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[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het gebouw van de Raad van Indië in Weltevreden Batavia TMnr 10015220.jpg|thumb|right|The Council of the Indies Building in Batavia]] |
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het gebouw van de Raad van Indië in Weltevreden Batavia TMnr 10015220.jpg|thumb|right|The Council of the Indies Building in Batavia]] |
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The '''Council of the Indies''' ({{lang-nl|Raad van Indië}}; {{lang-id|Dewan Hindia}}) was a body established in 1610 to advise and limit the powers of the [[governor-general of the Dutch East Indies]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Ricklefs| first = M.C. | author-link = M. C. Ricklefs | title = A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 | publisher = MacMillan |location = London| edition = 4th | year = 2008 | orig-year = 1981 | isbn = 978-0-230-54685-1|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Cribb| first1 = R.B |last2= Kahin | first2= Audrey | title = Historical Dictionary of Indonesia | publisher = Scarecrow Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780810849358|page=362}}</ref> |
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The '''Council of the Indies''' ({{langx|nl|Raad van Indië}}; {{langx|id|Dewan Hindia}}) was a body established in 1610 to advise and limit the powers of the [[governor-general of the Dutch East Indies]].{{sfn|Ricklefs|2008|p=59}}{{sfn|Cribb|Kahin|2004|p=362}} Following administrative reforms of 1836, the council was later renamed as the '''Council of the Dutch East Indies''' ({{langx|nl|Raad van Nederlandsch-Indië}}; {{langx|id|Dewan Hindia Belanda}}). |
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Initially the council had four members and a chairman, all Dutch nationals. In 1930, this was increased to six people, with citizens of the Dutch East Indies eligible for membership. The council was chaired by the governor-general. The Dutch monarch had the authority to make a final decision in the event of a disagreement between the governor-general and the council.{{sfn|Kusuma|2004|p=75}}{{sfn|Vandenbosch|1933|p=88}} |
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| ⚫ | Prior to |
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| ⚫ | Prior to 1836, the council had the same standing as the governor-general, but that year, its role was reduced to that of an advisory body. It regained some of its powers in 1854, when an act was passed obliging the governor-general to consult it before taking major measures, but he was still under no obligation to heed its advice.{{sfn|Angelino|1931|p=47}} Its powers were reduced again in 1925, but the governor-general still had to consult it before taking certain actions, including making announcements or sending proposals to the semi-legislative [[Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)|Volksraad]].{{sfn|Vandenbosch|1933|pp=86-87}} |
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| ⚫ | In a report sent to Governor-General [[Alidius Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer]] in 1938, the council recommended rejection of the [[Soetardjo Petition]], which had been signed by a number of members of the [[Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)|Volksraad]] and that asked for a conference to be organised to discuss the autonomy for the Dutch East Indies as part of a Dutch commonwealth. The council took the view that the demands of the petition were at odds with the Dutch constitution and that |
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| ⚫ | In a report sent to Governor-General [[Alidius Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer]] in 1938, the council recommended rejection of the [[Soetardjo Petition]], which had been signed by a number of members of the [[Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)|Volksraad]] and that asked for a conference to be organised to discuss the autonomy for the Dutch East Indies as part of a Dutch commonwealth. The council took the view that the demands of the petition were at odds with the Dutch constitution and that Indonesia was not ready to become a dominion.{{sfn|Abeyasekere|1973|pp=100-101}} |
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==Membership== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! !! 1922 !! 1931 !! 1941 |
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| '''Vice-president''' || [[w:nl:Henri Nicolas Alfred Swart|H.N.A. Swart]], appointed 2 Sep 1918 || [[Charles Welter|C.J.I.M. Welter]], appointed 10 Oct 1929 || H.J. Spit, appointed 21 Nov 1938 |
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| '''Members''' || P. de Roo de la Faille, appointed 3 Feb 1919<br>L.J. Dukstra, appointed 9 Dec 1919<br>W. Frijling, appointed 2 Mar 1921<br>H.A. Kinderman, appointed 28 April 1921 || W.P. Hillen, appointed 15 May 1929<br>[[w:nl:Christiaan Wilhelm Bodenhausen|C.W. Bodenhausen]], appointed 10 Oct 1929<br>[[Achmad Djajadiningrat|A. Djajadiningrat]], appointed 1 Jan 1930<br>[[Adipati Soejono|A. Soejono]], appointed 1 Jan 1930<br>[[w:nl:Adam van Kan|A.H.M.J. van Kan]], appointed 6 Mar 1930<br>L.H.W. van Sandwick, appointed 18 Jul 1930 || F.H. Visman, appointed 23 Jun 1936<br>[[Harry Kuneman|J.H.B. Kuneman]], appointed 23 Jun 1936<br>G.F. de Bruyn Kops, appointed 21 Nov 1938<br>A. Soejono, appointed 29 Feb 1940 |
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| '''Secretary'''|| W.G. Stroband, appointed 2 Nov 1921 || W.G. Peekema (''ad interim)'', appointed 2 Dec 1929 || L.F. Jansen, appointed 25 Oct 1939 |
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| ''Source''|| ''Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1922''{{sfn|Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië|1922|p=47}}|| ''Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1931''{{sfn|Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië|1931|p=55}} ||''Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1941''{{sfn|Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië|1941|p=53}} |
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==Notes== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* {{Cite journal | last= Abeyasekere| first=Susan | date=April 1973| title=The Soetardjo Petition |journal=Indonesia|volume=15|issue=15| pages=81–108 |doi=10.2307/3350793|issn=0019-7289 |jstor=3350793| url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/53559/INDO_15_0_1107128614_81_107.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Angelino| first = A.D.A. De Kat | title = Colonial Policy, Volume II: The Dutch East Indies|language = English | publisher = Martinus Nijhoff |location = The Hague, Netherlands | year = 1931}} |
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* {{cite book | last1 = Cribb| first1 = R.B |last2= Kahin | first2= Audrey | title = Historical Dictionary of Indonesia | publisher = Scarecrow Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780810849358}} |
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| ⚫ | * {{cite book | last = Kusuma| first = A.B | title = Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 : memuat salinan dokumen otentik badan oentoek menyelidiki oesaha2 persiapan kemerdekaan|language = Indonesian |trans-title = The Birth of the 1945 Constitution: including copies of the authentic documents of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence | publisher =Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia |location = Depok, Indonesia| year = 2004 | isbn = 979-8972-28-7}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1922: Tweede gedeelte |language = Dutch | trans-title = Government almanac for the Dutch East Indies 1922: Second part |year = 1922 |url = https:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Regeerings-Almanak_voor_Nederlandsch-Indi%C3%AB_1922%2C_Volume_2.pdf |ref={{harvid|Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië|1931}}}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1931: Tweede gedeelte |language = Dutch | trans-title = Government almanac for the Dutch East Indies 1931: Second part |year = 1931 |url = https:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Regeerings-Almanak_voor_Nederlandsch-Indi%C3%AB_1922%2C_Volume_2.pdf |ref={{harvid|Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië|1922}}}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1941: Tweede gedeelte |language = Dutch | trans-title = Government almanac for the Dutch East Indies 1941: Second part |year = 1941 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VjUNAQAAIAAJ|ref={{harvid|Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië|1941}} |last1 = Indies |first1 = Dutch East }} |
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* {{Cite book | last = Ricklefs| first = M.C. | author-link = M. C. Ricklefs | title = A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 | publisher = MacMillan |location = London| edition = 4th | year = 2008 | orig-year = 1981 | isbn = 978-0-230-54685-1}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Vandenbosch| first = Amry | title = The Dutch East Indies, its government, problems, and politics | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans publishing company | year = 1933 | location = Grand Rapids, Mich. | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015065736905&view=1up&seq=92&skin=2021}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{Indonesia-stub}} |
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[[Category:17th-century establishments in Indonesia]] |
[[Category:17th-century establishments in Indonesia]] |
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[[Category:1610 establishments in Asia]] |
[[Category:1610 establishments in Asia]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:54, 12 December 2024
The Council of the Indies (Dutch: Raad van Indië; Indonesian: Dewan Hindia) was a body established in 1610 to advise and limit the powers of the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies.[1][2] Following administrative reforms of 1836, the council was later renamed as the Council of the Dutch East Indies (Dutch: Raad van Nederlandsch-Indië; Indonesian: Dewan Hindia Belanda).
Initially the council had four members and a chairman, all Dutch nationals. In 1930, this was increased to six people, with citizens of the Dutch East Indies eligible for membership. The council was chaired by the governor-general. The Dutch monarch had the authority to make a final decision in the event of a disagreement between the governor-general and the council.[3][4]
Prior to 1836, the council had the same standing as the governor-general, but that year, its role was reduced to that of an advisory body. It regained some of its powers in 1854, when an act was passed obliging the governor-general to consult it before taking major measures, but he was still under no obligation to heed its advice.[5] Its powers were reduced again in 1925, but the governor-general still had to consult it before taking certain actions, including making announcements or sending proposals to the semi-legislative Volksraad.[6]
In a report sent to Governor-General Alidius Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer in 1938, the council recommended rejection of the Soetardjo Petition, which had been signed by a number of members of the Volksraad and that asked for a conference to be organised to discuss the autonomy for the Dutch East Indies as part of a Dutch commonwealth. The council took the view that the demands of the petition were at odds with the Dutch constitution and that Indonesia was not ready to become a dominion.[7]
Membership
[edit]| 1922 | 1931 | 1941 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vice-president | H.N.A. Swart, appointed 2 Sep 1918 | C.J.I.M. Welter, appointed 10 Oct 1929 | H.J. Spit, appointed 21 Nov 1938 |
| Members | P. de Roo de la Faille, appointed 3 Feb 1919 L.J. Dukstra, appointed 9 Dec 1919 W. Frijling, appointed 2 Mar 1921 H.A. Kinderman, appointed 28 April 1921 |
W.P. Hillen, appointed 15 May 1929 C.W. Bodenhausen, appointed 10 Oct 1929 A. Djajadiningrat, appointed 1 Jan 1930 A. Soejono, appointed 1 Jan 1930 A.H.M.J. van Kan, appointed 6 Mar 1930 L.H.W. van Sandwick, appointed 18 Jul 1930 |
F.H. Visman, appointed 23 Jun 1936 J.H.B. Kuneman, appointed 23 Jun 1936 G.F. de Bruyn Kops, appointed 21 Nov 1938 A. Soejono, appointed 29 Feb 1940 |
| Secretary | W.G. Stroband, appointed 2 Nov 1921 | W.G. Peekema (ad interim), appointed 2 Dec 1929 | L.F. Jansen, appointed 25 Oct 1939 |
| Source | Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1922[8] | Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1931[9] | Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1941[10] |
Notes
[edit]- ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 59.
- ^ Cribb & Kahin 2004, p. 362.
- ^ Kusuma 2004, p. 75.
- ^ Vandenbosch 1933, p. 88.
- ^ Angelino 1931, p. 47.
- ^ Vandenbosch 1933, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Abeyasekere 1973, pp. 100–101.
- ^ Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1922, p. 47.
- ^ Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1931, p. 55.
- ^ Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1941, p. 53.
References
[edit]- Abeyasekere, Susan (April 1973). "The Soetardjo Petition" (PDF). Indonesia. 15 (15): 81–108. doi:10.2307/3350793. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3350793.
- Angelino, A.D.A. De Kat (1931). Colonial Policy, Volume II: The Dutch East Indies. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
- Cribb, R.B; Kahin, Audrey (2004). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810849358.
- Kusuma, A.B (2004). Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 : memuat salinan dokumen otentik badan oentoek menyelidiki oesaha2 persiapan kemerdekaan [The Birth of the 1945 Constitution: including copies of the authentic documents of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence] (in Indonesian). Depok, Indonesia: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia. ISBN 979-8972-28-7.
- Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1922: Tweede gedeelte [Government almanac for the Dutch East Indies 1922: Second part] (PDF) (in Dutch). 1922.
- Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1931: Tweede gedeelte [Government almanac for the Dutch East Indies 1931: Second part] (PDF) (in Dutch). 1931.
- Indies, Dutch East (1941). Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1941: Tweede gedeelte [Government almanac for the Dutch East Indies 1941: Second part] (in Dutch).
- Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981]. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 (4th ed.). London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-54685-1.
- Vandenbosch, Amry (1933). The Dutch East Indies, its government, problems, and politics. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans publishing company.