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{{short description|American women's rights activist}}
{{short description|American women's rights activist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{about|the person|the girls' school|Emma Willard School}}

{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|name = Emma Hart Willard
|name = Emma Willard
|image = File:Portrait of Emma Willard.jpg
|image = File:Portrait of Emma Willard.jpg
|caption = Emma Willard, ca. 1805-1815.
|caption = Emma Willard, c. 1805–1815
|birth_date = February 23, 1787
|birth_date = February 23, 1787
|birth_place = [[Berlin, Connecticut]]
|birth_place = [[Berlin, Connecticut]], U.S.
|death_date = April 15, 1870 (aged 83)
|death_date = April 15, 1870 (aged 83)
|death_place = [[Troy, New York]]
|death_place = [[Troy, New York]], U.S.
|birthname = Emma Hart
|other_names =
⚫
|occupation = Educator, author, [[women's rights]] activist
|known_for =
⚫
|occupation = educator, author, [[women's rights]] activist
|residence =
}}
}}


'''Emma Hart Willard''' (February 23, 1787 – April 15, 1870) was an American [[women's rights]] activist who dedicated her life to education. She worked in several schools and founded the first school for women's higher education, the [[Emma Willard School|Troy Female Seminary]] in [[Troy, New York]]. With the success of her school, Willard was able to travel across the country and abroad, to promote education for women. The seminary was renamed the [[Emma Willard School]] in 1895 in her honor.
'''Emma Willard''' ({{nee}} '''Hart'''; February 23, 1787 – April 15, 1870) was an American [[female education]] activist who dedicated her life to education. She worked in several schools and founded the first school for women's higher education in the [[United States]], the [[Emma Willard School|Troy Female Seminary]] in [[Troy, New York]]. With the success of her school, Willard was able to travel across the country and abroad to promote education for women. The seminary was renamed the [[Emma Willard School]] in 1895 in her honor.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Emma Willard was born on February 23, 1787, in [[Berlin, Connecticut]].<ref name="one"/> She was the sixteenth of seventeen children from her father, Samuel Hart, and his second wife Lydia Hinsdale Hart.<ref name="two">"Person Detail Emma Hart Willard." Vermont Women's History Project. http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?Tabld=61&personID=15.</ref> Her father was a farmer who encouraged his children to read and think for themselves. At a young age, Willard's father recognized her passion for learning. At that time women were only provided basic education, but Willard was included in family discussions such as politics, philosophy, world politics and mathematics that were primarily male subjects.<ref name="three">"Emma Hart Willard – People of Connecticut." 50 States – Capitals, Maps, Geography, State Symbols, State Facts, Songs, History, Famous People from NETSTATE.COM. http://www.netstate.com/states/peop/people/ct_ehw.htm</ref> At age 15, Willard was enrolled in her first school in 1802 in her hometown of Berlin. She progressed so quickly that just two years later at the age of 17 she was teaching there. Willard eventually took charge of the academy for a term in 1806.<ref name="four">"Emma Willard." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/643922/Emma-Willard.</ref>
Emma Willard was born on August 23, 1787, in [[Berlin, Connecticut]].<ref name="one"/> She was the sixteenth of seventeen children from her father, Samuel Hart, and his second wife Lydia Hinsdale Hart.<ref name="two">"Person Detail Emma Hart Willard." Vermont Women's History Project. http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?Tabld=61&personID=15. No longer online at this address; not found (yet) at Archive.org</ref> Her father was a farmer who encouraged his children to read and think for themselves. At a young age, Willard's father recognized her passion for learning. At that time women were only provided basic education, but Willard was included in family discussions such as politics, philosophy, world politics and mathematics that were primarily male subjects.<ref name="three">"Emma Hart Willard – People of Connecticut." 50 States – Capitals, Maps, Geography, State Symbols, State Facts, Songs, History, Famous People from NETSTATE.COM. http://www.netstate.com/states/peop/people/ct_ehw.htm</ref> At age 15, Willard was enrolled in her first school in 1802 in her hometown of Berlin. She progressed so quickly that just two years later at the age of 17 she was teaching there. Willard eventually took charge of the academy for a term in 1806.<ref name="four">"Emma Willard." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/643922/Emma-Willard.</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
In 1807, Willard left Berlin and briefly worked in [[Westfield, Massachusetts]], before accepting a job offer at a female academy in [[Middlebury, Vermont]]. She held the position of principal at the [[Middlebury Female Seminary]] from 1807 to 1809.<ref name="five">"WILLARD, Emma." (n.d.): Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. EBSCO. Web.</ref> She was unimpressed by the material taught there and opened a boarding school for women in 1814, in her own home. She was inspired by the subjects her nephew, John Willard, was learning at [[Middlebury College]] and strove to improve the curriculum that was taught at girls' schools.<ref name="four" /> Willard believed that women could master topics like mathematics and philosophy rather than just subjects taught at [[finishing school]]s. This passion for women's education led her to fight for the first women's school for higher education.
In 1807, Willard left Berlin and briefly worked in [[Westfield, Massachusetts]], before accepting a job offer at a female academy in [[Middlebury, Vermont]]. She held the position of principal at the academy from 1807 to 1809. She was unimpressed by the material taught there and opened a boarding school for women, the [[Middlebury Female Seminary]] in 1814, in her own home.<ref name="five">"WILLARD, Emma." (n.d.): Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. EBSCO. Web.</ref> She was inspired by the subjects her nephew, John Willard, was learning at [[Middlebury College]] and strove to improve the curriculum that was taught at girls' schools.<ref name="four" />
Willard believed that women could master topics like mathematics and philosophy rather than just subjects taught at [[finishing school]]s. This passion for women's education led her to fight for the first women's school for higher education.
[[File:Emma Willard.jpg|thumb|Emma Willard]]
[[File:Emma Willard.jpg|thumb|Emma Willard]]
Her success inspired her to share her ideas on education and to write ''A Plan for Improving Female Education'' in 1819, a pamphlet that she presented to the members of the [[New York Legislature]]. Her plan included a proposal for a women's seminary to be publicly funded just as men's schools were.<ref name="three" /> Willard did not receive a response from the legislators, several of whom believed women's education to be contrary to God's will. Willard finally received support from New York Governor [[DeWitt Clinton]], who invited her to open a school there.<ref name="four" /> Originally Willard opened an institution in [[Waterford, New York]] but she did not receive the promised financial support and therefore moved her school to [[Troy, New York]], where she received more support and funding.<ref>"Emma Willard." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2011): 1. MAS Ultra – School Edition. EBSCO. Web.</ref>
Her success inspired her to share her ideas on education and to write ''A Plan for Improving Female Education'' in 1819, a pamphlet that she presented to the members of the [[New York Legislature]].<ref name="three" /> Her pamphlet rejected contemporary ideas that women did not need a literary or scientific education. For example, the year before, [[Thomas Jefferson]] wrote a letter in which he suggested women should not read novels, calling them a "mass of trash" with few exceptions, and added that "For a like reason too much poetry should not be indulged."<ref name="Jefferson">{{cite letter|first=Thomas|last=Jefferson|recipient=[[Nathaniel Burwell]]|subject=Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Burwell, 14 March 1818|date=14 March 1818|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-12-02-0438-0001|access-date=|author-mask=|language=en}}</ref>


In her speech to the legislature, Willard said that existing women's education was inadequate both in the amount girls received compared to boys and in its foundational principles. One issue she took was that women's education "has been too exclusively directed, to fit them for displaying to advantage the charms of youth and beauty". Another was "it has been made the first object in educating our sex, to prepare them to please the other" while "reason and religion teach, that we too are primary existencies... not the satellites of men."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willard |first=Emma |date=Spring 1819 |title=An Address to the Public Particularly to the Members of the Legislature of New-York Proposing a Plan for Improving Female Education |url=https://speakingwhilefemale.co/education-willard/ |website=Speaking While Female Speech Bank}}</ref> Her plan included a proposal for a women's seminary to be publicly funded just as men's schools were.<ref name="three" />
⚫
The [[Troy Female Seminary]] opened in September 1821, for boarding and day students.<ref name="one">"Emma Willard Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story – Biography." Famous Biographies & TV Shows – Biography.com. http://www.biography.com/people/emma-willard-9531676 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223225049/http://www.biography.com/people/emma-willard-9531676 |date=2016-02-23 }}</ref> This was the first school in the United States to offer higher education for women. The curriculum consisted of the subjects she had longed to include in women's education: mathematics, philosophy, geography, history, and science.<ref name="three" /> Willard led the school to success, and in 1831, the school had enrolled over 300 students.<ref name="two" /> The school attracted students from wealthy families or families of high position. Although most of the students would still end up as housewives, Willard never hindered her students' pursuit towards women's education and continued to fight for their rights. Despite her reputation today in women's history, Willard was not a supporter of the [[women's suffrage]] movement during the mid-19th century. Willard believed that women's education was a much more important matter.<ref name="two" />


Willard did not receive a response from the legislators, several of whom believed women's education to be contrary to God's will. Willard finally received support from New York Governor [[DeWitt Clinton]], who invited her to open a school there.<ref name="four" /> Originally Willard opened an institution in [[Waterford, New York]] but she did not receive the promised financial support and therefore moved her school to [[Troy, New York]], where she received more support and funding.<ref>"Emma Willard." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2011): 1. MAS Ultra – School Edition. EBSCO. Web.</ref>
When Emma Willard addressed the [[New York State Legislature]] in 1819, the year before, for example, [[Thomas Jefferson]] wrote a letter in which he suggested women should not read novels "as a mass of trash" with few exceptions. "For like reason, too, much poetry should not be indulged." Emma Willard told the legislature that the education of women "has been too exclusively directed to fit them for displaying to advantage the charms of youth and beauty". The problem, she said, was that "the taste of men, whatever it might happen to be, has been made into a standard for the formation of the female character." Reason and religion teach us, she said, that "we too are primary existences... not the satellites of men."

⚫
The [[Troy Female Seminary]] opened in September 1821 for boarding and day students.<ref name="one">"Emma Willard Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story – Biography." Famous Biographies & TV Shows – Biography.com. http://www.biography.com/people/emma-willard-9531676 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223225049/http://www.biography.com/people/emma-willard-9531676 |date=February 23, 2016 }}</ref> This was the first school in the United States to offer higher education for women. The curriculum consisted of the subjects she had longed to include in women's education: mathematics, philosophy, geography, history, and science.<ref name="three" /> Willard led the school to success, and in 1831, the school had enrolled over 300 students.<ref name="two" />

The school attracted students from wealthy families or families of high position. Although most of the students would still end up as housewives, Willard never hindered her students' pursuit towards women's education and continued to fight for their rights. Despite her reputation today in women's history, Willard was not a supporter of the [[women's suffrage]] movement during the mid-19th century. Willard believed that women's education was a much more important matter.<ref name="two" />


==Marriage and family==
==Marriage and family==
[[File:EmmaWillardHouse.jpg|thumb|The [[Emma Willard House]] in Middlebury]]
[[File:EmmaWillardHouse.jpg|thumb|The [[Emma Willard House]] in Middlebury]]
While working at the academy in Middlebury, Willard met her future husband [[John Willard (U.S. Marshal)|John Willard]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jefferson |first=Thomas |editor-last=Oberg |editor-first=Barbara B. |date=2013 |title=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson |volume=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuo9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=31–32 |isbn=978-0-691-16037-5 |via=[[Google Books]] |ref={{sfnRef|''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson''}}}}</ref> He was a physician and 28 years her senior.<ref name="two" /> John Willard brought four children to the marriage from his previous marriages. His nephew, also named John Willard, lived with them while attending Middlebury College, which gave Emma Willard much inspiration in forming her educational views.<ref name=nie/> Emma Willard's younger sister, [[Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps]], joined Emma in 1823, after the death of her first husband, Simeon Lincoln, and taught at Troy Female Seminary for eight years.<ref name="EB">{{cite web |title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps American educator |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Almira-Hart-Lincoln-Phelps |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>
While working at the academy in Middlebury, Willard met her future husband [[John Willard (U.S. Marshal)|John Willard]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jefferson |first=Thomas |editor-last=Oberg |editor-first=Barbara B. |date=2013 |title=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson |volume=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuo9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=31–32 |isbn=978-0-691-16037-5 |via=[[Google Books]] |ref={{sfnRef|''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson''}}}}</ref> He was a physician and 28 years her senior.<ref name="two" /> John Willard brought four children to the marriage from his previous marriages. His nephew, also named John Willard, lived with them while attending Middlebury College, which gave Emma Willard much inspiration in forming her educational views.<ref name=nie/> Emma Willard's younger sister, [[Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps]], joined Emma in 1823, after the death of her first husband, Simeon Lincoln, and taught at Troy Female Seminary for eight years.<ref name="EB">{{cite web |title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps American educator |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Almira-Hart-Lincoln-Phelps |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=March 15, 2019}}</ref>

Emma and John Willard had one son together, named John Willard Hart, who received the management of the Troy Female Seminary when Willard left it in 1838. Emma's first husband died in 1825, and in 1838, she married Christopher C. Yates but was divorced from him in 1843.<ref name=nie>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Willard, Emma C.|year=1905}}</ref>
Emma and John Willard had one son together, named John Willard Hart, who received the management of the Troy Female Seminary when Willard left it in 1838. Emma's first husband died in 1825, and in 1838, she married Christopher C. Yates but was divorced from him in 1843.<ref name="nie">{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Willard, Emma C.|year=1905}}</ref>


==Works==
==Works==
⚫
[[File:Emma Willard.png|thumb|Undated photo]]
Along with the profits made from the Troy Female Seminary, Willard also made a living from her writing. She wrote several textbooks throughout her lifetime, including books on history and geography. Some of her works are ''History of the United States, or Republic of America'' (1828), ''A System of Fulfillment of a Promise'' (1831), ''A Treatise on the Motive Powers which Produce the Circulation of the Blood'' (1846), ''Guide to the Temple of Time and Universal History for Schools'' (1849), ''Last Leaves of American History'' (1849), ''Astronography; or Astronomical Geography'' (1854), and ''Morals for the Young'' (1857).<ref name="two" /> Willard's history and geography texts included women as well as men and emphasized the status of women as the primary determinant in whether a society could be described as civilized.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Knupfer|first1=Peter B.|s2cid=150916115|title=How to Write a History Textbook: The Willard-Willson Debate over History Education in the Common School Era|journal=History of Education Quarterly|date=May 2019|volume=59|issue=2|pages=257–287|doi=10.1017/heq.2019.6}}</ref> Her map-drawing geographic pedagogy became popular in the United States<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schulten |first1=Susan |s2cid=151621973 |author-link =Susan Schulten |title=Map Drawing, Graphic Literacy, and Pedagogy in the Early Republic |journal=History of Education Quarterly |date=April 28, 2017 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=185–220 |doi=10.1017/heq.2017.2}}</ref> and also influential in American missionary schools in South Asia during the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balmforth |first1=Mark E. |title=A Nation of Ink and Paint: Map Drawing and Geographic Pedagogy in the American Ceylon Mission |journal=History of Education Quarterly |date=November 2019 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=468–500 |doi=10.1017/heq.2019.40|doi-access=free }}</ref> Willard also published a book of poetry, ''The Fulfilment of a Promise'' (1831) with her most popular poem entitled "Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep," which she reportedly wrote while on an ocean voyage in 1839.<ref name="four"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyberhymnal.org/bio/enwiki/w/i/l/willard_ech.htm |title=Emma Willard at Cyberhymnal.org |access-date=2011-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026135157/http://www.cyberhymnal.org/bio/enwiki/w/i/l/willard_ech.htm |archive-date=2014-10-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1830, she made a tour of Europe. Three years later, she donated the proceeds from her book about her travels<ref>Willard, Emma, ''Journals and Letters from France and Great Britain'', Troy, New York: Tuttle, 1833</ref> to a school for women that she helped to found in [[Athens, Greece]]. This book ''Letters from France & Britain'' was reviewed alongside [[Abby Jane Morrell|Abby Jane Morrell's]] account of her travels in the sub Antarctic and they were described as "the productions of our self-taught countrywomen who [are] ... creditable to their sex".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SMbAAAAYAAJ&q=Abby+Jane+Morrell&pg=PA161|title=The Christian Magazine|date=1834|language=en}}</ref>
Along with the profits made from the Troy Female Seminary, Willard also made a living from her writing. She wrote several textbooks throughout her lifetime, including books on history and geography. Some of her works are ''History of the United States, or Republic of America'' (1828), ''A System of Fulfillment of a Promise'' (1831), ''A Treatise on the Motive Powers which Produce the Circulation of the Blood'' (1846), ''Guide to the Temple of Time and Universal History for Schools'' (1849), ''Last Leaves of American History'' (1849), ''Astronography; or Astronomical Geography'' (1854), and ''Morals for the Young'' (1857).<ref name="two" /> Willard's history and geography texts included women as well as men and emphasized the status of women as the primary determinant in whether a society could be described as civilized.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Knupfer|first1=Peter B.|s2cid=150916115|title=How to Write a History Textbook: The Willard-Willson Debate over History Education in the Common School Era|journal=History of Education Quarterly|date=May 2019|volume=59|issue=2|pages=257–287|doi=10.1017/heq.2019.6}}</ref>

Willard also published a book of poetry, ''The Fulfilment of a Promise'' (1831), with her most popular poem entitled "Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep," which she reportedly wrote while on an ocean voyage in 1839.<ref name="four" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyberhymnal.org/bio/enwiki/w/i/l/willard_ech.htm |title=Emma Willard at Cyberhymnal.org |access-date=September 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026135157/http://www.cyberhymnal.org/bio/enwiki/w/i/l/willard_ech.htm |archive-date=October 26, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1830, she made a tour of Europe. Three years later, she donated the proceeds from her book about her travels<ref>Willard, Emma, ''Journals and Letters from France and Great Britain'', Troy, New York: Tuttle, 1833</ref> to a school for women that she helped to found in [[Athens, Greece]].<ref name="nie" /> This book ''Letters from France & Britain'' was reviewed alongside [[Abby Jane Morrell|Abby Jane Morrell's]] account of her travels in the sub Antarctic, and they were described as "the productions of our self-taught countrywomen who [are] ... creditable to their sex".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SMbAAAAYAAJ&q=Abby+Jane+Morrell&pg=PA161|title=The Christian Magazine|date=1834|language=en}}</ref>

==Atlas and geography textbooks==
Willard cowrote ''The Woodbridge and Willard Geographies and Atlases'' (1823) with American geographer [[William Channing Woodbridge]].<ref>Walters, William D. Jr., "Emma Willard's Geographies," Pennsylvania Geographer, XXXVII: 1 (Spring/Summer 1999) 118–138</ref> She co-authored with him ''A System of Universal Geography on the Principles of Comparison and Classification''.<ref>Willard, Emma and William Channing Woodbridge, ''A system of Universal Geography Ancient and Modern, on the Principles of Comparison and Classification'', Hartford: Oliver D. Cooke, 1824</ref> Willard and Woodbridge created the first widely used historical atlas of the U.S. The maps, graphs, and pictures integrated the details of the nation's geography into the broad popular image of the country as a large, powerful complex nation.<ref>Susan Schulten, "Emma Willard and the graphic foundations of American history," ''Journal of Historical Geography'' (2007) 33#3 pp.542-564.</ref> Her map-drawing geographic pedagogy became popular in the United States<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schulten |first1=Susan |author-link=Susan Schulten |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Map Drawing, Graphic Literacy, and Pedagogy in the Early Republic |journal=History of Education Quarterly |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=185–220 |doi=10.1017/heq.2017.2 |s2cid=151621973}}</ref> and also influential in American missionary schools in South Asia during the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balmforth |first1=Mark E. |date=November 2019 |title=A Nation of Ink and Paint: Map Drawing and Geographic Pedagogy in the American Ceylon Mission |journal=History of Education Quarterly |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=468–500 |doi=10.1017/heq.2019.40 |s2cid=212860728 |doi-access=}}</ref>

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==Later life and death==
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Emma Willard statue Russell Sage.jpg
| caption1 = Statue at [[Russell Sage College]]
| image2 = Emma_Hart_Willard_memorial,_Middlebury,_Vermont.jpg
| caption2 = [[Emma Willard Memorial]]
}}
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John Willard, Emma's husband, died in 1825. She headed the Troy Female Seminary until she remarried in 1838, and left the school in the hands of her son and daughter-in-law. She married Dr. Christopher Yates and moved to Boston with him.<ref name="one" /> He gave up his career, but after nine months of marriage they separated, and a [[Decree nisi]] was granted in 1843.

She spent her later years traveling across America and throughout Europe to promote women's education. In support of her efforts, she published a number of articles and presented lectures across the country to promote the cause. Her personal assistant was [[Celia M. Burleigh]]. Willard's efforts helped to establish a school for women in [[Athens, Greece]].<ref name="three" /> Emma Willard died on April 15, 1870, in Troy, New York and was interred at [[Oakwood Cemetery (Troy, New York)|Oakwood Cemetery]].

==Legacy and honors==
⚫
The Troy Female Seminary was renamed the [[Emma Willard School]] in 1892 in her honor and today is still promoting her strong belief in women's education.<ref name="one" /> A statue honoring her services to the cause of higher education was erected in Troy in 1895 and stands on what is now the [[Russell Sage College]] campus.


A marble [[Emma Willard Memorial|memorial]] was erected in Middlebury in 1941. In 1905, Willard was inducted into the [[Hall of Fame for Great Americans]] in the [[Bronx, New York]]. In 2013, Willard was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>[https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/emma-hart-willard/ National Women's Hall of Fame, Emma Hart Willard]</ref>
==Works with other authors==
⚫
Emma cowrote ''The Woodbridge and Willard Geographies and Atlases'' (1823), with American geographer [[William Channing Woodbridge]];<ref>Walters, William D. Jr., "Emma Willard's Geographies," Pennsylvania Geographer, XXXVII: 1 (Spring/Summer 1999) 118–138</ref> Also with Woodbridge she co-authored ''A System of Universal Geography on the Principles of Comparison and Classification''.<ref>Willard, Emma and William Channing Woodbridge, ''A system of Universal Geography Ancient and Modern, on the Principles of Comparison and Classification'', Hartford: Oliver D. Cooke, 1824</ref> She has been the subject of several biographies.<ref>Lord, John, ''The Life of Emma Willard'', New York: D. Appleton, 1873; Lutz, A., ''Emma Willard: Daughter of Democracy'', Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1929; Fowler, H., ''Mrs. Emma Willard, Memoirs of Teachers, Educators and Promoters of Education Leterature and Science'', edited by Henry Bernard, New York: Browness, 1859, 125–168</ref> Her geographies are discussed by Calhoun<ref>Calhoun, D. "Eyes for the Jacksonian World: William C. Woodbridge and Emma Willard", Journal of the Early Republic, 4 (1984) 1–26</ref> and her histories by Baym.<ref>Baym, N. "Women and the Republic: Emma Willard's Retoric of History" American Quarterly 43:1 (1991) 1–23</ref>


⚫
She has been the subject of several biographies.<ref>Lord, John, ''The Life of Emma Willard'', New York: D. Appleton, 1873; Lutz, A., ''Emma Willard: Daughter of Democracy'', Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1929; Fowler, H., ''Mrs. Emma Willard, Memoirs of Teachers, Educators and Promoters of Education Literature and Science'', edited by Henry Bernard, New York: Browness, 1859, 125–168</ref> Her geographies are discussed by Calhoun<ref>Calhoun, D. "Eyes for the Jacksonian World: William C. Woodbridge and Emma Willard", Journal of the Early Republic, 4 (1984) 1–26</ref> and her histories by Baym.<ref>Baym, N. "Women and the Republic: Emma Willard's Rhetoric of History" American Quarterly 43:1 (1991) 1–23</ref>
⚫
==Later life==
⚫
[[File:Emma Willard.png|thumb|undated photo]]
⚫
John Willard, Emma's husband, died in 1825. She headed the Troy Female Seminary until she remarried in 1838, and left the school in the hands of her son and daughter-in-law. She married Dr. Christopher Yates and moved to Boston with him.<ref name="one" /> He gave up his career, and after nine months of marriage they separated and a [[Decree nisi]] was granted in 1843. She spent her later years traveling across America and throughout Europe to promote women's education. In support of her efforts, she published a number of articles and presented lectures across the country to promote the cause. Her personal assistant was [[Celia M. Burleigh]]. Emma's efforts helped to establish a school for women in [[Athens, Greece]].<ref name="three" /> Emma Willard died on April 15, 1870, in Troy, New York and was interred at [[Oakwood Cemetery (Troy, New York)|Oakwood Cemetery]].


== See also ==
⚫
The Troy Female Seminary was renamed the [[Emma Willard School]] in 1895, in her honor and today is still promoting her strong belief in women's education.<ref name="one" /> A statue honoring her services to the cause of higher education was erected in Troy in 1895. An [[Emma Willard Memorial]] was erected in Middlebury in 1941. In 1905, Willard was inducted into the [[Hall of Fame for Great Americans]] in the [[Bronx, New York]]. In 2013, Willard was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>[https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/emma-hart-willard/ National Women's Hall of Fame, Emma Hart Willard]</ref>
*[[Chronographer]], a type of graphic developed by Willard to display historical events


==References==
==References==
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142213/http://www.emmawillard.org/sites/emmawillard.org/files/EmmaWillardFindingAid.pdf Emma Willard School, Emma (Hart) Willard Collection, 1809–2004]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142213/http://www.emmawillard.org/sites/emmawillard.org/files/EmmaWillardFindingAid.pdf Emma Willard School, Emma (Hart) Willard Collection, 1809–2004]
* [[Susan Schulten|Schulten, Susan]], [https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/emma-willard-maps-of-time "Emma Willard's Maps of Time "]. ''[[The Public Domain Review]]'', January 22, 2020.
* [[Susan Schulten|Schulten, Susan]], [https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/emma-willard-maps-of-time "Emma Willard's Maps of Time "]. ''[[The Public Domain Review]]'', January 22, 2020.
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Willard,+Emma | name=Emma Willard}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=8431| name=Emma Willard}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Emma Hart Willard}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Emma Hart Willard}}
* [https://archivesspace.amherst.edu/repositories/2/resources/144 Emma Hart Willard Family Papers] at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections; includes a detailed chronology of her career.


{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
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[[Category:Founders of schools in the United States]]
[[Category:Founders of American schools and colleges]]
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[[Category:Women cartographers]]

Latest revision as of 19:18, 12 December 2024

Emma Willard
Emma Willard, c. 1805–1815
Born
Emma Hart

February 23, 1787
Berlin, Connecticut, U.S.
DiedApril 15, 1870 (aged 83)
Troy, New York, U.S.
Occupation(s)Educator, author, women's rights activist

Emma Willard (née Hart; February 23, 1787 – April 15, 1870) was an American female education activist who dedicated her life to education. She worked in several schools and founded the first school for women's higher education in the United States, the Troy Female Seminary in Troy, New York. With the success of her school, Willard was able to travel across the country and abroad to promote education for women. The seminary was renamed the Emma Willard School in 1895 in her honor.

Early life

[edit]

Emma Willard was born on August 23, 1787, in Berlin, Connecticut.[1] She was the sixteenth of seventeen children from her father, Samuel Hart, and his second wife Lydia Hinsdale Hart.[2] Her father was a farmer who encouraged his children to read and think for themselves. At a young age, Willard's father recognized her passion for learning. At that time women were only provided basic education, but Willard was included in family discussions such as politics, philosophy, world politics and mathematics that were primarily male subjects.[3] At age 15, Willard was enrolled in her first school in 1802 in her hometown of Berlin. She progressed so quickly that just two years later at the age of 17 she was teaching there. Willard eventually took charge of the academy for a term in 1806.[4]

Career

[edit]

In 1807, Willard left Berlin and briefly worked in Westfield, Massachusetts, before accepting a job offer at a female academy in Middlebury, Vermont. She held the position of principal at the academy from 1807 to 1809. She was unimpressed by the material taught there and opened a boarding school for women, the Middlebury Female Seminary in 1814, in her own home.[5] She was inspired by the subjects her nephew, John Willard, was learning at Middlebury College and strove to improve the curriculum that was taught at girls' schools.[4]

Willard believed that women could master topics like mathematics and philosophy rather than just subjects taught at finishing schools. This passion for women's education led her to fight for the first women's school for higher education.

Emma Willard

Her success inspired her to share her ideas on education and to write A Plan for Improving Female Education in 1819, a pamphlet that she presented to the members of the New York Legislature.[3] Her pamphlet rejected contemporary ideas that women did not need a literary or scientific education. For example, the year before, Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter in which he suggested women should not read novels, calling them a "mass of trash" with few exceptions, and added that "For a like reason too much poetry should not be indulged."[6]

In her speech to the legislature, Willard said that existing women's education was inadequate both in the amount girls received compared to boys and in its foundational principles. One issue she took was that women's education "has been too exclusively directed, to fit them for displaying to advantage the charms of youth and beauty". Another was "it has been made the first object in educating our sex, to prepare them to please the other" while "reason and religion teach, that we too are primary existencies... not the satellites of men."[7] Her plan included a proposal for a women's seminary to be publicly funded just as men's schools were.[3]

Willard did not receive a response from the legislators, several of whom believed women's education to be contrary to God's will. Willard finally received support from New York Governor DeWitt Clinton, who invited her to open a school there.[4] Originally Willard opened an institution in Waterford, New York but she did not receive the promised financial support and therefore moved her school to Troy, New York, where she received more support and funding.[8]

The Troy Female Seminary opened in September 1821 for boarding and day students.[1] This was the first school in the United States to offer higher education for women. The curriculum consisted of the subjects she had longed to include in women's education: mathematics, philosophy, geography, history, and science.[3] Willard led the school to success, and in 1831, the school had enrolled over 300 students.[2]

The school attracted students from wealthy families or families of high position. Although most of the students would still end up as housewives, Willard never hindered her students' pursuit towards women's education and continued to fight for their rights. Despite her reputation today in women's history, Willard was not a supporter of the women's suffrage movement during the mid-19th century. Willard believed that women's education was a much more important matter.[2]

Marriage and family

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The Emma Willard House in Middlebury

While working at the academy in Middlebury, Willard met her future husband John Willard.[9] He was a physician and 28 years her senior.[2] John Willard brought four children to the marriage from his previous marriages. His nephew, also named John Willard, lived with them while attending Middlebury College, which gave Emma Willard much inspiration in forming her educational views.[10] Emma Willard's younger sister, Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, joined Emma in 1823, after the death of her first husband, Simeon Lincoln, and taught at Troy Female Seminary for eight years.[11]

Emma and John Willard had one son together, named John Willard Hart, who received the management of the Troy Female Seminary when Willard left it in 1838. Emma's first husband died in 1825, and in 1838, she married Christopher C. Yates but was divorced from him in 1843.[10]

Works

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Undated photo

Along with the profits made from the Troy Female Seminary, Willard also made a living from her writing. She wrote several textbooks throughout her lifetime, including books on history and geography. Some of her works are History of the United States, or Republic of America (1828), A System of Fulfillment of a Promise (1831), A Treatise on the Motive Powers which Produce the Circulation of the Blood (1846), Guide to the Temple of Time and Universal History for Schools (1849), Last Leaves of American History (1849), Astronography; or Astronomical Geography (1854), and Morals for the Young (1857).[2] Willard's history and geography texts included women as well as men and emphasized the status of women as the primary determinant in whether a society could be described as civilized.[12]

Willard also published a book of poetry, The Fulfilment of a Promise (1831), with her most popular poem entitled "Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep," which she reportedly wrote while on an ocean voyage in 1839.[4][13] In 1830, she made a tour of Europe. Three years later, she donated the proceeds from her book about her travels[14] to a school for women that she helped to found in Athens, Greece.[10] This book Letters from France & Britain was reviewed alongside Abby Jane Morrell's account of her travels in the sub Antarctic, and they were described as "the productions of our self-taught countrywomen who [are] ... creditable to their sex".[15]

Atlas and geography textbooks

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Willard cowrote The Woodbridge and Willard Geographies and Atlases (1823) with American geographer William Channing Woodbridge.[16] She co-authored with him A System of Universal Geography on the Principles of Comparison and Classification.[17] Willard and Woodbridge created the first widely used historical atlas of the U.S. The maps, graphs, and pictures integrated the details of the nation's geography into the broad popular image of the country as a large, powerful complex nation.[18] Her map-drawing geographic pedagogy became popular in the United States[19] and also influential in American missionary schools in South Asia during the nineteenth century.[20]

Later life and death

[edit]
Statue at Russell Sage College
Emma Willard Memorial

John Willard, Emma's husband, died in 1825. She headed the Troy Female Seminary until she remarried in 1838, and left the school in the hands of her son and daughter-in-law. She married Dr. Christopher Yates and moved to Boston with him.[1] He gave up his career, but after nine months of marriage they separated, and a Decree nisi was granted in 1843.

She spent her later years traveling across America and throughout Europe to promote women's education. In support of her efforts, she published a number of articles and presented lectures across the country to promote the cause. Her personal assistant was Celia M. Burleigh. Willard's efforts helped to establish a school for women in Athens, Greece.[3] Emma Willard died on April 15, 1870, in Troy, New York and was interred at Oakwood Cemetery.

Legacy and honors

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The Troy Female Seminary was renamed the Emma Willard School in 1892 in her honor and today is still promoting her strong belief in women's education.[1] A statue honoring her services to the cause of higher education was erected in Troy in 1895 and stands on what is now the Russell Sage College campus.

A marble memorial was erected in Middlebury in 1941. In 1905, Willard was inducted into the Hall of Fame for Great Americans in the Bronx, New York. In 2013, Willard was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[21]

She has been the subject of several biographies.[22] Her geographies are discussed by Calhoun[23] and her histories by Baym.[24]

See also

[edit]
  • Chronographer, a type of graphic developed by Willard to display historical events

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Emma Willard Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story – Biography." Famous Biographies & TV Shows – Biography.com. http://www.biography.com/people/emma-willard-9531676 Archived February 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b c d e "Person Detail Emma Hart Willard." Vermont Women's History Project. http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?Tabld=61&personID=15. No longer online at this address; not found (yet) at Archive.org
  3. ^ a b c d e "Emma Hart Willard – People of Connecticut." 50 States – Capitals, Maps, Geography, State Symbols, State Facts, Songs, History, Famous People from NETSTATE.COM. http://www.netstate.com/states/peop/people/ct_ehw.htm
  4. ^ a b c d "Emma Willard." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/643922/Emma-Willard.
  5. ^ "WILLARD, Emma." (n.d.): Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. EBSCO. Web.
  6. ^ Jefferson, Thomas (March 14, 1818). "Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Burwell, 14 March 1818". Letter to Nathaniel Burwell.
  7. ^ Willard, Emma (Spring 1819). "An Address to the Public Particularly to the Members of the Legislature of New-York Proposing a Plan for Improving Female Education". Speaking While Female Speech Bank.
  8. ^ "Emma Willard." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2011): 1. MAS Ultra – School Edition. EBSCO. Web.
  9. ^ Jefferson, Thomas (2013). Oberg, Barbara B. (ed.). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. 40. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-691-16037-5 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ a b c Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Willard, Emma C." . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  11. ^ "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps American educator". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
  12. ^ Knupfer, Peter B. (May 2019). "How to Write a History Textbook: The Willard-Willson Debate over History Education in the Common School Era". History of Education Quarterly. 59 (2): 257–287. doi:10.1017/heq.2019.6. S2CID 150916115.
  13. ^ "Emma Willard at Cyberhymnal.org". Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
  14. ^ Willard, Emma, Journals and Letters from France and Great Britain, Troy, New York: Tuttle, 1833
  15. ^ The Christian Magazine. 1834.
  16. ^ Walters, William D. Jr., "Emma Willard's Geographies," Pennsylvania Geographer, XXXVII: 1 (Spring/Summer 1999) 118–138
  17. ^ Willard, Emma and William Channing Woodbridge, A system of Universal Geography Ancient and Modern, on the Principles of Comparison and Classification, Hartford: Oliver D. Cooke, 1824
  18. ^ Susan Schulten, "Emma Willard and the graphic foundations of American history," Journal of Historical Geography (2007) 33#3 pp.542-564.
  19. ^ Schulten, Susan (April 28, 2017). "Map Drawing, Graphic Literacy, and Pedagogy in the Early Republic". History of Education Quarterly. 57 (2): 185–220. doi:10.1017/heq.2017.2. S2CID 151621973.
  20. ^ Balmforth, Mark E. (November 2019). "A Nation of Ink and Paint: Map Drawing and Geographic Pedagogy in the American Ceylon Mission". History of Education Quarterly. 59 (4): 468–500. doi:10.1017/heq.2019.40. S2CID 212860728.
  21. ^ National Women's Hall of Fame, Emma Hart Willard
  22. ^ Lord, John, The Life of Emma Willard, New York: D. Appleton, 1873; Lutz, A., Emma Willard: Daughter of Democracy, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1929; Fowler, H., Mrs. Emma Willard, Memoirs of Teachers, Educators and Promoters of Education Literature and Science, edited by Henry Bernard, New York: Browness, 1859, 125–168
  23. ^ Calhoun, D. "Eyes for the Jacksonian World: William C. Woodbridge and Emma Willard", Journal of the Early Republic, 4 (1984) 1–26
  24. ^ Baym, N. "Women and the Republic: Emma Willard's Rhetoric of History" American Quarterly 43:1 (1991) 1–23

Further reading

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[edit]
Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about "Emma Willard".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Emma_Willard&oldid=1262703351"