  11. ^ a b Jaime Karremann (2016-09-08). "Zr.Ms. Rotterdam LPD" (in Dutch). marineschepen.nl. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
  12. ^ "Dutch Warship Destroys Pirate 'Mother Ship'". ABC News. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  13. ^ "Counterpiracy Flagship Comes Under Fire Off Somalia's Coast". United States Department of Defense. 25 October 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  14. ^ Jessica Bode (21 October 2016). "Sardinië 'bevrijd' tijdens unieke oefening". Defensiekrant (in Dutch). Defensie.nl.
  15. ^ Jopke Rozenberg-van Lisdonk (11 March 2016). "Oefenen tussen de Noorse fjorden". Defensiekrant (in Dutch). Defensie.nl.
  16. ^ Leo de Rooij (11 August 2017). "Marine houdt voortuin op orde". Defensiekrant (in Dutch). Defensie.nl.
  17. ^ Jessica Bode (14 February 2020). "Storm plaagt Zr.Ms. Rotterdam". Defensiekrant (in Dutch). Defensie.nl.
  18. ^ Jessica Bode (5 June 2020). "Marine kiest het ruime sop". Defensiekrant (in Dutch). Defensie.nl.
[edit]
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