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Coordinates: 25°22′51″N 83°01′28″E / 25.3808°N 83.0245°E / 25.3808; 83.0245
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{{short description|Gupta-era stupa at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{short description|Post Gupta-era stupa at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Dhamek Stupa <br/> <small> धामेक स्तूप {{in lang|hi}}</small>
| building_name = Dhamek Stupa <br/> {{nobold|धमेख स्तूप {{in lang|hi}}}}
| image = Dhamek Stupa, Sarnath.jpg
| image = Dhamek Stupa, Sarnath.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Dhamek Stupa is located in [[Sarnath]], [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| caption = Dhamek Stupa is located in [[Sarnath]], Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| map_size = 250
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = yes
| map_relief = yes
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| location = {{flagicon|India}} [[Sarnath]], [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| location = {{flagicon|India}} [[Sarnath]], Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.3808|83.0245|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|25.3808|83.0245|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| architecture_type = [[Stupa]]
| architecture_type = [[Stupa]]
| architecture_style = [[Buddhist architecture|Buddhist]], [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]
| architecture_style = [[Buddhist architecture|Buddhist]], [[Mauryan | Mauryan art]]
| year_completed = 5th-6th century AD<ref name="MSD">{{cite book |last1=Dodson |first1=Michael S. |title=Banaras: Urban Forms and Cultural Histories |date=31 January 2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-36564-1 |page=75, note 39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT75 |language=en|quote="However, the Dhamek was conclusively dated as a Gupta period (5th-6th century) monument (...) and was shown not to have been built by the Mauryas Emperor Ashoka"}}</ref>
| year_completed = 500 CE
| length = {{convert|28|m|ft|abbr=off}}<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/Sarnath/Sarnath-attractions-that-you-shouldnt-skip/ps56469286.cms | title=Sarnath attractions that you shouldn't skip | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
| length = {{convert|28|m|ft|abbr=off}}<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/Sarnath/Sarnath-attractions-that-you-shouldnt-skip/ps56469286.cms | title=Sarnath attractions that you shouldn't skip | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
| width = {{convert|28|m|ft|abbr=off}}<ref name=timesofindia/>
| width = {{convert|28|m|ft|abbr=off}}<ref name=timesofindia/>
Line 24: Line 24:
| administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
}}
}}
The '''Dhamek Stupa''' (also spelled ''Dhamekh'' and ''Dhamekha'', traced to Sanskrit version Dharmarajika Stupa, which can be translated as the Stupa of the reign of Dharma) is a massive [[stupa]] located at [[Sarnath]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/dhamekh-stupa.html|title=Dhamekh Stupa Sarnath, Varanasi India|publisher=iloveindia.com}}</ref> The Dhamek Stupa marks the precise location where [[the Buddha]] preached [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta|his first discourse]] to his first five disciples ([[Kaundinya]], [[Assaji]], [[Bhaddiya]], [[Vappa]] and [[Mahānāman|Mahanama]]), and where all five eventually became fully liberated.<ref name=vridhamma>{{cite web|title=Historical Places of the Buddha &#124|publisher=Vipassana Research Institute|location=Igatpuri, Maharashtra, India|url=https://www.vridhamma.org/Historical-Places-of-the-Buddha|accessdate=December 13, 2022}}</ref>
'''Dhamek Stupa''' (also spelled ''Dhamekh'' and ''Dhamekha'') is a massive [[stupa]] located in Deer Park at [[Sarnath]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/dhamekh-stupa.html|title=Dhamekh Stupa Sarnath, Varanasi India|publisher=iloveindia.com}}</ref> One of the eight most important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists, the Dhamek Stupa marks the location where [[the Buddha]] gave [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta|his first teaching]] to his first five disciples [[Kaundinya]], [[Assaji]], Bhaddiya, Vappa and Mahanama. All five disciples eventually became fully liberated.<ref name=vridhamma>{{cite web|title=Historical Places of the Buddha &#124|publisher=Vipassana Research Institute|location=Igatpuri, Maharashtra, India|url=https://www.vridhamma.org/Historical-Places-of-the-Buddha|accessdate=December 13, 2022}}</ref> According to the ''[[Lalitavistara]]'' [[sutra]], the Buddha said he chooses ''"Deer Park by the Hill of the Fallen Sages, outside of Varanasi"'' for the location of his first teachings of Buddhism.<ref name=Nekhor/>

==Etymology==
The name ''Dhamek'' derives from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''dharmeksā'', which means "pondering of the law" in the [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]].{{sfn|Oertel|1908|p=60}}


==Location==
==Location==
Dhamek Stupa is located in Deer Park at Sarnath, which is located {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=off}} to the northeast of [[Varanasi]]. The ancient city of Banares, or Varanasi, was outside of Sarnath during the Buddha's time.<ref name=Nekhor> Samye Translations, "Sarnath:
⚫
[[File:Indika. The country and the people of India and Ceylon (1891) (14583657009).jpg|thumb|Dhamek Stupa, as it appeared in 1891]]
The First Turning of the Dharma Wheel", ''Nekhor: Circling the Sacred''.</ref> According to the [[Lalitavistara]] [[sutra]], when the Buddha decided to teach, he chose ''"Deer Park by the Hill of the Fallen Sages, outside of Varanasi"''.<ref name=Nekhor/>
Dhamek Stupa is located in Sarnath, {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=off}} to the northeast of [[Varanasi]], in Uttar Pradesh, India.


==Description==
==Description==
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==History==
==History==
The Dhamek Stupa marks the precise location where [[the Buddha]] preached [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta|his first discourse]] to his first five disciples ([[Kaundinya]], [[Assaji]], [[Bhaddiya]], [[Vappa]] and [[Mahānāman|Mahanama]]), and where all five eventually became fully liberated.<ref name=vridhamma>{{cite web | url=https://www.vridhamma.org/Historical-Places-of-the-Buddha | title=Historical Places of the Buddha &#124; Vipassana Research Institute }}</ref> This event marked the formation of the [[sangha]]. Several of the ancient sources describe the site of this first sermon as a ''Mriga-dayaa-vanam'' or a sanctuary for animals. (In Sanskrit, the word ''mriga'' is used in the sense of game animals, with deer being the most common).
Dhamek Stupa marks the location where [[the Buddha]] gave [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta|his first teaching]] to his first five disciples [[Kaundinya]], [[Assaji]], Bhaddiya, Vappa and Mahanama. All five eventually became fully liberated.<ref name=vridhamma/> This event also marked the formation of the [[sangha]]. Several of the ancient sources describe the site of this first teaching as a ''Mriga-dayaa-vanam'' or a sanctuary for animals, which was the founding reason for the establishment of Deer Park by a local king.<ref>Shubham Mansingka, "Deer Park", ''The Times of India'', 11 January 2017</ref> In Sanskrit, the word ''mriga'' is used in the sense of game animals, with deer being the most common.


After the [[parinirvana]] of the Buddha in 544 BCE, his remains were cremated and the ashes were divided and buried under eight stupas, with two further stupas encasing the urn and the embers. The Dhamek Stupa was presumably among these eight stupas. In 249 BCE, [[Mauryan]] King [[Ashoka]] commissioned the expansion of the Dhamek Stupa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html|title=Stupas|publisher=Indian Heritage|accessdate=2006-11-20|archive-date=8 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108045253/http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Dhamek Stupa was further expanded in 500 CE.<ref>''[[Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture]]'', 20th ed. (ed. by [[Dan Cruickshank]]). Architectural Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-7506-2267-9}}. Page 646.</ref>
After the [[parinirvana]] of the Buddha, his remains were cremated and the ashes were divided and buried under eight stupas, with two further stupas encasing the urn and the embers. The Dhamek Stupa was presumably among these eight stupas. The [[Mauryan]] King [[Ashoka]] may have commissioned the stupa's expansion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html|title=Stupas|publisher=Indian Heritage|accessdate=2006-11-20|archive-date=8 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108045253/http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The contemporary profile of the Dhamek Stupa has been conclusively dated to the [[Gupta Empire]] and the 5th-6th century CE.<ref>''[[Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture]]'', 20th ed. (ed. by [[Dan Cruickshank]]). Architectural Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-7506-2267-9}}. Page 646.</ref><ref name="MSD"/>


A 17th-century [[Jainism|Jain]] manuscript describes a Jain temple in Varanasi as a [[Tirtha (Jainism)|pilgrimage site for Jains]]. The temple is located close to "a famous Bodisattva sanctuary" at a place called ''dharmeksā''.{{sfn|Oertel|1908|p=60}}
⚫
The earliest mention of the Dhamek Stupa in modern literature was by [[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Jonathan Duncan]] in 1794.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.109815/page/n143/mode/2up | title=Historical Remarks on the Coast of Malabar Vol. 5 }}</ref><ref name=Cunningham1871>{{cite book|last=Cunningham|first=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Cunningham|title=Four reports made during the years 1862-63-64-65|volume=1|pages=103–30|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|location=Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India|year=1871|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94077/page/n225/mode/2up}}</ref>

In what is the first incontrovertible reference to the ruins at Sarnath, [[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Jonathan Duncan]] (a charter member of the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society]] and later [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency|Governor of Bombay]]) described the discovery of a green marble [[reliquary]] encased in a sandstone box in the relic chamber of a brick stupa at that location. The reliquary was discovered in January 1794, during the dismantling of a stupa (referred to by [[Alexander Cunningham]] as stupa "K" or the "Jagat Singh stupa",{{sfn|Oertel|1908|p=65}} later identified as the Dharmarajika Stupa)<ref name=ASI2014>{{cite web|author=Archaeological Survey of India|authorlink=Archaeological Survey of India|title=Dhamek Stupa|work=Our Monuments|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] - Sarnath Circle|location=Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh|year=2014|url=https://www.asisarnathcircle.org/dhamek-stupa.php|accessdate=1 January 2023}}</ref> by employees of [[Zamindar]] Jagat Singh (the [[dewan]] of [[Maharaja Chait Singh]], the [[Narayan dynasty|Raja of Benares]]).{{sfn|Oertel|1908|pp=61-62}} Duncan published his observations in 1799.{{sfn|Duncan|1799|pp=131-133}}{{sfn|Cunningham|1871|pp=118-119}}{{sfn|Asher|2020|p=22}} The reliquary contained a few bones and some pearls, which were subsequently thrown into the [[Ganges|Ganges river]].{{sfn|Sahni|1917|pp=17–20}} The reliquary itself has also disappeared, although the outer sandstone box was replaced in the relic chamber, where it was rediscovered by Cunningham in 1835.{{sfn|Oertel|1908|pp=61-62}} The bricks of the stupa were hauled off and used for the construction of the market in [[Jagatganj]], Varanasi.{{sfn|Sherring|1868|p=26}} Jagat Singh and his crew also removed a large part of the facing of the Dhamek Stupa, and removed several Buddha statues which he retained at his house in Jagatganj.{{sfn|Oertel|1908|pp=62-64}}


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<!--Do NOT move images from this section and place them in other places in the article. Images that do not add information to the article should be added here, and NOT in the article body itself. Please do not clutter the article with your pictures. -->
<!--Do NOT move images from this section and place them in other places in the article. Images that do not add information to the article should be added here, and NOT in the article body itself. Please do not clutter the article with your pictures. -->


<gallery perrow="2" widths="200px" heights="150px">
<gallery perrow="6" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Sarnath Dhamek Stupa 1814.jpg|Dhamek Stupa, a watercolour by Abdullah, Shaikh, 1819
File:Sarnath Dhamek Stupa 1814.jpg|As it appeared in 1814
⚫
File:Indika. The country and the people of India and Ceylon (1891) (14583657009).jpg|As it appeared in 1891
⚫
File:Stupas around the Dhamekh Stupa, Sarnath.jpg|Dhamekh Stupa
File:Sarnath excavation site 1907 (2).jpg|As it appeared in 1905. Camera angle from the ruins of the ancient Mulagandha Kuty Vihara towards the Dhamek Stupa; the [[Sarnath Jain Tirth|Sri Digamber Jain temple]] can be seen on the right side of the photograph.
⚫
Image:History of Dhamekh Stupa on Stone.jpg|History of Dhamekh Stupa
⚫
File:Stupas around the Dhamekh Stupa, Sarnath.jpg|As it appeared in 2008
<!-- Deleted image removed: Image:Asoka Pillar in Sarnath.jpg|Four "[[Indian lion]]" Lion Capital of Ashoka atop an [[Ashoka Pillar]] at [[Sarnath]] which was destroyed during Turk invasions of India missing the larger [[Dharma Chakra]] / [[Ashoka Chakra]] atop the four lions, now preserved at [[Sarnath Museum]] has been adopted as the [[National Emblem of India]] and the smaller Chakra in the base on which the lions are standing has become a part of the [[National Flag of India]]. -->
File:Dhamekh Stupa close-up, Sarnath.jpg|Dhamekh Stupa close-up
File:Dhamekh Stupa close up.jpg|Dhamekh Stupa wall close-up, as it appeared in 2008
File:Dhamekh Stupa close up.jpg|Dhamekh Stupa wall close-up
File:Dhamek Stupa 4.JPG|As it appeared in 2009
File:Dhamekh Stupa close-up, Sarnath.jpg|As it appeared in 2009 (close-up view)
File:Sarnath - Plan of Excavations.jpg|Sarnath - Plan of Excavations
⚫
Image:History of Dhamekh Stupa on Stone.jpg|Plaque at Sarnath historical site, outlining the history of Dhamekh Stupa (2010)
File:Dhamekh Stupa and Jain Temple, Sarnath.jpg|As it appeared in 2019. Camera angle from the ruins of the ancient Mulagandha Kuti Vihar towards the Dhamek Stupa; the [[Sarnath Jain Tirth|Shreyanshnath Jain Temple]] can be seen on the right side of the photograph (the Panchayatan Temple can also be seen in the middle).
Dhamekh Stupa and Bauddh Vihars at Sarnath.jpg|As it appeared in 2023. Camera angle from the far north of the ruins.
</gallery>
</gallery>


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{{Reflist|33em}}
{{Reflist|33em}}


==Cited works==
⚫
{{commons category|Dhamekh Stupa}}
*{{cite book|last=Asher|first=Frederick M.|title=Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began|publisher=Getty Research Institute|location=Los Angeles|year=2020|isbn=978-1606066164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ}}
⚫
*{{cite book|last=Cunningham|first=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Cunningham|title=Four reports made during the years 1862-63-64-65|volume=1|chapter=Banaras Sarnath|pages=103–130|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|location=Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India|year=1871|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94077/page/n225/mode/2up}}
*{{cite journal|last=Duncan|first=Johnathan|authorlink=Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|title=An Account of the Discovery of Two Urns in the Vicinity of Benares|journal=[[The_Asiatic_Society#Journal_of_the_Asiatic_Society|Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for enquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences and Literature, of Asia]]|volume=5|pages=131–3|year=1799|url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticresearche05asia/page/130/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book|last=Oertel|first=Friedrich Oscar|author-link=F. O. Oertel|title=Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905|chapter=Excavations at Sarnath|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|location=Calcutta|year=1908|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book|last=Sahni|first=Daya Ram|authorlink=Daya Ram Sahni|title=Guide to the Buddhist ruins of Sarnath|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|location=Calcutta|year=1917|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/83409}}
*{{cite book|last=Sherring|first=Matthew Atmore|authorlink=M. A. Sherring|title=Benares: The Sacred City of the Hindus|publisher=B. R. Publishing Corporation|location=Delhi|year=1868|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499299/page/n61/mode/2up}}

{{Sarnath Museum}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Varanasi}}
{{Archaeological sites in India}}

⚫
{{commons category|Dhamek Stupa}}
[[Category:5th century in India]]
[[Category:5th century in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Uttar Pradesh]]
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Gupta Empire]]
[[Category:Gupta Empire]]
[[Category:Sarnath]]
[[Category:Sarnath|Dhamek Stupa]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Varanasi district]]

Latest revision as of 18:07, 12 December 2024

Dhamek Stupa
धमेख स्तूप (in Hindi)
Dhamek Stupa is located in Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Religion
AffiliationBuddhism
StatusPreserved
Location
LocationIndia Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Dhamek Stupa is located in India
Dhamek Stupa
Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
Dhamek Stupa is located in Uttar Pradesh
Dhamek Stupa
Dhamek Stupa (Uttar Pradesh)
AdministrationArchaeological Survey of India
Geographic coordinates25°22′51″N 83°01′28″E / 25.3808°N 83.0245°E / 25.3808; 83.0245
Architecture
TypeStupa
StyleBuddhist, Mauryan art
Completed5th-6th century AD[1]
Specifications
Length28 metres (92 feet)[2]
Width28 metres (92 feet)[2]
Height (max)43 metres (141 feet)[2]
Materialswhite makrana marble

Dhamek Stupa (also spelled Dhamekh and Dhamekha) is a massive stupa located in Deer Park at Sarnath in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.[3] One of the eight most important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists, the Dhamek Stupa marks the location where the Buddha gave his first teaching to his first five disciples Kaundinya, Assaji, Bhaddiya, Vappa and Mahanama. All five disciples eventually became fully liberated.[4] According to the Lalitavistara sutra, the Buddha said he chooses "Deer Park by the Hill of the Fallen Sages, outside of Varanasi" for the location of his first teachings of Buddhism.[5]

Etymology

[edit]

The name Dhamek derives from the Sanskrit word dharmeksā, which means "pondering of the law" in the Sanskrit language.[6]

Location

[edit]

Dhamek Stupa is located in Deer Park at Sarnath, which is located 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) to the northeast of Varanasi. The ancient city of Banares, or Varanasi, was outside of Sarnath during the Buddha's time.[5] According to the Lalitavistara sutra, when the Buddha decided to teach, he chose "Deer Park by the Hill of the Fallen Sages, outside of Varanasi".[5]

Description

[edit]

Dhamek Stupa is the most massive structure in Sarnath.[7] In its current shape, the stupa is a solid cylinder of bricks and stone reaching a height of 43.6 meters and having a diameter of 28 meters. The basement seems to have survived from Ashoka's structure, while the stone facing displays delicate floral carvings characteristic of the Gupta era. The wall is covered with exquisitely carved figures of humans and birds, as well as inscriptions in Brahmi script.[8] The stupa was enlarged on six occasions but the upper part is still unfinished.[9] While visiting Sarnath in 640 CE, Xuanzang recorded that the colony had over 1,500 priests and the main stupa was nearly 300 feet (91 m) high.[10]

An Ashoka pillar with an edict engraved on it stands near the site.

History

[edit]

Dhamek Stupa marks the location where the Buddha gave his first teaching to his first five disciples Kaundinya, Assaji, Bhaddiya, Vappa and Mahanama. All five eventually became fully liberated.[4] This event also marked the formation of the sangha. Several of the ancient sources describe the site of this first teaching as a Mriga-dayaa-vanam or a sanctuary for animals, which was the founding reason for the establishment of Deer Park by a local king.[11] In Sanskrit, the word mriga is used in the sense of game animals, with deer being the most common.

After the parinirvana of the Buddha, his remains were cremated and the ashes were divided and buried under eight stupas, with two further stupas encasing the urn and the embers. The Dhamek Stupa was presumably among these eight stupas. The Mauryan King Ashoka may have commissioned the stupa's expansion.[12] The contemporary profile of the Dhamek Stupa has been conclusively dated to the Gupta Empire and the 5th-6th century CE.[13][1]

A 17th-century Jain manuscript describes a Jain temple in Varanasi as a pilgrimage site for Jains. The temple is located close to "a famous Bodisattva sanctuary" at a place called dharmeksā.[6]

In what is the first incontrovertible reference to the ruins at Sarnath, Jonathan Duncan (a charter member of the Asiatic Society and later Governor of Bombay) described the discovery of a green marble reliquary encased in a sandstone box in the relic chamber of a brick stupa at that location. The reliquary was discovered in January 1794, during the dismantling of a stupa (referred to by Alexander Cunningham as stupa "K" or the "Jagat Singh stupa",[14] later identified as the Dharmarajika Stupa)[15] by employees of Zamindar Jagat Singh (the dewan of Maharaja Chait Singh, the Raja of Benares).[16] Duncan published his observations in 1799.[17][18][19] The reliquary contained a few bones and some pearls, which were subsequently thrown into the Ganges river.[20] The reliquary itself has also disappeared, although the outer sandstone box was replaced in the relic chamber, where it was rediscovered by Cunningham in 1835.[16] The bricks of the stupa were hauled off and used for the construction of the market in Jagatganj, Varanasi.[21] Jagat Singh and his crew also removed a large part of the facing of the Dhamek Stupa, and removed several Buddha statues which he retained at his house in Jagatganj.[22]

[edit]
  • As it appeared in 1814
    As it appeared in 1814
  • As it appeared in 1891
    As it appeared in 1891
  • As it appeared in 1905. Camera angle from the ruins of the ancient Mulagandha Kuty Vihara towards the Dhamek Stupa; the Sri Digamber Jain temple can be seen on the right side of the photograph.
    As it appeared in 1905. Camera angle from the ruins of the ancient Mulagandha Kuty Vihara towards the Dhamek Stupa; the Sri Digamber Jain temple can be seen on the right side of the photograph.
  • As it appeared in 2008
    As it appeared in 2008
  • Dhamekh Stupa wall close-up, as it appeared in 2008
    Dhamekh Stupa wall close-up, as it appeared in 2008
  • As it appeared in 2009
    As it appeared in 2009
  • As it appeared in 2009 (close-up view)
    As it appeared in 2009 (close-up view)
  • Plaque at Sarnath historical site, outlining the history of Dhamekh Stupa (2010)
    Plaque at Sarnath historical site, outlining the history of Dhamekh Stupa (2010)
  • As it appeared in 2019. Camera angle from the ruins of the ancient Mulagandha Kuti Vihar towards the Dhamek Stupa; the Shreyanshnath Jain Temple can be seen on the right side of the photograph (the Panchayatan Temple can also be seen in the middle).
    As it appeared in 2019. Camera angle from the ruins of the ancient Mulagandha Kuti Vihar towards the Dhamek Stupa; the Shreyanshnath Jain Temple can be seen on the right side of the photograph (the Panchayatan Temple can also be seen in the middle).
  • As it appeared in 2023. Camera angle from the far north of the ruins.
    As it appeared in 2023. Camera angle from the far north of the ruins.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Dodson, Michael S. (31 January 2021). Banaras: Urban Forms and Cultural Histories. Taylor & Francis. p. 75, note 39. ISBN 978-1-000-36564-1. However, the Dhamek was conclusively dated as a Gupta period (5th-6th century) monument (...) and was shown not to have been built by the Mauryas Emperor Ashoka
  2. ^ a b c "Sarnath attractions that you shouldn't skip". The Times of India.
  3. ^ "Dhamekh Stupa Sarnath, Varanasi India". iloveindia.com.
  4. ^ a b "Historical Places of the Buddha &#124". Igatpuri, Maharashtra, India: Vipassana Research Institute. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  5. ^ a b c Samye Translations, "Sarnath: The First Turning of the Dharma Wheel", Nekhor: Circling the Sacred.
  6. ^ a b Oertel 1908, p. 60.
  7. ^ "Dhamekh Stupa". Varanasicity.com. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
  8. ^ "Dhamekh Stupa". Retrieved 19 September 2006.
  9. ^ Bradnock, Robert W. Footprint India. Footprint Travel Guides, 2004. ISBN 1-904777-00-7. Page 191.
  10. ^ Arnett, Robert A. India Unveiled. Atman Press, 2006. ISBN 0-9652900-4-2.
  11. ^ Shubham Mansingka, "Deer Park", The Times of India, 11 January 2017
  12. ^ "Stupas". Indian Heritage. Archived from the original on 8 January 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
  13. ^ Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture, 20th ed. (ed. by Dan Cruickshank). Architectural Press, 1996. ISBN 0-7506-2267-9. Page 646.
  14. ^ Oertel 1908, p. 65.
  15. ^ Archaeological Survey of India (2014). "Dhamek Stupa". Our Monuments. Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: Archaeological Survey of India - Sarnath Circle. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  16. ^ a b Oertel 1908, pp. 61–62.
  17. ^ Duncan 1799, pp. 131–133.
  18. ^ Cunningham 1871, pp. 118–119.
  19. ^ Asher 2020, p. 22.
  20. ^ Sahni 1917, pp. 17–20.
  21. ^ Sherring 1868, p. 26.
  22. ^ Oertel 1908, pp. 62–64.

Cited works

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