Church of Scientology: Difference between revisions

Church of Scientology
	Scientology building in Los Angeles
Formation	December 1953
Founder	L. Ron Hubbard
Headquarters	Gold Base
Location	Riverside County, California;
Chairman of the Board RTC	David Miscavige
Website	scientology.org

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Latest revision as of 19:20, 12 December 2024

The Church of Scientology is a group of interconnected corporate entities and other organizations devoted to the practice, administration and dissemination of Scientology, which is variously defined as a cult, a business, or a new religious movement.^[7] The movement has been the subject of a number of controversies, and the Church of Scientology has been described by government inquiries, international parliamentary bodies, scholars, law lords, and numerous superior court judgements as both a dangerous cult and a manipulative profit-making business.^[13]

In 1979, several executives of the organization were convicted and imprisoned for multiple offenses by a U.S. Federal Court.^[14]^[15]^: 168 The Church of Scientology itself was convicted of fraud by a French court in 2009, a decision upheld by the supreme Court of Cassation in 2013.^[16] The German government classifies Scientology as an unconstitutional sect.^[17]^[18] In France, it has been classified as a dangerous cult.^[19] In some countries, it has attained legal recognition as a religion.^[20]

The Church of Scientology International (CSI) is officially the "Mother Church", and is responsible for guiding the other Scientology centers.^[15]^: 172 Its international headquarters are located at Gold Base in Riverside County, California.^[21]^: 275 The Church of Spiritual Technology (CST) is the organization that owns all the copyrights of the estate of L. Ron Hubbard.^[6]

All Scientology management organizations are controlled exclusively by members of the Sea Org, which is a paramilitary organization for the "elite, innermost dedicated core of Scientologists".^[6]^[22] David Miscavige is described by the Scientology organization as the highest-ranking Sea Org officer, and is referred to by the organization as its captain.

History

In 1950, L. Ron Hubbard established organizations to manage activities related to his invention of Dianetics; the organizations went bankrupt and Hubbard moved to Arizona where he started Scientology. In 1952, Hubbard established the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), a secular organization, and in 1953 the first Church of Scientology organization was incorporated in Camden, New Jersey.^[15]^: 158^[23]^: 138 The HAS was dissolved and the Hubbard Association of Scientologists International (HASI), a religious fellowship, was established to be the managing umbrella organization over all other organizations.^[15]^: 158 In late 1954, Hubbard made the official announcement that Scientology was a religion.^[15]^: 218 In 1954, the first Church of Scientology was incorporated in California, which in 1956 was renamed to the Church of Scientology of California.^[15]^: 159 That organization was to become the 'mother church' over hundreds of smaller churches and missions of Scientology until 1981 when that status was passed to the Church of Scientology International.^[23]^: 270

Hubbard had official control of the organizations until 1966 when he publicly resigned, though he continued to give orders to executives, secretly running the organizations. Although Hubbard maintained no formal position within Scientology's management structure, he remained firmly in control of the organization and its affiliated organizations, often using code names and code words to obscure his involvement.^[24] When some of the top ranking staff, including Hubbard's wife, were indicted for infiltrating the US government in their actions of Operation Snow White, Hubbard went into deep hiding though continued to manage control over the organizations but this time through intermediaries—predominantly Pat Broeker and David Miscavige.^[23]^: 257ff

After the convictions in United States v. Hubbard, there was a flurry of activity creating new corporations in the early 1980s to avoid further government scrutiny and to limit and compartmentalize liabilities. The Guardian's Office was replaced with the Office of Special Affairs; Religious Technology Center (RTC) was created, and numerous other corporations sprang up during this period, which acquired the name "corporate sort out" (CSO).^[21]^: 129 The idea was to "create a legally defensible structure that would give Hubbard and the Commodore's Messenger Organization full legal control over Scientology while at the same time insulating both Hubbard and the CMO from any legal liability for running the organizations of Scientology by lying about the level of control they really had."^[21]^{: 129–130}

In 1986, after the death of L. Ron Hubbard, Pat and Annie Broeker presented documents from Hubbard showing they had been promoted to "Loyal Officers" and were named as Hubbard's successors in managing the Sea Org. However, a year later David Miscavige had wrested power from the Broekers and became the leader of the Scientology organization.^[25]^[23]^: 362^[26]^: 190–3

Hierarchy of organizations

The Church of Scientology network operates as a multinational conglomerate of companies with personnel, executives, organizational charts, chains of command, policies and orders:^[27]^[28]^[15]

Today, what we call "Scientology" is in reality a remarkably complex network of ostensibly independent but clearly interconnected corporate entities. ... with a centralized bureaucracy and hierarchical structure. ... [Religious Technology Center] is the most powerful executive organization within the Scientology empire, and its current chairman, David Miscavige, is widely recognized as the effective head of the church.
— Hugh Urban ^[15]^: 131-2

The main types of organizations within the Scientology network are:

Service organizations are the public-facing organizations
Management organizations
Publishing and media organizations
Dissemination organizations such as marketing and outreach.

Service organizations

A mission, a Dianetics center, a life improvement center, a Class V org, an Ideal org, an advanced org

Church of Scientology organizations that are public-facing are called "service orgs".^[29]^: 476 The two main types of services offered to the public are auditing and auditor training. Auditing is the 'counseling', and training teaches how to audit. The levels of auditing and training are charted and described on The Bridge to Total Freedom.^[30] All service organizations are separate corporate entities, are licensed as franchises, and pay a percentage of their gross revenues to International Management.^[31]^: 98 Hubbard's image and writing are ubiquitous in service orgs, and each maintains a corporate-style office set aside for Hubbard's reincarnation, with a plaque on the desk bearing his name, and a pad of paper with a pen for him to continue writing.^[32]^[26]^: 200

Missions of Scientology: Business-wise, missions operate like franchises. They are independently owned by a "mission holder" and licensed to operate by the Church of Scientology. These offer beginning services to newcomers to Scientology, then push their clients to higher level service orgs.^[29]^: 334 Missions are managed by Scientology Missions International.

Scientology Life Improvement Centers and Dianetics Centers: These centers are operated by a local Church of Scientology and are small "store front" locations with the purpose of selling books and offering very basic services to get people interested in Scientology.

Central org, Class V org: This organization is what most people think of as "a Church of Scientology". It offers a full range of auditing and auditor training services up to the level of Clear on The Bridge to Total Freedom. They were called Class V orgs because the auditor training level up to Clear was called the "Class V auditor course".^[33]^[30]

Ideal org: An Ideal Org is a special class of Class V org where a new large building has been acquired, renovated, and outfitted to David Miscavige's "ideal org" standards.^[34]

Saint Hill org and Advanced org: A Saint Hill org is a type of service org which trains up through the Class VI course—the Saint Hill Special Briefing Course. Named after Saint Hill Manor. An Advanced org offers the advanced levels above Clear, including the OT levels I through V. Several organizations operate the function of a Saint Hill org coupled with an Advanced org in a single corporation, such as: East Grinstead, United Kingdom; Copenhagen, Denmark; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Sydney, Australia. Los Angeles, California has a separate Saint Hill org and an Advanced org.^[35]^: 49–50

Flag Service Org (FSO): Also known as "Flag". Located in the Clearwater, Florida campus, audits specialty rundowns such as the Super Power Rundown and the L's rundowns. It is also the chief training organization for Class V org staff to train for their posts (these students are called "outer org trainees"). FSO also operates an Advanced org which offers the OT levels VI and VII, and trains Sea Org staff for the confidential upper levels to audit and supervise others on OT levels V-VIII.^[35]^: 52ff

Flag Ship Service Org (FSSO): The name of the service org that operates aboard the Freewinds ship in the Caribbean. It offers the OT level VIII.^[35]^: 55ff

Management organizations

All Scientology management organizations are controlled exclusively by members of the Sea Org—which is not a corporation—consisting of the "elite, innermost dedicated core of Scientologists" run as a paramilitary organization:^[6]^[22] David Miscavige is described by the Scientology organization as the highest-ranking Sea Org officer, and is referred to by the organization as its captain.

The Church of Scientology International (CSI) is officially the "Mother Church", and is responsible for guiding the other Scientology centers.^[23]^: 270^[15]^: 172

The Church of Spiritual Technology (CST) is the organization that owns all the copyrights of the estate of L. Ron Hubbard.^[6]

There are numerous other management organizations, including the Commodore's Messenger Organization, Watchdog Committee, Continental Liaison Offices, and the organizations that manage the dissemination and outreach activities.^[36]^{: 9, 10, 26}

In the 1950s and 1960s, management was operated from the Hubbard Association of Scientologists International (HASI), and from 1966 until the 1980s it was the Church of Scientology of California (CSC).^[15]^: 131

Sea Org

The Sea Organization or Sea Org is the senior-most status of staff within the Church of Scientology network of corporations, but is not itself incorporated. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Sea Org was started as L. Ron Hubbard's private navy, and adopted naval uniforms and ranks.^[37]^: 263^[15]^: 124 Today, all Scientology management organizations are exclusively staffed with Sea Org members.^[22] The Sea Org maintains strict codes for its members, beginning with a billion-year pledge of service to Scientology upon initiation.^[15]^: 125 David Miscavige, the leader of Scientology, is the highest-ranking Sea Org officer with the rank of captain. The rank of commodore is permanently reserved for the late L. Ron Hubbard, founder of Scientology.^[21]^: 139 Some ex-members and scholars have described the Sea Org as a totalitarian organization marked by intensive surveillance and lack of freedom.^[15]^: 125

Critics of Scientology have spoken out against the disciplinary procedures and policies of the Sea Org, which have been a source of controversy since its inception and variously described as abusive and illegal. Former Sea Org members have stated that punishments in the late 1960s and early 1970s included confinement in hazardous conditions such as the ship's chain locker.^[38]

In 1974, Hubbard established the Rehabilitation Project Force (or RPF), a forced labour and re-education program against reputedly delinquent members of the Sea Org,^[39] which involves long days of hard labor, restricted food, and substandard living conditions.^[40] Ex-members have reported physical abuse and that members are prevented from leaving with threats and coercion.^[40]^[41] Teenagers as young as twelve years old have been assigned to the RPF, and there have been reports of children laboring for considerably longer than eight hours a day, and physical and sexual abuse of minors.^[42]^[43]^[44] Jenna Miscavige Hill, niece of David Miscavige and author of Beyond Belief: My Secret Life Inside Scientology and My Harrowing Escape, stated that as a child she often worked 14 hours a day and only got to see her parents once a week, if that.^[45]

Religious Technology Center (RTC)

The highest authority in the Church of Scientology network is Religious Technology Center (RTC). The RTC claims to only be the "holder of Scientology and Dianetics trademarks", but is in fact the main Scientology executive organization.^[6] RTC chairman David Miscavige is widely seen as the effective head of Scientology.^[6]

Religious Technology Center is the organization at the top of the Scientology hierarchy.^[46]^: 303 RTC was established in 1982, and controls the Dianetics and Scientology trademarks.^[15]^: 23 In 1987, David Miscavige took over control of RTC and is the head of RTC; officially Chairman of the Board, or COB.^[46]^: 122 RTC employs lawyers and has pursued individuals and groups who have legally attacked Scientology or who are deemed to be a legal threat to Scientology. This has included breakaway Scientologists who practice Scientology outside the central organization, and critics, as well as numerous government and media organizations.^[23]^: 284^[15]^{: 182–185}

Scientology Missions International

Scientology Missions International is the management organization over the mission network. Missions are small Scientology organizations which recruit new people and deliver basic services and auditing. These were the feeder organizations which sent people into the main Scientology orgs. Previously called franchises and running semi-autonomously under the wing of the Guardian's Office, they were considered "Scientology's life blood" until David Miscavige and his International Finance Police gutted the network in the early 1980s. Missions were operated by a mission holder who paid 10% license fees to the Church of Scientology but kept the bulk of their income to themselves.

The new policy was that missions paid a higher percentage to the new Scientology Missions International (SMI), established 1981, and anyone who objected was declared suppressive and their bank accounts seized. Hundreds of mission holders lost or closed their missions and in 1983 there were just forty missions left in the US. Until the 1990s, few people opened new missions and the push was directed towards celebrities to open missions: Kirstie Alley opened a mission in Wichita, Kansas in 1995, Isaac Hayes and Lisa Marie Presley opened one in Memphis in 1997, and Jenna Elfman opened one in San Francisco in 2001. According to the Church of Scientology, by 2002 there were 197 missions in the US, and by 2008 there were internationally 3,200 missions across 129 countries.^[47]^[48]^[49]^[21]^{: 137–139, 159}^[46]^{: 95–97, 157, 300}

(Note: A Sea Org missionaire is a person with a job completely unrelated to the mission network.^[29]^: 335)

Publishing and media organizations

Golden Era Productions

Golden Era Productions is a 500+ acre property in California also known as Gold Base, occupied by the Church of Scientology since 1979. It is where they make Scientology films, reproduce audio recordings of Hubbard's lectures, and assemble E-meters.^[46]^: 80–81

Scientology Media Productions and Scientology Network

In 2011, the Church of Scientology purchased KCET-TV's studio facilities.^[50] After five years of renovations and upgrades, the 4.5-acre property was reopened in 2016 as "Scientology Media Productions".^[51] The facilities included "three soundstages, postproduction tools, control rooms, music studios, mixing rooms, art departments, scene shops, radio booths, screening rooms, a magazine production space, a live-events hub" and 136,000 square feet of space.^[52] In 2018, they launched the Scientology Network.^[53]

Bridge Publications and New Era Publications

Bridge Publications, Inc. (incorporated 1981 in California) is the publisher for Scientology books and magazines in the United States, and New Era Publications International, Aps is the publisher in Europe.^[54]^: 211

Past publications organizations include Distribution Center Inc. (Maryland 1955), Publications Organization United States (California 1971), and Scientology Publications Limited (UK 1991).^[55]^[56]^[57]

As of 2023, the Bridge Publications print and distribution center, located at 5600 E Olympic Blvd, Commerce, California, occupies 185,000 square feet and prints the organization's magazines and other Scientology materials. The center's press has the capacity to print 55,000 pages per hour. The warehousing and shipping department is fully automated, with the capability of handling half a million items per week.^[58]^[56]

There are several imprints from across the entire Scientology network which are printed at the main print center, including Effective Education Publishing, Freedom Publishing, and Galaxy Press.

Author Services Inc. and Galaxy Press

Author Services Inc. (ASI) represents the literary, theatrical and musical works of L. Ron Hubbard.^[59] It is wholly owned by Church of Spiritual Technology.^[60] Author Services runs the contests Writers of the Future and Illustrators of the Future. Galaxy Press is an imprint of Author Services, spun off from Bridge Publications in 2002. Author Services and Galaxy Press are located at 7051 Hollywood Blvd, Hollywood, CA 90028.^[61]

Dissemination organizations

There are many independently chartered organizations and groups which are staffed by Scientologists, and pay license fees for the use of Scientology technology and trademarks under the control of Scientology management. In some cases, these organizations do not publicize their affiliation with Scientology and operate as front groups.^[62]^[63]

Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE)

Founded in 1989, the Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE) is an umbrella organization that administers six of Scientology's social programs:

Applied Scholastics, educational programs based on Hubbard's "Study Tech".
Criminon prisoner rehabilitation programs.
International Foundation for Human Rights and Tolerance, which has a particular interest in religious freedom.
Narconon drug rehabilitation centers.
The Way to Happiness Foundation, dedicated to disseminating Hubbard's non-religious moral code.
Youth for Human Rights International, the youth branch of The Way to Happiness.

Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR)

The Citizens Commission on Human Rights is an anti-psychiatry lobby organization whose stated mission is to "eradicate abuses committed under the guise of mental health."^[64] It operates the Psychiatry: An Industry of Death exhibit which is open to the public in CCHR's building on Sunset Boulevard.^[26]^: 293 It has been described by critics as a Scientology front group.^[65]^[66]^[67]

Volunteer Ministers

The Church of Scientology began its "Volunteer Ministers" program as a way to participate in community outreach projects. Volunteer Ministers travel to the scenes of major disasters to provide assistance with relief efforts. According to critics, these relief efforts consist of passing out copies of a pamphlet authored by Hubbard entitled The Way to Happiness, and engaging in a method said to calm panicked or injured individuals known in Scientology as a "touch assist". Accounts of the Volunteer Ministers' effectiveness have been mixed, and touch assists are not supported by scientific evidence.^[68]^[69]^[70]

World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE)

Many other Scientologist-run businesses and organizations belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management consults to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers an Associate of Applied Science Degree:

One of the best-known WISE-affiliated businesses is Sterling Management Systems, which offers Hubbard's management "technology" to professionals such as dentists and chiropractors.
Another well-known WISE-affiliated business is e.Republic, a publishing company based in Folsom, California.^[71] e.Republic publications include Government Technology and Converge magazines. The Center for Digital Government is a division of e. Republic that was founded in 1999.
Internet ISP EarthLink was founded by Scientologists Sky Dayton and Reed Slatkin as a Scientology enterprise. The company now distances itself from the views of its founder, who moved on to become CEO of Helio (wireless carrier), formerly known as SK-EarthLink.

Front groups

Scientology front groups are those groups named or operated in such a way as to disguise their association with the Church of Scientology (COS). COS uses front groups to promote its interests in politics, to make itself appear legitimate, and to recruit. The Times published, "[The church attracts] the unwary through a wide array of front groups in such businesses as publishing, consulting, health care and even remedial education." Many of the groups are founded on pseudoscience, named disingenuously, and underplay their links to Scientology.^[72]^[73]

Bases and campuses

Locations of major Scientology centers in the United States and the United Kingdom: 1. Saint Hill Manor 2. Flag Land Base 3. PAC Base 4. Gold Base 5. Trementina Base 6. Flag ship, *Freewinds*

The church owns a staggering array of properties, from a college on 55 acres in England to a luxury cruise ship. The church often buys historic buildings and refurbishes them in grand fashion. —St. Petersburg Times, 2009 ^[74]

Saint Hill, England

Some of the Saint Hill campus

Hubbard moved to England shortly after founding Scientology, where he oversaw its worldwide development from an office in London for most of the 1950s. In 1959, he bought Saint Hill Manor, a Georgian manor house near the Sussex town of East Grinstead. During Hubbard's years at Saint Hill, he traveled extensively, providing lectures and training in Australia, South Africa in the United States, and developing materials that would eventually become Scientology's "core systematic theology and praxis".^[75] While in Saint Hill, Hubbard worked with a staff of nineteen and urged others to join. On September 14, 1959, he wrote: "Here, on half a hundred acres of lovely grounds in a mansion where we have not yet found all the bedrooms, we are handling the problems of administration and service for the world of Scientology. We are not very many here and as the sun never sets on Scientology we are very busy thetans."^[75]

The most important achievement of the Saint Hill period was Hubbard's execution of the Saint Hill Special Briefing Course (SHBC). It was delivered by Hubbard from March 1951 to December 1966 and, within the Church of Scientology, is considered the best training course for budding "auditors" in the organization. Scientology groups called "Saint Hill Organizations" located in Los Angeles, Clearwater (Florida), Copenhagen and Sydney still teach this course.^[75]

This became the worldwide headquarters of Scientology through the 1960s and 1970s. Hubbard declared Saint Hill to be the organization by which all other organizations would be measured, and he issued a general order (still followed today) for all organizations around the world to expand and reach "Saint Hill size". The Church of Scientology has announced that the next two levels of Scientology teaching, OT IX and X, will be released and made available to the organization's members when all the major organizations in the world have reached Saint Hill size.^[76]

Flag Land Base, Clearwater, Florida

Some of the Flag Land Base buildings: The Super Power Building (top, background) and Fort Harrison Hotel (top, foreground), Clearwater Bank building (bottom)

The "worldwide spiritual headquarters" of the Church of Scientology is known as Flag Land Base, located in Clearwater, Florida. It is operated by Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc., a Florida corporation.

The organization was founded in 1975 when a Scientology-founded group called "Southern Land Development and Leasing Corp" purchased the Fort Harrison Hotel for $2.3 million. Because the reported tenant was the "United Churches of Florida" the citizens and City Council of Clearwater did not realize that the building's owners were actually the Church of Scientology until after the building's purchase. Clearwater citizens' groups, headed by Mayor Gabriel Cazares, rallied strongly against Scientology establishing a base in the city (repeatedly referring to the organization as a cult), but Flag Base was established nonetheless.^[77]

In the years since its foundation, the Flag Land Base has expanded as the Church of Scientology has gradually purchased large amounts of additional property in the downtown and waterfront Clearwater area. Scientology's largest project in Clearwater has been the construction of a high-rise complex called the "Super Power Building", or Flag Building, which "is the centerpiece of a 160-million construction campaign."^[78]

The Church of Scientology's CST chairman of the board, David Miscavige, led the opening and dedication of the 377,000-square-foot Flag Building on November 17, 2013. The multi-million cathedral is the new spiritual headquarters of Scientology. The fifth and sixth floor contain the "Super Power Program", which includes specially designed machines that Scientologists believe allow users to develop new abilities and experience enlightenment. The building also includes a dining facility, course rooms, offices and small rooms for "auditing" purposes.^[79]^[80]^[81]

PAC Base and Hollywood, California

Los Angeles Org, Celebrity Centre, Hollywood Guaranty Building, Information Center, "Big Blue"

Los Angeles, California, has the largest concentration of Scientologists and Scientology-related organizations in the world, with the Church of Scientology's most visible presence being in the Hollywood district of the city.^[82] The organization owns a former hospital on Fountain Avenue which houses Scientology's West Coast headquarters,^[83] the Pacific Area Command Base – often referred to as "PAC Base" or "Big Blue", after its blue paint job. Adjacent buildings include headquarters of several internal Scientology divisions,^[83] including the American Saint Hill Organization, the Advanced Organization of Los Angeles, and the Church of Scientology of Los Angeles. All these organizations are integrated within the corporation Church of Scientology Western United States. The Church of Scientology successfully campaigned to have the city of Los Angeles rename one block of a street running through their complex "L. Ron Hubbard Way". The street has been paved in brick.^[84]

Scientology's Celebrity Center International is located on Franklin Avenue, while the Association for Better Living and Education, Author Services, the Test Center, and the official headquarters of the Church of Scientology International (in the Hollywood Guaranty Building) are all located on Hollywood Boulevard.^[85] The ground floor of the Guaranty Building also features the L. Ron Hubbard Life Exhibition, a museum detailing his life that is open to the general public. The Celebrity Centre was acquired by the organization as the Chateau Elysee in 1973, built to accommodate members in the arts, sports and government.^[37]

Gold Base, Riverside County, California

The headquarters of Religious Technology Center, the entity that oversees Scientology operations worldwide, is located in unincorporated Riverside County, California, near the city of San Jacinto. The facility, known as Gold Base or "Int", is owned by Golden Era Productions and is the home of Scientology's media production studio, Golden Era Studios. Several Scientology executives, including David Miscavige, live and work at the base.^[86] Therefore, Gold Base is Scientology's international administrative headquarters.^[87]^[88]^[89]^[90]

The Church of Scientology bought the former Gilman Hot Springs resort, which had been popular with Hollywood figures, in 1978; the resort became Gold Base.^[90] The facilities are surrounded by floodlights and video observation cameras,^[86]^[91]^[92]^[93] and the compound is protected by razor wire.^[94]

Trementina Base, New Mexico

The Church of Scientology maintains a large base on the outskirts of Trementina, New Mexico, for the purpose of storing their archiving project: engraving Hubbard's writings on stainless steel tablets and encasing them in titanium capsules underground. An aerial photograph showing the base's enormous Church of Spiritual Technology symbols on the ground caused media interest and a local TV station broke the story in November 2005. According to a report in The Washington Post, the organization unsuccessfully attempted to coerce the station not to air the story.^[95]

Membership statistics

It is difficult to obtain reliable membership statistics. In the US, the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey found that there were 25,000 Scientologists in the US. Some of these were not considered to be members of the organization.^[96]^[97]^[98]^[99] A 2008 Trinity College survey similarly concluded there were 25,000 Scientologists.^[100] The International Association of Scientologists (IAS), the official Church of Scientology membership system since 1984, has never released figures.^[26]^: ix The organization's spokespersons either give numbers for their countries or a worldwide figure.^[101]

The organization has said that it has eight to fifteen million members worldwide, but this figure is known to be an aggrandizing fabrication.^[102]^[103]^[104]^[105]^[106]^[107]^[108]^[109] Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton has said that the organization's estimates of its membership numbers are exaggerated: "You're talking about anyone who ever bought a Scientology book or took a basic course. Ninety-nine percent of them don't ever darken the door of the church again." Melton has stated that if the claimed figure of 4 million American Scientologists were correct, "they would be like the Lutherans and would show up on a national survey".^[110]

Statistics from other sources:

In 2001, the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) reported that there were 55,000 adults in the United States who consider themselves Scientologists.^[111] A 2008 survey of American religious affiliations by the US Census Bureau estimated there to be 25,000 Americans identifying as Scientologists.^[112]^[113]
The 2001 United Kingdom census contained a voluntary question on religion, to which approximately 48,000,000 chose to respond. Of those living in England and Wales who responded, a total of 1,781 said they were Scientologists.^[114]
In 2011, Statistics Canada, the national census agency, reported a total of 1,745 Scientologists nationwide,^[115] up from 1,525 in 2001^[114] and 1,220 in 1991.^[116]
In 2005, the German Office for the Protection of the Constitution estimated a total of 5,000 – 6,000 Scientologists in that country, and mentioned a count of 12,000 according to Scientology Germany.^[117]
In the 2006 New Zealand census, 357 people identified themselves as Scientologists, although a spokesperson for the organization said there were between 5,000 and 6,000 Scientologists in the country.^[118] Earlier census figures were 207 in the 1991 census, 219 in 1996, and 282 in 2001.^[114]
In 2006, Australia's national census recorded 2,507 Scientologists nationwide, up from 1,488 in 1996, and 2,032 in 2001.^[114]^[119] The 2011 census however found a decrease of 13.7 percent from the 2006 census.^[120]
In 2011, SonntagsZeitung reported that support for Scientology in Switzerland had experienced a steady decline from 3,000 registered members in 1990 to 1,000 members and the organization was said to be facing extinction in the country. A Church of Scientology spokesperson rejected the figures claiming that the organization had 5,000 "passive and active members in Switzerland".^[121]
In 2011, the "Scientology Association of Finland" had approximately 120 members.^[122]

Finances

In 2008, the Church of Scientology and its large network of corporations, nonprofits and other legal entities were estimated to bring in around 500 million US dollars in annual revenue.^[123] Scientologists can attend classes, exercises or counseling sessions for a set range of "fixed donations"; however, membership without courses or auditing is possible. According to a sociological report entitled "Scientology: To Be Perfectly Clear", progression between levels above "clear" status cost $15,760.03 in 1980 (equivalent to $58,279 in 2023).^[124] Scientologists can choose to be audited by a fellow Scientologist rather than by a staff member.^[125]

Critics say it is improper to fix a donation for religious service; therefore the activity is non-religious. Scientology points out many classes, exercises and counseling may also be traded for "in kind" or performed cooperatively by students for no cost, and members of its most devoted orders can make use of services without any donations bar that of their time. A central tenet of Scientology is its Doctrine of Exchange, which dictates that each time a person receives something, he or she must give something back. By doing so, a Scientologist maintains "inflow" and "outflow", avoiding spiritual decline.^[126]

Ideal Orgs

Starting in 2003 Miscavige began pressuring local Churches of Scientology to purchase larger facilities to use as Scientology centers which would be renovated to become "Ideal Orgs".^[127] The theory was "If you build it they will come."^[21]^: 348 This push has included the acquisition of many historic buildings, a plan which professor of religious studies Hugh Urban believes has been pursued to imbue the Church with historical significance and distract from its controversies.^[37] For renovations of these buildings, the Church of Scientology has relied heavily on manual labor from Sea Org members in the organization's Rehabilitation Project Force.^[37] As of 2018, the Church of Scientology claims it had purchased 70 buildings and opened 60 Ideal Orgs around the globe.^[128]^[129]

With its membership numbers dwindling, Scientology's ideal org campaign has been called "a real estate scam", a "money-making scam", and "Scientology's principle cash cow".^[128]^[21]^: 347 Scientologists were heavily pressured during lengthy fundraising sessions to donate all their money and even open new credit lines to help fund the several million dollar building purchases. This resulted in less money to spend on normal services like training and auditing, so the new orgs became desolate. Staff pay, which is dependent upon weekly org income, was often reduced to a few dollars a week.^[127]^[128] A 2010 survey of former Scientologists by former Church of Scientology executive Mike Rinder found that the most cited reason for leaving the Church was the unrelenting pressure to donate to programs such as the Ideal Org program.^[21]^: 349

Some of the buildings purchased for Ideal Orgs remained vacant and unrenovated for years. For example, in the UK, delayed Ideal Orgs included Birmingham (purchased in 2007 and finally opened in 2017),^[130]^[131] Gateshead (purchased 2007),^[132] Manchester (purchased 2006),^[132]^[133] and Plymouth (purchased 2009).^[134] The delays prompted calls from locals for a compulsory purchase of the historically significant buildings, which had remained largely vacant and undeveloped since their purchase.^[135]

Celebrities

In order to facilitate the continued expansion of Scientology, the organization has made efforts to win allies in the form of powerful or respected people.^[136] Scientology has had a written program governing celebrity recruitment since at least 1955, when L. Ron Hubbard created "Project Celebrity", offering rewards to Scientologists who recruited targeted celebrities, and another church document pointed to the importance of "using Scientology celebrities to mold the opinions of their publics."^[15]^{: 139–141} According to Robert Vaughn Young, "one of my jobs was to get celebrities active, to convince them to hustle and promote Scientology."^[137] The Church of Scientology operates Celebrity Centres for the use of artists, politicians, leaders of industry, sports figures, and other prominent individuals.^[138]

Government opinions of Scientology

While some governments now give the Church of Scientology protections and tax relief,^[139]^[140] other sources describe the organization as a pseudoreligion or a cult.^[141] Early official reports in countries such as the United Kingdom (1971), South Africa (1972), Australia (1965) and New Zealand (1969) have yielded unfavorable observations and conclusions.^[142]^[143]^[3]^[144] Sociologist Stephen Kent published at a Lutheran convention in Germany that he likes to call it a transnational corporation.^[145]

Controversy

Though it has attained some credibility as a religion in many countries, Scientology has also been described as both a cult and a commercial enterprise.^[1] Some of the organization's actions also brought scrutiny from the press and law enforcement. For example, it has been noted to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as fair game people it perceives as its enemies.^[146]^[147]

In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the organization's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government documents in U.S. history.^[148]^[149] Scientologists were also convicted of fraud, manslaughter and tampering with witnesses in French cases,^[150]^[151] malicious libel against lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada.^[152]^[153]

In his book World Religions in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be perceived as "threatening to established social institutions".^[154] The film Going Clear, based on the book by the same name,^[26] also documents controversies surrounding the organization and its treatment of former members.^[155]^[156]

Criticism has also come from within the Church. Marty Rathbun, the former inspector general of the Religious Technology, has spoken out against church activities. He has called for a "Scientology Reformation" to eliminate corruption and bring back the original teachings of L. Ron Hubbard.^[157]

Classification

From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956. In 1966, Hubbard transferred all HASI assets to CSC, thus gathering Scientology under one tax-exempt roof. In 1967, the IRS stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring the organization's activities were commercial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the organization in those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New facilities were formed in Paris (1959), Denmark (1968), Sweden (1969), and Germany (1970). In the 1970s the religion spread through Europe: in Austria (1971), Holland (1972), Italy (1978), and Switzerland (1978). Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992.^[158]

The organization sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the organization paid $12.5 million to the IRS—greatly less than IRS had initially demanded—and the IRS recognized the organization as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.^[159] In addition, Scientology also dropped more than fifty lawsuits against the IRS when this settlement was reached. Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a religion.^[160] In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in items for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as determined in an internet poll run by the presidential transition team soliciting public input for the incoming administration.^[161] The U.S. State Department has criticized Western European nations for discrimination against Scientologists in its published annual International Religious Freedom report, based on the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998.^[162]^[163]^[164]

In some countries, such as Israel, Scientology is treated legally as a commercial enterprise, and not as a religion or charitable organization.^[141]^: 12 In early 2003, in Germany, The Church of Scientology was granted a tax-exemption for the 10% license fees sent to the US. This exemption, however, is related to a German-American double-taxation agreement, and is unrelated to tax-exemption in the context of charities law. Unlike many well-established religious organizations, Scientology maintains strict control over its names, symbols, religious works and other writings. The word Scientology (and many related terms, including L. Ron Hubbard) is a registered trademark. Religious Technology Center, the owner of the trademarks and copyrights, takes a hard line on people and groups who attempt to use it in ways unaffiliated with the Church of Scientology (see Scientology and the legal system).

Illegal activities

L. Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain aspects of legal protection for the organization in 1968, and the Office of The Guardian was created with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor. Under The Guardian's Office (later renamed the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), organization members and contracted staff later organized and committed one of the largest penetrations of United States federal agencies ever perpetrated by an organization not affiliated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB). This operation was named Operation Snow White by Hubbard.^[149] In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such:

The crime committed by these defendants is of a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No individual or organization was free from their despicable conspiratorial minds. The tools of their trade were miniature transmitters, lock picks, secret codes, forged credentials and any other device they found necessary to carry out their conspiratorial schemes.^[149]

The organization has also in the past made use of aggressive tactics in addressing those it sees as trying to suppress them, known as Suppressive Persons (SPs) first outlined by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair game. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored The Scandal of Scientology, a 1970 exposé book about the organization and its founder. This action was known as Operation Freakout. Using blank paper known to have been handled by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb threats in her name.^[149] When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The organization's plan was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed. All charges against Cooper were dismissed, though she had spent more than $20,000 on legal fees for her defense.^[149]

On January 22, 2013, attorneys for the organization, as well as some of its members, reacted toward the CNN News Group for its airing of a story covering the release of a book published by a former member, entitled 'Going Clear', published earlier the same year. CNN News Group then chose to publish the reactionary correspondence, with confidential information redacted, on its web site.

According to a 1990 Los Angeles Times article, in the 1980s the Los Angeles branch largely switched from using the organization's members in harassment campaigns to using private investigators, including former and current Los Angeles police officers. The reason seemed to be that this gave the organization a layer of protection.^[165]

The Scientology organization has continued to aggressively target people it deems suppressive. In 1998, regarding its announcement that it had hired a private investigator to look into the background of a Boston Herald writer who had written a series on the organization, Robert W. Thornburg, dean of Marsh Chapel at Boston University, said, "No one I know goes so far as to hire outsiders to harass or try to get intimidating data on critics. Scientology is the only crowd that does that."^[166] It has apparently continued as recently as 2010. In 2007, when BBC journalist John Sweeney was making Scientology and Me, an investigative report about the organization, he was subjected to harassment:

In LA, the moment our hire car left the airport we realised we were being followed by two cars. In our hotel a weird stranger spent every breakfast listening to us.^[167]

Sweeney subsequently made a follow-up documentary, The Secrets of Scientology, in 2010 during which he was followed and filmed on multiple occasions and one of his interviewees was followed back to his home.^[168]

Members' health and safety

The deaths of some Scientologists have brought attention to the organization, both due to the circumstances of their demises and their relationship with Scientology being a factor.^[169] In 1995, Lisa McPherson was involved in a minor automobile accident while driving on a Clearwater street. Following the collision, she exited her vehicle, stripped naked and showed further signs of mental instability, as noted by a nearby ambulance crew that subsequently transported her to a nearby hospital. Hospital staff decided that she had not been injured in the accident, but recommended keeping her overnight for observation. Following intervention by fellow Scientologists, McPherson refused psychiatric observation or admission at the hospital and checked herself out against medical advice after a short evaluation.

She was taken to the Fort Harrison Hotel, a Scientology retreat, to receive a treatment sanctioned by the organization called Introspection Rundown. She had previously received the Introspection Rundown in June of that year. She was locked in a room for 17 days, where she died. Her appearance after death was that of someone who had been denied water and food for quite some time, being both underweight and severely dehydrated. Additionally, her skin was covered with over one hundred insect bites, presumably from cockroaches. The state of Florida pursued criminal charges against the Church of Scientology. The organization has repeatedly denied any wrongdoing, and now makes members sign a waiver before Introspection Rundown specifically stating that they (or anyone on their behalf) will not bring any legal action against the organization over injury or death.^[170]

These charges attracted press coverage and sparked lawsuits. Eight years later, Elli Perkins, another adherent to Scientology's beliefs regarding psychiatry, was stabbed to death by her mentally disturbed son. Though Elli Perkins's son had begun to show symptoms of schizophrenia as early as 2001, the Perkins family chose not to seek psychiatric help for him and opted instead for alternative remedies sanctioned by Scientology. The death of Elli Perkins at the hands of a disturbed family member, one whose disease could have been treated by methods and medications banned by Scientology, again raised questions in the media about the organization's methods.^[171]

In addition, the organization has been implicated in kidnapping members who have recently left the organization. In 2007, Martine Boublil was kidnapped and held for several weeks against her will in Sardinia by four Scientologists. She was found on January 22, 2008, clothed only in a shirt. The room she was imprisoned in contained refuse and an insect infested mattress.^[172]^[173]

On Friday March 28, 2008, Kaja Bordevich Ballo, daughter of Olav Gunnar Ballo, Norwegian parliament member and vice president of the Norwegian Odelsting, took a Church of Scientology personality test while studying in Nice. Her friends and co-inhabitants claim she was in good spirits and showed no signs of a mental breakdown, but the report from the organization said she was "depressed, irresponsible, hyper-critical and lacking in harmony". A few hours later she committed suicide by jumping from her balcony at her dorm room leaving a note telling her family she was sorry for not "being good for anything". The incident has brought forward heavy criticism of the organization from friends, family and prominent Norwegian politicians.^[174] Inga Marte Thorkildsen, parliament member, went as far as to say "Everything points to the Scientology cult having played a direct role in making Kaja choose to take her own life".^[174]

Dissemination and recruiting practices

Members of the public entering a Scientology center or mission are offered a "free personality test" called the Oxford Capacity Analysis by Scientology literature. The test, despite its name and the claims of Scientology literature, has no connection to Oxford University or any other research body. Scientific research into three test results came to the conclusion that "we are forced to a position of skepticism about the test's status as a reliable psychometric device" and called its scientific value "negligible".^[175]

Further recruitment practices — called dissemination in Scientology – include information booths, flyers and advertisement for free seminars and Sunday Services in regular newspapers and magazines, personal contacts, sales of books, and acting classes.^[176]^[177]^[178]^[21]^: ix, 71

Legal waivers

Working with lawyer Bill Drescher, we drafted and implemented one-sided agreements that everyone who partakes in scientology services is required to sign—forfeiting the right to sue and any rights to access the records of scientology services, and even giving scientology authorization to hold the signee against their will should they have a psychotic episode so they can participate in the Introspection Rundown.
— Mike Rinder ^[46]^: 176

Due to previous litigation against the Church of Scientology, and particularly the civil and criminal cases surrounding the death of Lisa McPherson, COS drafted several contracts, releases and waivers which all individuals must sign in order to start any service with COS, no matter how small or introductory. They must be signed again before any major service, and new contracts signed for each Scientology corporate entity the individual visits. One particular waiver—called the "Lisa Clause" by critics of Scientology—states that a member will not seek any psychiatric treatment, and gives permission for the Church of Scientology to detain any member suspected of a psychotic break or other serious mental breakdown. Such detention is to provide the Introspection Rundown, a procedure where an individual is kept isolated from everyone, with no communication. This controversial procedure was considered to be the cause of McPherson's death and, in order to prevent future lawsuits, the Church of Scientology compiled these one-sided contracts.The contracts also prohibit the individual from obtaining any copies of records related to them while granting COS the exclusive right to retain the documents. Individuals waive the right to sue COS in a court of law, and instead they must use Scientology's version of an arbitration (which L. Ron Hubbard never wrote about).^[179]^[46]^: 176^[21]^: 248

Licensing

The Church of Scientology denies the legitimacy of any splinter groups and factions outside the official organization, and has tried to prevent independent Scientologists from using officially trademarked Scientology materials. Independent Scientologists, also known collectively as the "Free Zone" are referred to as squirrels within the organization. They are also classified by the Church of Scientology as suppressive persons ("SPs")—opponents or enemies of Scientology. Hubbard himself stated in Ron's Journal '67 "That there were only seven or eight Suppressive Persons on the planet".

In 2010, an exception to the rule was made specifically for the Nation of Islam, which is the only officially sanctioned external Dianetics organization and the first official non-Scientology Dianetics org since 1953. Minister Louis Farrakhan publicly announced his embracement of Dianetics, and has been actively promoting Dianetics, while stating he has not become a Scientologist. He has courted a relationship with the Church of Scientology, and materials and certifications are still required to be purchased from the organization, and are not independently produced.^[180]^[181]^[182]

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External links

[timecult2-1] Behar, Richard (May 6, 1991). "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power". Time. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019.

[2] Kent, Stephen A. (2001). "Brainwashing Programs in The Family/Children of God and Scientology". In Zablocki, Benjamin; Robbins, Thomas (eds.). Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field. University of Toronto Press. pp. 349–358. ISBN 978-0-8020-8188-9.

[Anderson1965-3] Anderson, Kevin Victor (1965). Report of the Board of Enquiry into Scientology (Report). State of Victoria, Australia. p. 179. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved June 30, 2019. In reality it is a dangerous medical cult. Alternative link Archived February 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

[Edge2006-4] Edge, Peter W. (2006). Religion and law: an introduction. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-3048-7.

[ECRec1178-5] Hunt, John; de Puig, Luis; Espersen, Ole (February 5, 1992). European Council, Recommendation 1178: Sects and New Religious Movements (Report). Council of Europe. Archived from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved June 30, 2019. It is a cool, cynical, manipulating business and nothing else.

[urban2015-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Urban, Hugh B. (2015). New Age, Neopagan, and New Religious Movements: Alternative Spirituality in Contemporary America. Univ of California Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0520281172.

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[9] Cottrell, Richard (1999). Recommendation 1412: Concernant les activités illégales des sectes (Report). Conseil d'Europe.

[10] "Church of Scientology". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: House of Lords. December 17, 1996. col. 1392–1394. Archived July 1, 2019, at the Wayback Machine

[11] Hubbard and another v. Vosper and another, 1 All ER 1023 (Court of Appeal November 19, 1971), archived from the original.

[12] RE B & G (Minors: Custody), F.L.R. 493 (Court of Appeal September 19, 1984), archived from the original.

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[TruthRunDown-25] 
The Truth Rundown, a three-part series by Thomas C. Tobin and Joe Childs, St Petersburg Times
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"Death in slow motion: Part 2 of 3 in a special report on the Church of Scientology". June 22, 2009. Archived from the original on August 10, 2009.
"Scientology: Ecclesiastical justice, Part 3 of 3 in a special report on the Church of Scientology". June 23, 2009. Archived from the original on August 9, 2009.
"Index of Truth Rundown and related articles and videos". Archived from the original on January 2, 2010.

[29] The Truth Rundown, a three-part series by Thomas C. Tobin and Joe Childs, St Petersburg Times

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[Beaumont2015_Guardian-155] Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (February 3, 2015). "Church of Scientology targets film critics over Going Clear documentary". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2015.

[Collins2015_RS-156] Collins, Sean T. (March 19, 2015). "'Clear' and Present Danger: Alex Gibney on His Bold Scientology Doc". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015.

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[158] Lewis, James R. (2009). Scientology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199715954.

[159] "The Wall Street Journal. December 30, 1997 Reproduced Archived June 28, 2003, at the Wayback Machine at Dave Touretzky's Carnegie Mellon site

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[Boston_Herald-166] McLaughlin, Jim; Andrew Gully (February 19, 1998). "Church of Scientology probes Herald reporter". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009.

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[timecult1-169] Behar, Richard (May 6, 1991). "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power". Time. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. By all appearances, Noah Lottick of Kingston, Pa., had been a normal, happy 24-year-old who was looking for his place in the world ... his fingers were still clutching $171 in cash, virtually the only money he hadn't yet turned over to the Church of Scientology, the self-help 'philosophy' group he had discovered just seven months earlier.

[nytflchgscos-170] Frantz, Douglas (November 14, 1998). "Florida Charges Scientology In Church Member's Death". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2012.

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[172] "French Scientologists Arrested in Italy". arhiva.dalje.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.

[173] Juliet, Anne-Cécile. "L'étrange séquestration qui embarrasse la Scientologie" [The strange kidnapping that embarrasses Scientology] (in French). Bellaciao.org. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2011.

[dgbtkbb-174] ""Ville vært i live i dag hvis hun ikke hadde gått til scientologene" – Innenriks – Dagbladet.no". FR: Dagbladet.no<!. April 15, 2008. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2009.

[175] The Foster Report. Chapter 5, "The Practices of Scientology;" section (a), "Recruitment;" pages 75–76. "a systematic approach to answering the questions should yield systematic variations in the conclusions derived from an analysis of the test scores ... these two methods [for answering the questions of the test] would be expected to produce different, if not complementary, profiles ... These variations in answering the questions did not seem to affect the Oxford Capacity Analysis as the three methods produced remarkably similar profiles ... when each of two diametrically opposed methods of response produces the same extreme deviant scores as the other and as a third "random" response style, we are forced to a position of scepticism about the test's status as a reliable psychometric device."

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[178] Hubbard, L. Ron (September 15, 1959), HCOB 15 Sept 59, Dissemination Tips, Church of Scientology (Courtesy link Archived June 30, 2023, at the Wayback Machine)

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|American organization and business}}
-{{about|the institution behind Scientology|the ideology itself|Scientology}}
+{{About|the institution behind Scientology|the ideology itself|Scientology}}
-{{pp|small=yes}}
+{{Pp|small=yes}}
-{{pp-move}}
+{{Pp-move}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}
 {{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 |name         = Church of Scientology
 |image        = Church of Scientology building in Los Angeles, Fountain Avenue.jpg
-|caption      = Scientology building in Los Angeles, California
+|caption      = Scientology building in [[Los Angeles]]
 |formation    = December 1953
 |founder      = [[L. Ron Hubbard]]
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 }}
 {{Scientology sidebar}}
-The '''Church of Scientology''' is a group of interconnected corporate entities and other organizations devoted to the practice, administration and dissemination of [[Scientology]], which is variously defined as a [[cult]], a [[scientology as a business|business]], or a [[new religious movement]].{{refn|name=defin|<ref name=timecult2/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kent |first=Stephen A. |author-link=Stephen A. Kent |title=Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field |title-link=Misunderstanding Cults |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8020-8188-9 |editor-last=Zablocki |editor-first=Benjamin |editor-link=Benjamin Zablocki |pages=349–358 |language=en |chapter=Brainwashing Programs in The Family/Children of God and Scientology |editor-last2=Robbins |editor-first2=Thomas |editor-link2=Thomas Robbins (sociologist)}}</ref><ref name=Anderson1965/><ref name=Edge2006/><ref name=ECRec1178/><ref name="urban2015">{{Cite book | last = Urban | first = Hugh B. | author-link = Hugh Urban | year = 2015 | title = New Age, Neopagan, and New Religious Movements: Alternative Spirituality in Contemporary America  | publisher = Univ of California Press |isbn = 978-0520281172|page=144}}</ref>}} The movement has been the subject of [[Scientology controversies|a number of controversies]], and the Church of Scientology has been described by government inquiries, international parliamentary bodies, scholars, [[law lords]], and numerous superior court judgements as both a dangerous cult and a manipulative [[Scientology as a business|profit-making business]].{{refn|<ref name=timecult2>{{Cite magazine|title=The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-2,00.html|last=Behar|first=Richard|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=May 6, 1991|access-date=June 17, 2019|archive-date=June 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618035509/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-2,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Anderson1965>{{Cite report |last=Anderson |first=Kevin Victor |author-link=Kevin Victor Anderson |year=1965 |title=Report of the Board of Enquiry into Scientology |url=https://archive.org/details/vparl-1965-66-no-9-recognized/mode/1up?view=theater |publisher=State of Victoria, Australia |page=179 |access-date=June 30, 2019 |quote=In reality it is a dangerous medical cult |archive-date=August 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175651/http://www.apologeticsindex.org/The%20Anderson%20Report.pdf |url-status=live }}. [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/andrhome.html Alternative link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204012057/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/andrhome.html |date=February 4, 2007 }}</ref><ref name=Edge2006>{{Cite book |last=Edge |first=Peter W. |title=Religion and law: an introduction |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7546-3048-7 }}</ref><ref name=ECRec1178>{{Cite report |last1=Hunt |first1=John |last2=de Puig |first2=Luis |last3=Espersen |first3=Ole |date=February 5, 1992 |title=European Council, Recommendation 1178: Sects and New Religious Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRPz4_u7AxMC&pg=PA668 |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=June 30, 2019 |quote=It is a cool, cynical, manipulating business and nothing else. |archive-date=May 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503111023/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRPz4_u7AxMC&pg=PA668#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |title=Scientology (Written answer) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1968/jul/25/scientology |house=House of Commons |date=July 25, 1968 |column_start=189 |column_end=191W }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701033240/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1968/jul/25/scientology |date=July 1, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |last=Cottrell |first=Richard |year=1999 |title=Recommendation 1412: Concernant les activités illégales des sectes  |publisher=Conseil d'Europe }}</ref><ref>{{Cite hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |title=Church of Scientology |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1996/dec/17/church-of-scientology |house=House of Lords |date=December 17, 1996 |column_start=1392 |column_end=1394 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701033228/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1996/dec/17/church-of-scientology |date=July 1, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite court |litigants=Hubbard and another v. Vosper and another |opinion=1 All ER 1023 |court=[[Court of Appeal (England and Wales)|Court of Appeal]] |date=November 19, 1971 |url=https://uniset.ca/other/cs3/vosper.html |access-date=June 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005213729/http://uniset.ca/other/cs3/vosper.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite court |litigants=RE B & G (Minors: Custody) |opinion=F.L.R. 493 |court=[[Court of Appeal (England and Wales)|Court of Appeal]] |date=September 19, 1984 |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/appeal.html |access-date=June 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519194703/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/appeal.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} In 1979, several executives of the organization were [[United States v. Hubbard|convicted and imprisoned for multiple offenses]] by a U.S. Federal Court.<ref name=HeldtAppeal>{{Cite court|litigants=United States v. Heldt|vol=668|reporter=F.2d|opinion=1238|court=[[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]|date=October 2, 1981|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_v._Heldt,_668_F.2d_1238_(D.C._Cir._1981)|access-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103163947/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_v._Heldt,_668_F.2d_1238_(D.C._Cir._1981)|url-status=live}}</ref>{{r|urban|page=168}} The Church of Scientology itself was convicted of [[fraud]] by a French court in 2009, a decision upheld by the supreme [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]] in 2013.<ref name=TorygrFraud13>{{Cite news |title=Scientology's fraud conviction upheld in France |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/10384877/Scientologys-fraud-conviction-upheld-in-France.html |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530065306/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/10384877/Scientologys-fraud-conviction-upheld-in-France.html |archive-date=May 30, 2014 |url-status=live |location=London |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |agency=[[Agence France Presse|AFP]] |date=October 17, 2013}}</ref> The [[Scientology in Germany|German]] government classifies Scientology as an unconstitutional [[sect]].<ref name="spiegel.de">{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/hubbard-s-church-unconstitutional-germany-prepares-to-ban-scientology-a-522052.html|newspaper=Der Spiegel|title=Hubbard's Church 'Unconstitutional': Germany Prepares to Ban Scientology – SPIEGEL ONLINE|access-date=March 13, 2017|date=December 7, 2007|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225144219/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/hubbard-s-church-unconstitutional-germany-prepares-to-ban-scientology-a-522052.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="assemblee-nationale.fr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp|publisher=assemblee-nationale.fr|title=National Assembly of France report No. 2468|access-date=March 13, 2017|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225144222/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Scientology in France|France]], it has been classified as a dangerous [[cult]].<ref name="lobs"/> In some countries, it has attained [[Scientology status by country|legal recognition as a religion]].<ref name=postweird>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/02/AR2007080201887.html Weird, Sure. A Cult, No.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107231611/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/02/AR2007080201887.html |date=November 7, 2017 }} Washington Post By Mark Oppenheimer, August 5, 2007</ref>
+The '''Church of Scientology''' is a group of interconnected corporate entities and other organizations devoted to the practice, administration and dissemination of [[Scientology]], which is variously defined as a [[cult]], a [[scientology as a business|business]], or a [[new religious movement]].{{refn|name=defin|<ref name=timecult2/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kent |first=Stephen A. |author-link=Stephen A. Kent |title=Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field |title-link=Misunderstanding Cults |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8020-8188-9 |editor-last=Zablocki |editor-first=Benjamin |editor-link=Benjamin Zablocki |pages=349–358 |language=en |chapter=Brainwashing Programs in The Family/Children of God and Scientology |editor-last2=Robbins |editor-first2=Thomas |editor-link2=Thomas Robbins (sociologist)}}</ref><ref name=Anderson1965/><ref name=Edge2006/><ref name=ECRec1178/><ref name="urban2015">{{Cite book | last = Urban | first = Hugh B. | author-link = Hugh Urban | year = 2015 | title = New Age, Neopagan, and New Religious Movements: Alternative Spirituality in Contemporary America  | publisher = Univ of California Press |isbn = 978-0520281172|page=144}}</ref>}} The movement has been the subject of [[Scientology controversies|a number of controversies]], and the Church of Scientology has been described by government inquiries, international parliamentary bodies, scholars, [[law lords]], and numerous superior court judgements as both a dangerous cult and a manipulative [[Scientology as a business|profit-making business]].{{refn|<ref name=timecult2>{{Cite magazine|title=The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-2,00.html|last=Behar|first=Richard|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=May 6, 1991|access-date=June 17, 2019|archive-date=June 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618035509/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-2,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Anderson1965>{{Cite report |last=Anderson |first=Kevin Victor |author-link=Kevin Victor Anderson |year=1965 |title=Report of the Board of Enquiry into Scientology |url=https://archive.org/details/vparl-1965-66-no-9-recognized/mode/1up?view=theater |publisher=State of Victoria, Australia |page=179 |access-date=June 30, 2019 |quote=In reality it is a dangerous medical cult |archive-date=August 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175651/http://www.apologeticsindex.org/The%20Anderson%20Report.pdf |url-status=live }}. [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/andrhome.html Alternative link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204012057/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/andrhome.html |date=February 4, 2007 }}</ref><ref name=Edge2006>{{Cite book |last=Edge |first=Peter W. |title=Religion and law: an introduction |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7546-3048-7 }}</ref><ref name=ECRec1178>{{Cite report |last1=Hunt |first1=John |last2=de Puig |first2=Luis |last3=Espersen |first3=Ole |date=February 5, 1992 |title=European Council, Recommendation 1178: Sects and New Religious Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRPz4_u7AxMC&pg=PA668 |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=June 30, 2019 |quote=It is a cool, cynical, manipulating business and nothing else. |archive-date=May 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503111023/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRPz4_u7AxMC&pg=PA668#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |title=Scientology (Written answer) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1968/jul/25/scientology |house=House of Commons |date=July 25, 1968 |column_start=189 |column_end=191W }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701033240/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1968/jul/25/scientology |date=July 1, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |last=Cottrell |first=Richard |year=1999 |title=Recommendation 1412: Concernant les activités illégales des sectes  |publisher=Conseil d'Europe }}</ref><ref>{{Cite hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |title=Church of Scientology |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1996/dec/17/church-of-scientology |house=House of Lords |date=December 17, 1996 |column_start=1392 |column_end=1394 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701033228/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1996/dec/17/church-of-scientology |date=July 1, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite court |litigants=Hubbard and another v. Vosper and another |opinion=1 All ER 1023 |court=[[Court of Appeal (England and Wales)|Court of Appeal]] |date=November 19, 1971 |url=https://uniset.ca/other/cs3/vosper.html |access-date=June 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005213729/http://uniset.ca/other/cs3/vosper.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite court |litigants=RE B & G (Minors: Custody) |opinion=F.L.R. 493 |court=[[Court of Appeal (England and Wales)|Court of Appeal]] |date=September 19, 1984 |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/appeal.html |access-date=June 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519194703/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/appeal.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
-The [[Church of Scientology International]] (CSI) is officially the "Mother Church", and is responsible for guiding the other Scientology centers.{{r|urban|p=172}} Its international headquarters are located at the [[Gold Base]] in [[Riverside County, California]].{{r|reitman|page=275}} The [[Church of Spiritual Technology]] (CST) is the organization that owns all the copyrights of the estate of [[L. Ron Hubbard]].<ref name="urban2015"/>
+In 1979, several executives of the organization were [[United States v. Hubbard|convicted and imprisoned for multiple offenses]] by a U.S. Federal Court.<ref name=HeldtAppeal>{{Cite court|litigants=United States v. Heldt|vol=668|reporter=F.2d|opinion=1238|court=[[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]|date=October 2, 1981|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_v._Heldt,_668_F.2d_1238_(D.C._Cir._1981)|access-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103163947/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_v._Heldt,_668_F.2d_1238_(D.C._Cir._1981)|url-status=live}}</ref>{{r|urban|page=168}} The Church of Scientology itself was convicted of [[fraud]] by a French court in 2009, a decision upheld by the supreme [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]] in 2013.<ref name=TorygrFraud13>{{Cite news |title=Scientology's fraud conviction upheld in France |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/10384877/Scientologys-fraud-conviction-upheld-in-France.html |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530065306/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/10384877/Scientologys-fraud-conviction-upheld-in-France.html |archive-date=May 30, 2014 |url-status=live |location=London |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |agency=[[Agence France Presse|AFP]] |date=October 17, 2013}}</ref> The [[Scientology in Germany|German]] government classifies Scientology as an unconstitutional [[sect]].<ref name="spiegel.de">{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/hubbard-s-church-unconstitutional-germany-prepares-to-ban-scientology-a-522052.html|newspaper=Der Spiegel|title=Hubbard's Church 'Unconstitutional': Germany Prepares to Ban Scientology – SPIEGEL ONLINE|access-date=March 13, 2017|date=December 7, 2007|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225144219/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/hubbard-s-church-unconstitutional-germany-prepares-to-ban-scientology-a-522052.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="assemblee-nationale.fr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp|publisher=assemblee-nationale.fr|title=National Assembly of France report No. 2468|access-date=March 13, 2017|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225144222/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Scientology in France|France]], it has been classified as a dangerous [[cult]].<ref name="lobs"/> In some countries, it has attained [[Scientology status by country|legal recognition as a religion]].<ref name=postweird>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/02/AR2007080201887.html Weird, Sure. A Cult, No.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107231611/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/02/AR2007080201887.html |date=November 7, 2017 }} Washington Post By Mark Oppenheimer, August 5, 2007</ref>
-All Scientology management organizations are controlled exclusively by members of the [[Sea Org]], which is a legally nonexistent paramilitary organization for the "elite, innermost dedicated core of Scientologists".<ref name="urban2015"/><ref name="nrmarlia2003"/> [[David Miscavige]] is described by the Scientology organization as the highest-ranking Sea Org officer, and is referred to by the organization as its captain.
+The [[Church of Scientology International]] (CSI) is officially the "Mother Church", and is responsible for guiding the other Scientology centers.{{r|urban|p=172}} Its international headquarters are located at [[Gold Base]] in [[Riverside County, California]].{{r|reitman|page=275}} The [[Church of Spiritual Technology]] (CST) is the organization that owns all the copyrights of the estate of [[L. Ron Hubbard]].<ref name="urban2015"/>
+All Scientology management organizations are controlled exclusively by members of the [[Sea Org]], which is a paramilitary organization for the "elite, innermost dedicated core of Scientologists".<ref name="urban2015"/><ref name="nrmarlia2003"/> [[David Miscavige]] is described by the Scientology organization as the highest-ranking Sea Org officer, and is referred to by the organization as its captain.
 == History ==
@@ Line 33: / Line 36: @@
 Hubbard had official control of the organizations until 1966 when he publicly resigned, though he continued to give orders to executives, secretly running the organizations. Although Hubbard maintained no formal position within Scientology's management structure, he remained firmly in control of the organization and its affiliated organizations, often using code names and code words to obscure his involvement.<ref>{{Cite news |first = John |last = Marshall |title = Hubbard still gave orders, records show |work = The Globe and Mail |location = Canada |date = January 24, 1980 |url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/386965976 |id = {{ProQuest|386965976}} |url-access = subscription |via = [[ProQuest]] |access-date = March 27, 2024 |archive-date = May 3, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240503111011/https://www.proquest.com/docview/386965976 |url-status = live }}</ref> When some of the top ranking staff, including Hubbard's wife, were [[United States v. Hubbard|indicted for infiltrating the US government]] in their actions of [[Operation Snow White]], Hubbard went into deep hiding though continued to manage control over the organizations but this time through intermediaries—predominantly [[Pat Broeker]] and [[David Miscavige]].{{r|atack|pp=257ff}}
-After the convictions in ''[[United States v. Hubbard]]'', there was a flurry of activity creating new corporations in the early 1980s to avoid further government scrutiny and to limit and compartmentalize liabilities. The Guardian's Office was replaced with the Office of Special Affairs; Religious Technology Center (RTC) was created, and numerous other corporations sprang up during this period, which acquired the name "corporate sort out" (CSO).{{r|reitman|p=129}} The idea was to "create a legally defensible structure that would give Hubbard and the Commodore's Messenger Organization full legal control over Scientology while at the same time insulating both Hubbard and the CMO from any legal liability for running the organizations of Scientology by lying about the level of control they really had."{{r|reitman|pp=129-130}}
+{{Anchor|corporate sort out}}After the convictions in ''[[United States v. Hubbard]]'', there was a flurry of activity creating new corporations in the early 1980s to avoid further government scrutiny and to limit and compartmentalize liabilities. The Guardian's Office was replaced with the Office of Special Affairs; Religious Technology Center (RTC) was created, and numerous other corporations sprang up during this period, which acquired the name "corporate sort out" (CSO).{{r|reitman|p=129}} The idea was to "create a legally defensible structure that would give Hubbard and the Commodore's Messenger Organization full legal control over Scientology while at the same time insulating both Hubbard and the CMO from any legal liability for running the organizations of Scientology by lying about the level of control they really had."{{r|reitman|pp=129-130}}
 In 1986, after the death of L. Ron Hubbard, Pat and Annie Broeker presented documents from Hubbard showing they had been promoted to "Loyal Officers" and were named as Hubbard's successors in managing the Sea Org. However, a year later [[David Miscavige]] had wrested power from the Broekers and became the leader of the Scientology organization.{{r|TruthRunDown}}{{r|atack|p=362}}{{r|wright|pp=190-3}}
@@ Line 51: / Line 54: @@
 == Service organizations ==
+{{See also|List of Scientology organizations#Service organizations}}
 {{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=250
 |image1=Olbia (Sardaigne, Italie) en juillet 2018 - 9.JPG
@@ Line 89: / Line 93: @@
 == Management organizations ==
+{{See also|List of Scientology organizations#Management organizations}}
-All Scientology management organizations are controlled exclusively by members of the [[#Sea Org|Sea Org]]—which is not a corporation—consisting of the "elite, innermost dedicated core of Scientologists" run as a [[paramilitary organization]].<ref name="urban2015"/><ref name="nrmarlia2003"/> [[David Miscavige]] is described by the Scientology organization as the highest-ranking Sea Org officer, and is referred to by the organization as its captain.
+All Scientology management organizations are controlled exclusively by members of the [[#Sea Org|Sea Org]]—which is not a corporation—consisting of the "elite, innermost dedicated core of Scientologists" run as a [[paramilitary organization]]:<ref name="urban2015"/><ref name="nrmarlia2003"/> [[David Miscavige]] is described by the Scientology organization as the highest-ranking Sea Org officer, and is referred to by the organization as its captain.
 The [[Church of Scientology International]] (CSI) is officially the "Mother Church", and is responsible for guiding the other Scientology centers.{{r|atack|page=270}}{{r|urban|p=172}}
@@ Line 106: / Line 111: @@
 Critics of Scientology have spoken out against the disciplinary procedures and policies of the Sea Org, which have been [[Scientology controversies|a source of controversy]] since its inception and variously described as abusive and illegal. Former Sea Org members have stated that punishments in the late 1960s and early 1970s included confinement in hazardous conditions such as the ship's chain locker.<ref>Wakefield, Margery. ''Understanding Scientology'', Chapter 9. [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/wakefield/us-09.html Reproduced] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930172624/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/wakefield/us-09.html |date=September 30, 2019 }} at [[David S. Touretzky]]'s [[Carnegie Mellon]] site.</ref>
-In 1974, Hubbard established the [[Rehabilitation Project Force]] (or RPF), a forced labour and re-education program against reputedly delinquent members of the Sea Org,<ref name=Ke03>{{Cite journal|last=Kent|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen A. Kent|date=September 2003|title=Scientology and the European Human Rights Debate: A Reply to Leisa Goodman, J. Gordon Melton, and the European Rehabilitation Project Force Study |journal=[[Marburg Journal of Religion]]|publisher=[[University of Marburg]]|volume=8|issue=1|url=https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/3725|access-date=May 21, 2006 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629063543/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/kent3.html|archive-date=June 29, 2006 |doi=10.17192/mjr.2003.8.3725}}</ref> which involves long days of hard labor, restricted food, and substandard living conditions.<ref name="Hellesoy2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Hellesøy |first1=Kjersti |title=Scientology |journal=Controversial New Religions |date=28 August 2014 |pages=257–269 |doi=10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199315314.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-931531-4 }}</ref> Ex-members have reported physical abuse and that members are prevented from leaving with threats and coercion.<ref name="Hellesoy2014"/><ref name="Lippard2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Lippard |first1=Jim |title=Scientology Exposed |journal=Skeptic |date=Spring 2013 |volume=18 |issue=2 |page=48 |url=http://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A335733126/AONE |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=May 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503111032/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&id=GALE%7CA335733126&v=2.1&it=r&userGroupName=anon%7Ecebb2fcc&aty=open-web-entry |url-status=live }}</ref> Teenagers as young as twelve years old have been assigned to the RPF, and there have been reports of children laboring for considerably longer than eight hours a day, and physical and sexual abuse of minors.<ref name="Kent2021_IR">{{Cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=Stephen A. |title=Studying Scientology as an Anti-Democratic Institution: Suggestions and Cautions to Future Researchers |journal=Implicit Religion |date=4 March 2021 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=167–174 |doi=10.1558/imre.19161 |s2cid=233598724 |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/IR/article/view/19161 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=January 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104223127/https://journal.equinoxpub.com/IR/article/view/19161 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ortega2012VV">{{Cite news |last1=Ortega |first1=Tony |title=Scientology's Shocking Treatment of Children Held in a Suburban Labor Camp |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2012/02/14/scientologys-shocking-treatment-of-children-held-in-a-suburban-labor-camp/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |work=The Village Voice |date=14 February 2012 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116125351/https://www.villagevoice.com/2012/02/14/scientologys-shocking-treatment-of-children-held-in-a-suburban-labor-camp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="McManus2019_TBT">{{Cite news |last1=McManus |first1=Tracey |title=Scientology policy enabled years of child sexual abuse, lawsuit says |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/clearwater/2019/09/19/scientology-policy-enabled-years-of-child-sexual-abuse-lawsuit-says/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |work=Tampa Bay Times |date=19 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=August 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812145618/https://www.tampabay.com/news/clearwater/2019/09/19/scientology-policy-enabled-years-of-child-sexual-abuse-lawsuit-says/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jenna Miscavige Hill]], niece of David Miscavige and author of ''Beyond Belief: My Secret Life Inside Scientology and My Harrowing Escape'', stated that as a child she often worked 14 hours a day and only got to see her parents once a week, if that.<ref>[https://www.inquisitr.com/577365/former-scientologist-claims-children-forced-into-labor-camp/ Former Scientologist Claims Children Forced Into Labor Camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014003/https://www.inquisitr.com/577365/former-scientologist-claims-children-forced-into-labor-camp/ |date=August 4, 2018 }}, ''Inquisitr'', Tara Dodrill, March 18, 2013.</ref>
+In 1974, Hubbard established the [[Rehabilitation Project Force]] (or RPF), a forced labour and re-education program against reputedly delinquent members of the Sea Org,<ref name=Ke03>{{Cite journal|last=Kent|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen A. Kent|date=September 2003|title=Scientology and the European Human Rights Debate: A Reply to Leisa Goodman, J. Gordon Melton, and the European Rehabilitation Project Force Study |journal=[[Marburg Journal of Religion]]|publisher=[[University of Marburg]]|volume=8|issue=1|url=https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/3725|access-date=May 21, 2006 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629063543/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/kent3.html|archive-date=June 29, 2006 |doi=10.17192/mjr.2003.8.3725}}</ref> which involves long days of hard labor, restricted food, and substandard living conditions.<ref name="Hellesoy2014">{{Cite book |last=Hellesøy |first=Kjersti |title=Controversial New Religions |title-link=Controversial New Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |edition=2nd |location=New York |language=en |chapter=Scientology: The Making of a Religion |editor-last2=Petersen |editor-first2=Jesper Aa.|pages=257–269 |doi=10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199315314.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-931531-4 }}</ref> Ex-members have reported physical abuse and that members are prevented from leaving with threats and coercion.<ref name="Hellesoy2014"/><ref name="Lippard2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Lippard |first1=Jim |title=Scientology Exposed |journal=Skeptic |date=Spring 2013 |volume=18 |issue=2 |page=48 |url=http://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A335733126/AONE |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=May 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503111032/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&id=GALE%7CA335733126&v=2.1&it=r&userGroupName=anon%7Ecebb2fcc&aty=open-web-entry |url-status=live }}</ref> Teenagers as young as twelve years old have been assigned to the RPF, and there have been reports of children laboring for considerably longer than eight hours a day, and physical and sexual abuse of minors.<ref name="Kent2021_IR">{{Cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=Stephen A. |title=Studying Scientology as an Anti-Democratic Institution: Suggestions and Cautions to Future Researchers |journal=Implicit Religion |date=4 March 2021 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=167–174 |doi=10.1558/imre.19161 |s2cid=233598724 |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/IR/article/view/19161 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=January 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104223127/https://journal.equinoxpub.com/IR/article/view/19161 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ortega2012VV">{{Cite news |last1=Ortega |first1=Tony |title=Scientology's Shocking Treatment of Children Held in a Suburban Labor Camp |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2012/02/14/scientologys-shocking-treatment-of-children-held-in-a-suburban-labor-camp/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |work=The Village Voice |date=14 February 2012 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116125351/https://www.villagevoice.com/2012/02/14/scientologys-shocking-treatment-of-children-held-in-a-suburban-labor-camp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="McManus2019_TBT">{{Cite news |last1=McManus |first1=Tracey |title=Scientology policy enabled years of child sexual abuse, lawsuit says |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/clearwater/2019/09/19/scientology-policy-enabled-years-of-child-sexual-abuse-lawsuit-says/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |work=Tampa Bay Times |date=19 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=August 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812145618/https://www.tampabay.com/news/clearwater/2019/09/19/scientology-policy-enabled-years-of-child-sexual-abuse-lawsuit-says/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jenna Miscavige Hill]], niece of David Miscavige and author of ''Beyond Belief: My Secret Life Inside Scientology and My Harrowing Escape'', stated that as a child she often worked 14 hours a day and only got to see her parents once a week, if that.<ref>[https://www.inquisitr.com/577365/former-scientologist-claims-children-forced-into-labor-camp/ Former Scientologist Claims Children Forced Into Labor Camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014003/https://www.inquisitr.com/577365/former-scientologist-claims-children-forced-into-labor-camp/ |date=August 4, 2018 }}, ''Inquisitr'', Tara Dodrill, March 18, 2013.</ref>
 {{anchor|RTC}}
@@ Line 122: / Line 127: @@
 {{Main|Scientology Missions International}}
-Scientology Missions International is the management organization over the mission network. Missions are small Scientology organizations which recruit new people and deliver basic services and [[Auditing (Scientology)|auditing]]. These were the feeder organizations which sent people into the main Scientology orgs. Previously called ''franchises'' and running semi-autonomously under the wing of the [[Guardian's Office]], they were considered "Scientology's life blood" until [[David Miscavige]] and his International Finance Police gutted the network in the early 1980s. Missions were operated by a ''mission holder'' who paid 10% license fees to the Church of Scientology but kept the bulk of their income to themselves. The new policy was that missions paid a higher percentage to the new [[Scientology Missions International]] (SMI), established 1981, and anyone who objected was [[Scientology ethics and justice#SP|declared suppressive]] and their bank accounts seized. Hundreds of mission holders lost or closed their missions and in 1983 there were just forty missions left in the US. Until the 1990s, few people opened new missions and the push was directed towards celebrities to open missions: [[Kirstie Alley]] opened a mission in Wichita, Kansas in 1995, [[Isaac Hayes]] and [[Lisa Marie Presley]] opened one in Memphis in 1997, and [[Jenna Elfman]] opened one in San Francisco in 2001. According to the Church of Scientology, by 2002 there were 197 missions in the US, and by 2008 there were internationally 3,200 missions across 129 countries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Presley, Hayes Back Scientology |date=October 5, 1997 |publisher=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/56ec427010d4dce242657b67202955f6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627201422/https://apnews.com/article/56ec427010d4dce242657b67202955f6 |archive-date=June 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |magazine=Celebrity |issue=363 |date=2020 |pages=8–11 |title=Celebrity Interview : Jenna Elfman |publisher=[[Celebrity Centre|Church of Scientology Celebrity Centre International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor1-last=Lewis |editor1-first=James R. |chapter=Scientology Missions International (SMI): An Immutable Model of Technological Missionary Activity |first=Bernadette |last=Rigal-Cellard |title=Scientology |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199887118 |year=2009 |pages=325–334 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.003.0017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtW90YkkB3gC&dq=Scientology+Missions+International+(SMI):+An+Immutable+Model+of+Technological+Missionary+Activity&pg=PA325 |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925185007/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtW90YkkB3gC&dq=Scientology+Missions+International+(SMI):+An+Immutable+Model+of+Technological+Missionary+Activity&pg=PA325 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{r|reitman|pages=137-139,159}}{{r|rinder|pages=95-97,157,300}} (Note: A {{glossary link|glossary=Glossary of Scientology|missionaire|Sea Org missionaire}} is unrelated to the mission network.{{r|hubbard-admindict|p=335}})
+Scientology Missions International is the management organization over the mission network. Missions are small Scientology organizations which recruit new people and deliver basic services and [[Auditing (Scientology)|auditing]]. These were the feeder organizations which sent people into the main Scientology orgs. Previously called ''franchises'' and running semi-autonomously under the wing of the [[Guardian's Office]], they were considered "Scientology's life blood" until [[David Miscavige]] and his International Finance Police gutted the network in the early 1980s. Missions were operated by a ''mission holder'' who paid 10% license fees to the Church of Scientology but kept the bulk of their income to themselves.
+The new policy was that missions paid a higher percentage to the new [[Scientology Missions International]] (SMI), established 1981, and anyone who objected was [[Scientology ethics and justice#SP|declared suppressive]] and their bank accounts seized. Hundreds of mission holders lost or closed their missions and in 1983 there were just forty missions left in the US. Until the 1990s, few people opened new missions and the push was directed towards celebrities to open missions: [[Kirstie Alley]] opened a mission in Wichita, Kansas in 1995, [[Isaac Hayes]] and [[Lisa Marie Presley]] opened one in Memphis in 1997, and [[Jenna Elfman]] opened one in San Francisco in 2001. According to the Church of Scientology, by 2002 there were 197 missions in the US, and by 2008 there were internationally 3,200 missions across 129 countries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Presley, Hayes Back Scientology |date=October 5, 1997 |publisher=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/56ec427010d4dce242657b67202955f6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627201422/https://apnews.com/article/56ec427010d4dce242657b67202955f6 |archive-date=June 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |magazine=Celebrity |issue=363 |date=2020 |pages=8–11 |title=Celebrity Interview : Jenna Elfman |publisher=[[Celebrity Centre|Church of Scientology Celebrity Centre International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor1-last=Lewis |editor1-first=James R. |chapter=Scientology Missions International (SMI): An Immutable Model of Technological Missionary Activity |first=Bernadette |last=Rigal-Cellard |title=Scientology |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199887118 |year=2009 |pages=325–334 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.003.0017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtW90YkkB3gC&dq=Scientology+Missions+International+(SMI):+An+Immutable+Model+of+Technological+Missionary+Activity&pg=PA325 |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925185007/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtW90YkkB3gC&dq=Scientology+Missions+International+(SMI):+An+Immutable+Model+of+Technological+Missionary+Activity&pg=PA325 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{r|reitman|pages=137-139,159}}{{r|rinder|pages=95-97,157,300}}
+(Note: A {{glossary link|glossary=Glossary of Scientology|missionaire|Sea Org missionaire}} is a person with a job completely unrelated to the mission network.{{r|hubbard-admindict|p=335}})
 == Publishing and media organizations ==
+{{See also|List of Scientology organizations#Publishing houses and media}}
 === Golden Era Productions ===
@@ Line 140: / Line 151: @@
 ''Bridge Publications, Inc.'' (incorporated 1981 in California) is the publisher for Scientology books and magazines in the United States, and ''New Era Publications International, Aps'' is the publisher in Europe.{{r|handbookofscientology2016|page=211}}
-Past publications organizations include ''Distribution Center Inc.'' (Maryland 1955), ''Publications Organization United States'' (California 1971), and ''Scientology Publications Limited'' (UK 1991).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ia803209.us.archive.org/1/items/FosterReportEnquiryIntoThePracticeAndEffectsOfScientology/Foster%20Report%20-%20Enquiry%20into%20the%20Practice%20and%20Effects%20of%20Scientology.pdf |first=John |last=Foster |author-link=John Foster (MP for Northwich) |title=Enquiry into the Practice and Effects of Scientology |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Stationery Office]], London |date=December 1971 |at=70(v) |quote=Scientology Publications Limited was incorporated as long ago as 30th January 1954. Mr. Hubbard holds 51 out of 57 £1 shares issued. Both he and his wife were appointed directors on 24th November 1955. He - but not she - resigned on 30th December 1966. No annual returns have been filed since 31st December 1967. }} UK National Archive piece reference [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8070954&CATLN=6&accessmethod=5&j=1 MH 153/606] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503111226/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/record?catid=8070954&catln=6 |date=May 3, 2024 }}</ref>{{r|bridgepubabout}}{{r|emetercase1969}}
+Past publications organizations include ''Distribution Center Inc.'' (Maryland 1955), ''Publications Organization United States'' (California 1971), and ''Scientology Publications Limited'' (UK 1991).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/FosterReportEnquiryIntoThePracticeAndEffectsOfScientology |first=John |last=Foster |author-link=John Foster (MP for Northwich) |title=Enquiry into the Practice and Effects of Scientology |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Stationery Office]], London |date=December 1971 |at=70(v) |quote=Scientology Publications Limited was incorporated as long ago as 30th January 1954. Mr. Hubbard holds 51 out of 57 £1 shares issued. Both he and his wife were appointed directors on 24th November 1955. He - but not she - resigned on 30th December 1966. No annual returns have been filed since 31st December 1967. }} UK National Archive piece reference [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8070954&CATLN=6&accessmethod=5&j=1 MH 153/606] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503111226/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/record?catid=8070954&catln=6 |date=May 3, 2024 }}</ref>{{r|bridgepubabout}}{{r|emetercase1969}}
 As of 2023, the Bridge Publications print and distribution center, located at 5600 E Olympic Blvd, Commerce, California, occupies 185,000 square feet and prints the organization's magazines and other Scientology materials. The center's [[Offset printing#Web-fed offset|press]] has the capacity to print 55,000 pages per hour. The warehousing and shipping department is fully automated, with the capability of handling half a million items per week.<ref name="prnewswire2016">{{Cite news|url = http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/church-of-scientology-flips-the-switch-on-185000-square-foot-dissemination-and-distribution-center-114735574.html|title = Press release: Church of Scientology Flips the Switch on 185,000-Square-Foot Dissemination and Distribution Center|agency = PR Newswire|access-date = January 1, 2016|archive-date = March 4, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220149/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/church-of-scientology-flips-the-switch-on-185000-square-foot-dissemination-and-distribution-center-114735574.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="bridgepubabout">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bridgepub.com/about/ |title=About Bridge Publications, Inc. |publisher=Bridge Publications, Inc. |access-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313014217/https://www.bridgepub.com/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 147: / Line 158: @@
 === Author Services Inc. and Galaxy Press ===
-[[File:2005 11 L. Ron Hubbard Museum.jpg|thumb|Author Services building]]
+[[File:2005 11 L. Ron Hubbard Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Security Trust|Author Services building]]]]
 {{Main|Author Services Inc.|Galaxy Press}}
 [[Author Services Inc.]] (ASI) represents the literary, theatrical and musical works of L. Ron Hubbard.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.authorservicesinc.com/ |title=Author Services |access-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313030426/https://www.authorservicesinc.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is wholly owned by [[Church of Spiritual Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sc-i-r-s-ology.pair.com/documents/1993-10-01closingagrmt.html#irsorder |title=IRS-Scientology Closing Agreement |date=October 1, 1993 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426072259/http://www.sc-i-r-s-ology.pair.com/documents/1993-10-01closingagrmt.html#irsorder |archive-date=April 26, 2006}}</ref> Author Services runs the contests ''[[Writers of the Future]]'' and ''Illustrators of the Future''. [[Galaxy Press]] is an [[Imprint (trade name)|imprint]] of Author Services, spun off from Bridge Publications in 2002. Author Services and Galaxy Press are located at [[Security Trust|7051 Hollywood Blvd, Hollywood, CA 90028]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.authorservicesinc.com/galaxy-press/ |title=Galaxy Press |website=Author Services, Inc. |access-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313030425/https://www.authorservicesinc.com/galaxy-press/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 153: / Line 164: @@
 == Dissemination organizations ==
+{{See also|List of Scientology organizations#Secular and social management entities}}
 There are many independently chartered organizations and groups which are staffed by Scientologists, and pay license fees for the use of Scientology technology and trademarks under the control of Scientology management. In some cases, these organizations do not publicize their affiliation with Scientology and operate as [[Scientology front groups|front groups]].<ref name="sydney">{{Cite news | url = https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/unwitting-highschoolers-lured-to-forum-run-by-scientologists/2007/03/27/1174761471748.html | title = Unwitting highschoolers lured to forum by Scientologists | work = The Sydney Morning Herald | date = March 27, 2007 | access-date = July 17, 2007 | archive-date = July 1, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701082052/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/unwitting-highschoolers-lured-to-forum-run-by-scientologists/2007/03/27/1174761471748.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Alan |last=McEwen |title=Scientology-link group is banned |url=http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=314912004 |work=[[Edinburgh Evening News]] |date=March 18, 2004 |access-date=July 17, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122551/http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=314912004 |archive-date=October 13, 2007 }}</ref>
@@ Line 224: / Line 236: @@
 |image1 = Scientology Superpower Building Ribbon Cutting 17 November 2013.jpg
 |image2 = Clearwater, Florida, 080417 041.jpg
-|footer = Some of the Flag Land Base buildings: The Super Power Building (top) and Fort Harrison Hotel (foreground right), Clearwater Bank building,}}
+|footer = Some of the Flag Land Base buildings: The Super Power Building (top, background) and Fort Harrison Hotel (top, foreground),  Clearwater Bank building (bottom)}}
 The "worldwide spiritual headquarters" of the Church of Scientology is known as Flag Land Base, located in [[Clearwater, Florida]]. It is operated by [[Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc.]], a Florida corporation.
@@ Line 243: / Line 255: @@
 |image4 = Scientology Center on Hollywood Blvd. (2746273728).jpg
 |image5 = Scientology building east hollywood los angeles.jpg
-|footer = Los Angeles Org, [[Celebrity Centre]], [[Guaranty Building (Hollywood, California)|Hollywood Guaranty Building]], [[Christie Hotel|Hollywood Scientology Center]], "Big Blue"
+|footer = Los Angeles Org, [[Celebrity Centre]], [[Guaranty Building (Hollywood, California)|Hollywood Guaranty Building]], [[Christie Hotel|Information Center]], "Big Blue"
 }}
-Los Angeles, California, has the largest concentration of Scientologists and Scientology-related organizations in the world, with the Church of Scientology's most visible presence being in the Hollywood district of the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trump won this little chunk of Los Angeles, where half of voters are linked to Scientology |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-pol-scientology-trump-hollywood-20170119-story.html |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=24 January 2017 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911111926/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-pol-scientology-trump-hollywood-20170119-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The organization owns a former hospital on Fountain Avenue which houses Scientology's [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] headquarters,<ref name="BI">{{Cite news |title=Take a tour of Scientology's massive Los Angeles real estate empire |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/take-a-tour-of-scientologys-massive-los-angeles-real-estate-empire/slidelist/46934412.cms |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=Business Insider |date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911111932/https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/take-a-tour-of-scientologys-massive-los-angeles-real-estate-empire/slidelist/46934412.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> the Pacific Area Command Base – often referred to as "PAC Base" or "Big Blue", after its blue paint job. Adjacent buildings include headquarters of several internal Scientology divisions,<ref name="BI"/> including the American Saint Hill Organization, the Advanced Organization of Los Angeles, and the Church of Scientology of Los Angeles. All these organizations are integrated within the corporation [[Church of Scientology Western United States]].
+Los Angeles, California, has the largest concentration of Scientologists and Scientology-related organizations in the world, with the Church of Scientology's most visible presence being in the Hollywood district of the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trump won this little chunk of Los Angeles, where half of voters are linked to Scientology |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-pol-scientology-trump-hollywood-20170119-story.html |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=24 January 2017 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911111926/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-pol-scientology-trump-hollywood-20170119-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The organization owns a former hospital on Fountain Avenue which houses Scientology's [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] headquarters,<ref name="BI">{{Cite news |title=Take a tour of Scientology's massive Los Angeles real estate empire |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/take-a-tour-of-scientologys-massive-los-angeles-real-estate-empire/slidelist/46934412.cms |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=Business Insider |date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911111932/https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/take-a-tour-of-scientologys-massive-los-angeles-real-estate-empire/slidelist/46934412.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> the Pacific Area Command Base – often referred to as "PAC Base" or "Big Blue", after its blue paint job. Adjacent buildings include headquarters of several internal Scientology divisions,<ref name="BI"/> including the American Saint Hill Organization, the Advanced Organization of Los Angeles, and the Church of Scientology of Los Angeles. All these organizations are integrated within the corporation [[Church of Scientology Western United States]]. The Church of Scientology successfully campaigned to have the city of Los Angeles rename one block of a street running through their complex "L. Ron Hubbard Way". The street has been paved in brick.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Grad|first1=Shelby|title=How Scientology got L.A. to name street after L. Ron Hubbard|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-street-scientology-hubbard-20150330-story.html|access-date=May 13, 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|date=March 31, 2015|archive-date=May 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510085800/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-street-scientology-hubbard-20150330-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Scientology's [[Celebrity Centres|Celebrity Center International]] is located on [[Franklin Avenue (Los Angeles)|Franklin Avenue]], while the [[Association for Better Living and Education]], [[Author Services]], the Test Center, and the official headquarters of the [[Church of Scientology International]] (in the [[Guaranty Building (Hollywood, California)|Hollywood Guaranty Building)]] are all located on [[Hollywood Boulevard]].<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite magazine |title=Historic Hollywood Holdings |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/historic-hollywood-holdings-213547/ |magazine=[[Hollywood Reporter]] |author=Daniel Miller |date=July 21, 2011 |language=en-US}}</ref> The ground floor of the Guaranty Building also features the ''L. Ron Hubbard Life Exhibition'', a museum detailing his life that is open to the general public. The Celebrity Centre was acquired by the organization as the Chateau Elysee in 1973, built to accommodate members in the arts, sports and government.<ref name="miller"/>
-The Church of Scientology successfully campaigned to have the city of Los Angeles rename one block of a street running through their complex "L. Ron Hubbard Way". The street has been paved in brick.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Grad|first1=Shelby|title=How Scientology got L.A. to name street after L. Ron Hubbard|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-street-scientology-hubbard-20150330-story.html|access-date=May 13, 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|date=March 31, 2015|archive-date=May 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510085800/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-street-scientology-hubbard-20150330-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Scientology's [[Celebrity Centres|Celebrity Center International]] is located on [[Franklin Avenue (Los Angeles)|Franklin Avenue]], while the [[Association for Better Living and Education]] (in [[Hollywood Congregational Church]]), [[Author Services]] (in [[Security Trust]]) and the official headquarters of the [[Church of Scientology International]] (in the [[Guaranty Building (Hollywood, California)|Hollywood Guaranty Building)]] are all located on [[Hollywood Boulevard]]. The ground floor of the Guaranty Building also features the ''L. Ron Hubbard Life Exhibition'', a museum detailing his life that is open to the general public. The Celebrity Centre was acquired by the organization as the Chateau Elysee in 1973, built to accommodate members in the arts, sports and government.<ref name="miller"/>
 {{anchor|Gold Base}}
@@ Line 256: / Line 266: @@
 {{Main|Gold Base}}
 [[File:Gold Base aerial view from west.jpg|thumb|Gold Base aerial view from west]]
-The headquarters of the [[Religious Technology Center]], the entity that oversees Scientology operations worldwide, is located in [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[Riverside County, California]], near the city of [[San Jacinto, California|San Jacinto]]. The facility, known as [[Gold Base]] or "Int", is owned by [[Golden Era Productions]] and is the home of Scientology's media production studio, Golden Era Studios. Several Scientology executives, including David Miscavige, live and work at the base.<ref name="latimes">{{Cite news | first = Claire | last = Hoffman | author2 = Christensen, Kim | title = Tom Cruise and Scientology | url = https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-scientology18dec18,0,2963052.story | work = Los Angeles Times | date = December 18, 2005 | access-date = January 24, 2008 | archive-date = December 18, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071218230406/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-scientology18dec18,0,2963052.story | url-status = live }}</ref> Therefore, Gold Base is Scientology's international administrative headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB7187E1046BC11&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |title=Rural Studio is Scientology Headquarters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232330/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB7187E1046BC11&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |work=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |date=August 13, 1991 |page=6B California News |access-date=October 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=David |title=Scientology foes blast new law |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 10, 2009 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jan-10-me-scientology10-story.html |access-date=October 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214151243/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/10/local/me-scientology10 |archive-date=February 14, 2009}}</ref><ref>Glick, Julia. [http://www.pe.com/localnews/morenovalley/stories/PE_News_Local_S_supes07.37a2aa5.html "County ordinance raises questions about Scientology"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014182036/http://www.pe.com/localnews/morenovalley/stories/PE_News_Local_S_supes07.37a2aa5.html |date=October 14, 2010 }} ''[[The Press-Enterprise]]''. January 6, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.</ref><ref name="ScientInland"/>
+The headquarters of [[Religious Technology Center]], the entity that oversees Scientology operations worldwide, is located in [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[Riverside County, California]], near the city of [[San Jacinto, California|San Jacinto]]. The facility, known as [[Gold Base]] or "Int", is owned by [[Golden Era Productions]] and is the home of Scientology's media production studio, Golden Era Studios. Several Scientology executives, including David Miscavige, live and work at the base.<ref name="latimes">{{Cite news | first = Claire | last = Hoffman | author2 = Christensen, Kim | title = Tom Cruise and Scientology | url = https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-scientology18dec18,0,2963052.story | work = Los Angeles Times | date = December 18, 2005 | access-date = January 24, 2008 | archive-date = December 18, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071218230406/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-scientology18dec18,0,2963052.story | url-status = live }}</ref> Therefore, Gold Base is Scientology's international administrative headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB7187E1046BC11&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |title=Rural Studio is Scientology Headquarters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232330/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB7187E1046BC11&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |work=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |date=August 13, 1991 |page=6B California News |access-date=October 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=David |title=Scientology foes blast new law |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 10, 2009 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jan-10-me-scientology10-story.html |access-date=October 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214151243/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/10/local/me-scientology10 |archive-date=February 14, 2009}}</ref><ref>Glick, Julia. [http://www.pe.com/localnews/morenovalley/stories/PE_News_Local_S_supes07.37a2aa5.html "County ordinance raises questions about Scientology"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014182036/http://www.pe.com/localnews/morenovalley/stories/PE_News_Local_S_supes07.37a2aa5.html |date=October 14, 2010 }} ''[[The Press-Enterprise]]''. January 6, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.</ref><ref name="ScientInland"/>
 The Church of Scientology bought the former [[Gilman Hot Springs|Gilman Hot Springs resort]], which had been popular with Hollywood figures, in 1978; the resort became Gold Base.<ref name="ScientInland">McGavin, Gregor. [http://www.pe.com/localnews/hemet/stories/PE_News_Local_D_scientology15.30c068a.html "Scientologists' presence in Inland area dates back to 1960s"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926180337/http://www.pe.com/localnews/hemet/stories/PE_News_Local_D_scientology15.30c068a.html |date=September 26, 2010 }} ''[[The Press-Enterprise]]''. January 15, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2009.</ref> The facilities are surrounded by floodlights and video observation cameras,<ref name="latimes"/><ref name="stone">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/inside-scientology-103288/ |title=Inside Scientology |date=February 8, 2011 |orig-date=February 23, 2006 |first=Janet |last=Reitman |author-link=Janet Reitman |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |url-status=<!--archived version is better--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502021124/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/inside-scientology-20110208 |archive-date=May 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Thomas C |last=Tobin |title=A place called 'Gold' |url=http://www.sptimes.com/TampaBay/102598/scientologygold.html |newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |date=October 25, 1998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991112082952/http://www.sptimes.com/TampaBay/102598/scientologygold.html |archive-date=November 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news <!--|url = https://www.latimes.com/media/acrobat/2005-12/21006726.pdf--> |url=https://www.trbas.com/media/media/acrobat/2005-12/21006726.pdf |title = Scientology's inland empire |access-date = August 25, 2007 |last = Perry |first = Rebecca |author2=Kelsen, Don|date = December 17, 2005|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> and the compound is protected by razor wire.<ref name="laweekly">{{Cite news|first=Gale |last=Holland |title=Unfair Game |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/news/unfair-game/4713/ |newspaper=[[LA Weekly]] |date=June 20, 2001 |access-date=February 24, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210190653/http://www.laweekly.com/news/news/unfair-game/4713/ |archive-date=February 10, 2007 }}</ref>
@@ Line 284: / Line 294: @@
 == Finances ==
+{{see also|Scientology Finance|Tax status of Scientology in the United States|List of Scientology organizations#Financial trusts}}
+In 2008, the Church of Scientology and its large network of corporations, nonprofits and other legal entities were estimated to bring in around 500 million US dollars in annual revenue.<ref>{{Cite news  | last =Smith  | first =L. Christopher  | title =Scientology's Money Trail: Celebrities! Tax shelters! Bart Simpson! A glimpse into the finances of the secretive church  | work =Condé Nast Portfolio  | publisher =2008 Condé Nast Inc.  | date =December 2008  | url =http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2008/11/19/Monetary-Value-of-Scientology  | access-date =November 19, 2008  | archive-date =December 21, 2008  | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081221154301/http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2008/11/19/Monetary-Value-of-Scientology  | url-status =live  }}</ref> Scientologists can attend classes, exercises or counseling sessions for a set range of "fixed donations"; however, membership without courses or auditing is possible. According to a sociological report entitled "Scientology: To Be Perfectly Clear", progression between levels above "clear" status cost $15,760.03 in 1980 ({{Inflation|US|15760.03|1980|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="stark">{{Cite journal | last = Bainbridge | first = William Sims |author2=Rodney Stark | title = Scientology: To Be Perfectly Clear | journal = Sociological Analysis: A Journal in the Sociology of Religion | volume = 41 | issue = 2 | pages = 128–136 | year = 1980 | doi=10.2307/3709904| jstor = 3709904 }}</ref> Scientologists can choose to be audited by a fellow Scientologist rather than by a staff member.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Goodyear |first=Dana |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/01/14/080114fa_fact_goodyear |title="Château Scientology", The New Yorker, 14 January 2008 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=August 1, 2011 |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119183447/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/01/14/080114fa_fact_goodyear |url-status=live }}</ref>
-{{see also|Scientology Finance|Tax status of Scientology in the United States}}
-In 2008, the Church of Scientology and its large network of corporations, nonprofits and other legal entities were estimated to bring in around 500 million US dollars in annual revenue.<ref>{{Cite news  | last =Smith  | first =L. Christopher  | title =Scientology's Money Trail: Celebrities! Tax shelters! Bart Simpson! A glimpse into the finances of the secretive church  | work =Condé Nast Portfolio  | publisher =2008 Condé Nast Inc.  | date =December 2008  | url =http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2008/11/19/Monetary-Value-of-Scientology  | access-date =November 19, 2008  | archive-date =December 21, 2008  | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081221154301/http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2008/11/19/Monetary-Value-of-Scientology  | url-status =live  }}</ref>
-Scientologists can attend classes, exercises or counseling sessions for a set range of "fixed donations"; however, membership without courses or auditing is possible. According to a sociological report entitled "Scientology: To Be Perfectly Clear", progression between levels above "clear" status cost $15,760.03 in 1980 ({{Inflation|US|15760.03|1980|fmt=eq}}; this cost does not include additional special treatments).<ref name="stark">{{Cite journal | last = Bainbridge | first = William Sims |author2=Rodney Stark | title = Scientology: To Be Perfectly Clear | journal = Sociological Analysis: A Journal in the Sociology of Religion | volume = 41 | issue = 2 | pages = 128–136 | year = 1980 | doi=10.2307/3709904| jstor = 3709904 }}</ref>{{clarify|reason=What kind of special treatments and how might this affect the overall cost of membership?|date=July 2022}} Scientologists can choose to be audited by a fellow Scientologist rather than by a staff member.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Goodyear |first=Dana |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/01/14/080114fa_fact_goodyear |title="Château Scientology", The New Yorker, 14 January 2008 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=August 1, 2011 |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119183447/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/01/14/080114fa_fact_goodyear |url-status=live }}</ref>
 Critics say it is improper to fix a donation for religious service; therefore the activity is non-religious. Scientology points out many classes, exercises and counseling may also be traded for [[Barter|"in kind"]] or performed cooperatively by students for no cost, and members of its most devoted orders can make use of services without any donations bar that of their time. A central tenet of Scientology is its [[Doctrine of Exchange]], which dictates that each time a person receives something, he or she must give something back. By doing so, a Scientologist maintains "inflow" and "outflow", avoiding spiritual decline.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&court=US&case=/us/490/680.html |title=''Hernandez v. Commissioner'', U.S. Supreme Court |publisher=Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-date=November 14, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114114430/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&court=US&case=%2Fus%2F490%2F680.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 {{anchor|Ideal Org}}
 == Ideal Orgs ==
-Starting in 2003 Miscavige began pressuring local Churches of Scientology to purchase larger facilities to use as Scientology centers which would be renovated to become "Ideal Orgs".<ref name="seattletimes.com">{{Cite news |last1=Goodstein |first1=Laurie |title=Scientology defectors speak out |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2011277347_scientology07.html |access-date=October 24, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |via=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=March 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031193142/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2011277347_scientology07.html|archive-date=October 31, 2013}}</ref> The theory was "If you build it they will come."{{r|reitman|page=348}} This push has included the acquisition of many historic buildings, a plan which professor of religious studies [[Hugh Urban]] believes has been pursued to imbue the Church with historical significance and distract from its controversies.<ref name="miller">{{Cite news | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/scientologys-hollywood-real-estate-empire-213141/ | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | first=Daniel | last=Miller | title=Scientology's Hollywood Real Estate Empire | access-date=February 18, 2020 | archive-date=November 12, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112230609/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/scientologys-hollywood-real-estate-empire-213565?page=3 | url-status=live }}</ref> For renovations of these buildings, the Church of Scientology has relied heavily on manual labor from [[Sea Org]] members in the organization's [[Rehabilitation Project Force]].<ref name="miller"/>
+Starting in 2003 Miscavige began pressuring local Churches of Scientology to purchase larger facilities to use as Scientology centers which would be renovated to become "Ideal Orgs".<ref name="seattletimes.com">{{Cite news |last1=Goodstein |first1=Laurie |title=Scientology defectors speak out |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2011277347_scientology07.html |access-date=October 24, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |via=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=March 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031193142/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2011277347_scientology07.html|archive-date=October 31, 2013}}</ref> The theory was "If you build it they will come."{{r|reitman|page=348}} This push has included the acquisition of many historic buildings, a plan which professor of religious studies [[Hugh Urban]] believes has been pursued to imbue the Church with historical significance and distract from its controversies.<ref name="miller">{{Cite news | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/scientologys-hollywood-real-estate-empire-213141/ | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | first=Daniel | last=Miller | title=Scientology's Hollywood Real Estate Empire | access-date=February 18, 2020 | archive-date=November 12, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112230609/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/scientologys-hollywood-real-estate-empire-213565?page=3 | url-status=live }}</ref> For renovations of these buildings, the Church of Scientology has relied heavily on manual labor from [[Sea Org]] members in the organization's [[Rehabilitation Project Force]].<ref name="miller"/> As of 2018, the Church of Scientology claims it had purchased 70 buildings and opened 60 Ideal Orgs around the globe.<ref name="peters"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/10/15/scientology-church-opens-doors-detroit/1645980002/ |title=Church of Scientology opens doors of downtown Detroit center |access-date=October 24, 2018 |archive-date=April 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411160038/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/10/15/scientology-church-opens-doors-detroit/1645980002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-As of 2018, the Church of Scientology claims it had purchased 70 buildings and opened 60 Ideal Orgs around the globe.<ref name="peters"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/10/15/scientology-church-opens-doors-detroit/1645980002/ |title=Church of Scientology opens doors of downtown Detroit center |access-date=October 24, 2018 |archive-date=April 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411160038/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/10/15/scientology-church-opens-doors-detroit/1645980002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 With its membership numbers dwindling, Scientology's ideal org campaign has been called "a real estate scam", a "money-making scam", and "Scientology's principle cash cow".<ref name="peters">{{Cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Joey |date=March 28, 2018 |title=Inside the dwindling Minneapolis-St. Paul Scientology movement |work=[[City Pages]] |url=http://www.citypages.com/news/inside-the-twin-cities-dwindling-scientology-movement/478085193 |url-status=dead |access-date=October 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025070911/http://www.citypages.com/news/inside-the-twin-cities-dwindling-scientology-movement/478085193 |archive-date=October 25, 2018}}</ref>{{r|reitman|page=347}} Scientologists were heavily pressured during lengthy fundraising sessions to donate all their money and even open new credit lines to help fund the several million dollar building purchases. This resulted in less money to spend on normal services like training and auditing, so the new orgs became desolate. Staff pay, which is dependent upon weekly org income, was often reduced to a few dollars a week.<ref name="seattletimes.com" /><ref name="peters" /> A 2010 survey of former Scientologists by former Church of Scientology executive [[Mike Rinder]] found that the most cited reason for leaving the Church was the unrelenting pressure to donate to programs such as the Ideal Org program.{{r|reitman|page=349}}
@@ Line 306: / Line 312: @@
 {{Main|Scientology and celebrities}}
-In order to facilitate the continued expansion of Scientology, the organization has made efforts to win allies in the form of powerful or respected people.<ref name=laceleb>Joel Sappell and Robert W. Welkos, Times Staff Writers, [https://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-scientology062790a,0,3614832.story Courting the Power Brokers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027183808/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-scientology062790a,0,3614832.story |date=October 27, 2013 }} ''Los Angeles Times'', June 27, 1990</ref> Scientology has had a written program governing [[celebrity]] recruitment since at least 1955, when L. Ron Hubbard created "Project Celebrity", offering rewards to Scientologists who recruited targeted celebrities, and another church document pointed to the importance of "using Scientology celebrities to mold the opinions of their publics."{{r|urban|pages=139–141}} According to [[Robert Vaughn Young]], "one of my jobs was to get celebrities active, to convince them to hustle and promote Scientology."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=1924408&date=19940809 |title=One Theory On Michael-Lisa: It's All A Plot |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |via=The Seattle Times |date=August 9, 1994 |first=Richard N. |last=Leiby |archive-date=May 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519110407/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940809&slug=1924408 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+In order to facilitate the continued expansion of Scientology, the organization has made efforts to win allies in the form of powerful or respected people.<ref name=laceleb>Joel Sappell and Robert W. Welkos, Times Staff Writers, [https://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-scientology062790a,0,3614832.story Courting the Power Brokers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027183808/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-scientology062790a,0,3614832.story |date=October 27, 2013 }} ''Los Angeles Times'', June 27, 1990</ref> Scientology has had a written program governing [[celebrity]] recruitment since at least 1955, when L. Ron Hubbard created "Project Celebrity", offering rewards to Scientologists who recruited targeted celebrities, and another church document pointed to the importance of "using Scientology celebrities to mold the opinions of their publics."{{r|urban|pages=139–141}} According to [[Robert Vaughn Young]], "one of my jobs was to get celebrities active, to convince them to hustle and promote Scientology."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=1924408&date=19940809 |title=One Theory On Michael-Lisa: It's All A Plot |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |via=The Seattle Times |date=August 9, 1994 |first=Richard N. |last=Leiby |archive-date=May 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519110407/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940809&slug=1924408 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Church of Scientology operates [[Celebrity Centres]] for the use of artists, politicians, leaders of industry, sports figures, and other prominent individuals.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hyde |first1=Marina |title=Lifting the lid on Scientology's celebrities |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2008/apr/18/liftingthelidonscientology |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=18 April 2008 |language=en |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911112341/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2008/apr/18/liftingthelidonscientology |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The Church of Scientology operates [[Celebrity Centres]] for the use of artists, politicians, leaders of industry, sports figures, and other prominent individuals.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hyde |first1=Marina |title=Lifting the lid on Scientology's celebrities |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2008/apr/18/liftingthelidonscientology |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=18 April 2008 |language=en |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911112341/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2008/apr/18/liftingthelidonscientology |url-status=live }}</ref>
 == Government opinions of Scientology ==
 {{Main|Scientology status by country}}
-While some governments now give the Church of Scientology protections and tax relief,<ref>{{Cite web | author=Hexham, Irving | title=The Religious Status of Scientology: Is Scientology a Religion? |website=University of Calgary | year=1978 | url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/~nurelweb/papers/irving/scient.html | access-date=June 13, 2006 | archive-date=November 19, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119050104/http://www.ucalgary.ca/~nurelweb/papers/irving/scient.html}}</ref><ref name="South Africa religious recognition">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/2000/04/05/southafrica/HOMEAFFA.HTM |title=Dispatch online – "New SA rights for Scientology" |work=Daily Dispatch |date=November 12, 2010 |access-date=November 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104002113/http://www.dispatch.co.za/2000/04/05/southafrica/HOMEAFFA.HTM |archive-date=November 4, 2010  }}</ref> other sources describe the organization as a [[pseudoreligion]] or a [[cult]].<ref name="Beit-Hallahmi">{{Cite journal | last=Beit-Hallahmi |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi | title=Scientology: Religion or racket? |journal=[[Marburg Journal of Religion]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=September 2003 | url=https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/3724 | access-date=February 21, 2023 |url-status=live |doi=10.17192/mjr.2003.8.3724 | archive-date=November 8, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108062518/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2003/breit2003.pdf}}</ref> Sociologist Stephen Kent published at a Lutheran convention in Germany that he likes to call it a [[multinational corporation|transnational corporation]].<ref name="marburg">{{Cite journal | author= Kent, Stephen | title= Scientology – Is this a Religion? |journal=Marburg Journal of Religion |volume=4 |issue=1 | date=July 1999 | url= http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/kent.html | access-date= August 26, 2006 | archive-date= August 19, 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060819005516/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/kent.html}} Kent, while acknowledging that a number of his colleagues accept Scientology as a religion, argues that "Rather than struggling over whether or not to label Scientology as a religion, I find it far more helpful to view it as a multifaceted transnational corporation, only ''one'' element of which is religious." (Italics in original.)</ref>
+While some governments now give the Church of Scientology protections and tax relief,<ref>{{Cite web | author=Hexham, Irving | title=The Religious Status of Scientology: Is Scientology a Religion? |website=University of Calgary | year=1978 | url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/~nurelweb/papers/irving/scient.html | access-date=June 13, 2006 | archive-date=November 19, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119050104/http://www.ucalgary.ca/~nurelweb/papers/irving/scient.html}}</ref><ref name="South Africa religious recognition">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/2000/04/05/southafrica/HOMEAFFA.HTM |title=Dispatch online – "New SA rights for Scientology" |work=Daily Dispatch |date=November 12, 2010 |access-date=November 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104002113/http://www.dispatch.co.za/2000/04/05/southafrica/HOMEAFFA.HTM |archive-date=November 4, 2010  }}</ref> other sources describe the organization as a [[pseudoreligion]] or a [[cult]].<ref name="Beit-Hallahmi">{{Cite journal | last=Beit-Hallahmi |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi | title=Scientology: Religion or racket? |journal=[[Marburg Journal of Religion]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=September 2003 | url=https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/3724 | access-date=February 21, 2023 |url-status=live |doi=10.17192/mjr.2003.8.3724 | archive-date=November 8, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108062518/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2003/breit2003.pdf}}</ref> Early official reports in countries such as the United Kingdom (1971), South Africa (1972), Australia (1965) and New Zealand (1969) have yielded unfavorable observations and conclusions.<ref>{{Cite report | author =John Foster | title = Enquiry into the Practice and Effects of Scientology | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London | date = December 1971 | url = https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/fosthome.html | access-date = March 5, 2007 | journal =  | archive-date = February 5, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205002702/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/fosthome.html | url-status = live |via=Carnegie Mellon University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report | author = G. P. C. Kotzé | title = Report of the Commission of Enquiry into Scientology for 1972 | publisher = Republic of South Africa  | year = 1972}}</ref><ref name="Anderson1965"/><ref>{{Cite report | author = Guy Richardson Powles | title = The Commission of Inquiry into the Hubbard Scientology Organization in New Zealand | publisher = New Zealand | year = 1969 | url = https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/nzhome.html | access-date = March 5, 2007 | journal =  | archive-date = February 5, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055729/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/nzhome.html | url-status = live  |via=Carnegie Mellon University}}</ref> Sociologist Stephen Kent published at a Lutheran convention in Germany that he likes to call it a [[multinational corporation|transnational corporation]].<ref name="marburg">{{Cite journal | author= Kent, Stephen | title= Scientology – Is this a Religion? |journal=Marburg Journal of Religion |volume=4 |issue=1 | date=July 1999 | url= http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/kent.html | access-date= August 26, 2006 | archive-date= August 19, 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060819005516/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/kent.html}} Kent, while acknowledging that a number of his colleagues accept Scientology as a religion, argues that "Rather than struggling over whether or not to label Scientology as a religion, I find it far more helpful to view it as a multifaceted transnational corporation, only ''one'' element of which is religious." (Italics in original.)</ref>
-Early official reports in countries such as the United Kingdom (1971), South Africa (1972), Australia (1965) and New Zealand (1969) have yielded unfavorable observations and conclusions.<ref>{{Cite report | author =John Foster | title = Enquiry into the Practice and Effects of Scientology | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London | date = December 1971 | url = https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/fosthome.html | access-date = March 5, 2007 | journal =  | archive-date = February 5, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205002702/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/fosthome.html | url-status = live |via=Carnegie Mellon University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report | author = G. P. C. Kotzé | title = Report of the Commission of Enquiry into Scientology for 1972 | publisher = Republic of South Africa  | year = 1972}}</ref><ref name="Anderson1965"/><ref>{{Cite report | author = Guy Richardson Powles | title = The Commission of Inquiry into the Hubbard Scientology Organization in New Zealand | publisher = New Zealand | year = 1969 | url = https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/nzhome.html | access-date = March 5, 2007 | journal =  | archive-date = February 5, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055729/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/nzhome.html | url-status = live  |via=Carnegie Mellon University}}</ref>
 == Controversy ==
@@ Line 324: / Line 326: @@
 In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the organization's [[Operation Snow White]], the largest theft of government documents in U.S. history.<ref name="ortega19991223">{{Cite web |first=Tony |last=Ortega |author-link=Tony Ortega |title=Double Crossed |date=December 23, 1999 |work=[[Phoenix New Times]] |url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/double-crossed-6431852 <!--reprint version omits original photographs--> |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312025501/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1999-12-23/news/double-crossed/full |archive-date=March 12, 2007}}</ref><ref name="lawhite"/> Scientologists were also convicted of fraud, manslaughter and tampering with witnesses in French cases,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/23/world/french-scientologist-sentenced-after-church-member-s-suicide.html |title=French Scientologist Sentenced After Church Member's Suicide |work=The New York Times |date=November 23, 1996 |access-date=November 22, 2011 |first=Craig R. |last=Whitney |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707234330/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/23/world/french-scientologist-sentenced-after-church-member-s-suicide.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erlanger |first=Steven |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/28/world/europe/28france.html |title=French Branch of Scientology Convicted of Fraud |location=France |work=The New York Times |date=October 27, 2009 |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-date=November 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124232404/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/28/world/europe/28france.html |url-status=live }}</ref> malicious libel against lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1995/1995rcs2-1130/1995rcs2-1130.html |title=Supreme Court of Canada - Decisions - Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto |access-date=January 25, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514055547/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1995/1995rcs2-1130/1995rcs2-1130.html |archive-date=May 14, 2009  }}</ref><ref>[Claridge, Thomas (September 12, 1992). "Church of Scientology fined $250,000 for espionage". ''The Globe and Mail''.]</ref>
-In his book ''World Religions in America'', religious scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be perceived as "threatening to established social institutions".<ref name=Neusner>{{Cite book|last=Neusner|first=Jacob|year=2003|title=World Religions in America|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|pages=221–236|isbn=0-664-22475-X}}</ref>
+In his book ''World Religions in America'', religious scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be perceived as "threatening to established social institutions".<ref name=Neusner>{{Cite book|last=Neusner|first=Jacob|year=2003|title=World Religions in America|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|pages=221–236|isbn=0-664-22475-X}}</ref> The film ''[[Going Clear (film)|Going Clear]]'', based on [[Going Clear (book)|the book by the same name]],{{r|wright}} also documents controversies surrounding the organization and its treatment of former members.<ref name="Beaumont2015_Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Church of Scientology targets film critics over Going Clear documentary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/03/church-of-scientology-attacks-film-critics-going-clear-documentary|last=Beaumont-Thomas|first=Ben|work=The Guardian|date=February 3, 2015|access-date=February 3, 2015|archive-date=February 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203125224/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/03/church-of-scientology-attacks-film-critics-going-clear-documentary|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Collins2015_RS">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/features/clear-and-present-danger-alex-gibney-on-his-bold-scientology-doc-20150319|title='Clear' and Present Danger: Alex Gibney on His Bold Scientology Doc|last=Collins|first=Sean T.|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=March 19, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2015|archive-date=March 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321001935/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/features/clear-and-present-danger-alex-gibney-on-his-bold-scientology-doc-20150319|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The film ''[[Going Clear (film)|Going Clear]]'', based on [[Going Clear (book)|the book by the same name]],{{r|wright}} also documents controversies surrounding the organization and its treatment of former members.<ref name="Beaumont2015_Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Church of Scientology targets film critics over Going Clear documentary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/03/church-of-scientology-attacks-film-critics-going-clear-documentary|last=Beaumont-Thomas|first=Ben|work=The Guardian|date=February 3, 2015|access-date=February 3, 2015|archive-date=February 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203125224/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/03/church-of-scientology-attacks-film-critics-going-clear-documentary|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Collins2015_RS">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/features/clear-and-present-danger-alex-gibney-on-his-bold-scientology-doc-20150319|title='Clear' and Present Danger: Alex Gibney on His Bold Scientology Doc|last=Collins|first=Sean T.|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=March 19, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2015|archive-date=March 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321001935/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/features/clear-and-present-danger-alex-gibney-on-his-bold-scientology-doc-20150319|url-status=live}}</ref>
 Criticism has also come from within the Church. [[Marty Rathbun]], the former inspector general of the Religious Technology, has spoken out against church activities. He has called for a "Scientology Reformation" to eliminate corruption and bring back the original teachings of L. Ron Hubbard.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Urban |first=Hugh |date=2021-08-31 |title=The Church of Scientology: New Religions and Tax Exemption |journal=New Age, Neopagan, and New Religious Movements: Alternative Spirituality in Contemporary America}}</ref>
 === Classification ===
-From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the [[Hubbard Association of Scientologists]] (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956. In 1966, Hubbard transferred all HASI assets to CSC, thus gathering Scientology under one tax-exempt roof. In 1967, the IRS stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring the organization's activities were commercial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the organization in those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New facilities were formed in Paris (1959), Denmark (1968), Sweden (1969), and Germany (1970). In the 1970s the religion spread through Europe: in Austria (1971), Holland (1972), Italy (1978), and Switzerland (1978). Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=James R. |title=Scientology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780199715954 }}</ref> The organization sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the organization paid $12.5&nbsp;million to the IRS—greatly less than IRS had initially demanded—and the IRS recognized the organization as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.<ref>"[[The Wall Street Journal]]. December 30, 1997 [http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/essays/wj301297.html Reproduced] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030628211417/http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/essays/wj301297.html |date=June 28, 2003 }} at Dave Touretzky's Carnegie Mellon site</ref> In addition, Scientology also dropped more than fifty lawsuits against the IRS when this settlement was reached. Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a religion.<ref>"[http://www.bonafidescientology.org/Append/09/page00.htm Official Recognition of Scientology as a Religion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615150956/http://www.bonafidescientology.org/Append/09/page00.htm |date=June 15, 2007 }}". "the United States Internal Revenue Service in granting full religious recognition and tax exemption to all Churches of Scientology located in the United States"</ref> In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in items for the incoming [[Barack Obama]] administration to investigate, as determined in an internet poll run by the presidential transition team soliciting public input for the incoming administration.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://citizensbriefingbook.change.gov/ideas/ideaList.apexp?c=09a800000004fo6&lsi=2 |title= The Citizen's Briefing Book |date= January 20, 2009 |author= Dan McSwain: The Obama-Biden Transition Team |work= Change.gov |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090120001947/http://citizensbriefingbook.change.gov/ideas/ideaList.apexp?c=09a800000004fo6&lsi=2 |archive-date= January 20, 2009}}</ref> The U.S. State Department has criticized Western European nations for discrimination against Scientologists in its published annual International Religious Freedom report, based on the [[International Religious Freedom Act of 1998]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/9001.pdf |title=2001 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-date=July 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731223102/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/9001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002 |title=2002 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom |publisher=State.gov |date=March 12, 2007 |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-date=March 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327103213/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003 |title=2003 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom |publisher=State.gov |date=March 12, 2007 |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-date=March 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327103210/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
+From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the [[Hubbard Association of Scientologists]] (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956. In 1966, Hubbard transferred all HASI assets to CSC, thus gathering Scientology under one tax-exempt roof. In 1967, the IRS stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring the organization's activities were commercial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the organization in those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New facilities were formed in Paris (1959), Denmark (1968), Sweden (1969), and Germany (1970). In the 1970s the religion spread through Europe: in Austria (1971), Holland (1972), Italy (1978), and Switzerland (1978). Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=James R. |title=Scientology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780199715954 }}</ref>
+The organization sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the organization paid $12.5&nbsp;million to the IRS—greatly less than IRS had initially demanded—and the IRS recognized the organization as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.<ref>"[[The Wall Street Journal]]. December 30, 1997 [http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/essays/wj301297.html Reproduced] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030628211417/http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/essays/wj301297.html |date=June 28, 2003 }} at Dave Touretzky's Carnegie Mellon site</ref> In addition, Scientology also dropped more than fifty lawsuits against the IRS when this settlement was reached. Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a religion.<ref>"[http://www.bonafidescientology.org/Append/09/page00.htm Official Recognition of Scientology as a Religion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615150956/http://www.bonafidescientology.org/Append/09/page00.htm |date=June 15, 2007 }}". "the United States Internal Revenue Service in granting full religious recognition and tax exemption to all Churches of Scientology located in the United States"</ref> In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in items for the incoming [[Barack Obama]] administration to investigate, as determined in an internet poll run by the presidential transition team soliciting public input for the incoming administration.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://citizensbriefingbook.change.gov/ideas/ideaList.apexp?c=09a800000004fo6&lsi=2 |title= The Citizen's Briefing Book |date= January 20, 2009 |author= Dan McSwain: The Obama-Biden Transition Team |work= Change.gov |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090120001947/http://citizensbriefingbook.change.gov/ideas/ideaList.apexp?c=09a800000004fo6&lsi=2 |archive-date= January 20, 2009}}</ref> The U.S. State Department has criticized Western European nations for discrimination against Scientologists in its published annual International Religious Freedom report, based on the [[International Religious Freedom Act of 1998]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/9001.pdf |title=2001 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-date=July 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731223102/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/9001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002 |title=2002 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom |publisher=State.gov |date=March 12, 2007 |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-date=March 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327103213/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003 |title=2003 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom |publisher=State.gov |date=March 12, 2007 |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-date=March 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327103210/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In some countries, such as Israel, Scientology is treated legally as a commercial enterprise, and not as a religion or charitable organization.{{r|Beit-Hallahmi|p=12}} In early 2003, in Germany, The Church of Scientology was granted a tax-exemption for the 10% license fees sent to the US. This exemption, however, is related to a German-American double-taxation agreement, and is unrelated to tax-exemption in the context of charities law. In several countries, public proselytizing undergoes the same restrictions as commercial advertising,{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}} which is interpreted as persecution by Scientology.
-Unlike many well-established religious organizations, Scientology maintains strict control over its names, symbols, religious works and other writings. The word ''Scientology'' (and many [[List of trademarks owned by the Church of Scientology and its affiliates|related terms]], including ''L. Ron Hubbard'') is a registered trademark. Religious Technology Center, the owner of the trademarks and copyrights, takes a hard line on people and groups who attempt to use it in ways unaffiliated with the Church of Scientology (see [[Scientology and the legal system]]).
+In some countries, such as Israel, Scientology is treated legally as a commercial enterprise, and not as a religion or charitable organization.{{r|Beit-Hallahmi|p=12}} In early 2003, in Germany, The Church of Scientology was granted a tax-exemption for the 10% license fees sent to the US. This exemption, however, is related to a German-American double-taxation agreement, and is unrelated to tax-exemption in the context of charities law. Unlike many well-established religious organizations, Scientology maintains strict control over its names, symbols, religious works and other writings. The word ''Scientology'' (and many [[List of trademarks owned by the Church of Scientology and its affiliates|related terms]], including ''L. Ron Hubbard'') is a registered trademark. Religious Technology Center, the owner of the trademarks and copyrights, takes a hard line on people and groups who attempt to use it in ways unaffiliated with the Church of Scientology (see [[Scientology and the legal system]]).
 === Illegal activities ===
@@ Line 355: / Line 355: @@
 {{see also|Lisa McPherson|Elli Perkins}}
-The deaths of some Scientologists have brought attention to the organization, both due to the circumstances of their demises and their relationship with Scientology being a factor.<ref name=timecult1>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-1,00.html |title=The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209122905/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-1,00.html |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |magazine=Time |date=May 6, 1991 |first=Richard |last=Behar |author-link=Richard Behar |quote=By all appearances, Noah Lottick of Kingston, Pa., had been a normal, happy 24-year-old who was looking for his place in the world&nbsp;...  his fingers were still clutching $171 in cash, virtually the only money he hadn't yet turned over to the Church of Scientology, the self-help 'philosophy' group he had discovered just seven months earlier.}}</ref> In 1995, Lisa McPherson was involved in a minor automobile accident while driving on a [[Clearwater, Florida]], street. Following the collision, she exited her vehicle, stripped naked and showed further signs of mental instability, as noted by a nearby ambulance crew that subsequently transported her to a nearby hospital. Hospital staff decided that she had not been injured in the accident, but recommended keeping her overnight for observation. Following intervention by fellow Scientologists, McPherson refused [[psychiatry|psychiatric]] observation or admission at the hospital and checked herself out against medical advice after a short evaluation. She was taken to the [[Fort Harrison Hotel]], a Scientology retreat, to receive a treatment sanctioned by the organization called [[Introspection Rundown]]. She had previously received the Introspection Rundown in June of that year. She was locked in a room for 17 days, where she died. Her appearance after death was that of someone who had been denied water and food for quite some time, being both underweight and severely dehydrated. Additionally, her skin was covered with over one hundred insect bites, presumably from cockroaches. The state of Florida pursued criminal charges against the Church of Scientology. The organization has repeatedly denied any wrongdoing, and now makes members sign a waiver before Introspection Rundown specifically stating that they (or anyone on their behalf) will not bring any legal action against the organization over injury or death.<ref name=nytflchgscos>{{Cite news|last=Frantz|first=Douglas|title=Florida Charges Scientology In Church Member's Death|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/14/us/florida-charges-scientology-in-church-member-s-death.html|access-date=November 6, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 14, 1998|archive-date=November 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111231959/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/14/us/florida-charges-scientology-in-church-member-s-death.html|url-status=live}}</ref> These charges attracted press coverage and sparked lawsuits. Eight years later, [[Elli Perkins]], another adherent to Scientology's beliefs regarding [[psychiatry]], was stabbed to death by her mentally disturbed son. Though Elli Perkins's son had begun to show symptoms of [[schizophrenia]] as early as 2001, the Perkins family chose not to seek psychiatric help for him and opted instead for [[Alternative medicine|alternative remedies]] sanctioned by Scientology. The death of Elli Perkins at the hands of a disturbed family member, one whose disease could have been treated by methods and medications banned by Scientology, again raised questions in the media about the organization's methods.<ref name="nypost">{{Cite news
+The deaths of some Scientologists have brought attention to the organization, both due to the circumstances of their demises and their relationship with Scientology being a factor.<ref name=timecult1>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-1,00.html |title=The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209122905/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-1,00.html |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |magazine=Time |date=May 6, 1991 |first=Richard |last=Behar |author-link=Richard Behar |quote=By all appearances, Noah Lottick of Kingston, Pa., had been a normal, happy 24-year-old who was looking for his place in the world&nbsp;...  his fingers were still clutching $171 in cash, virtually the only money he hadn't yet turned over to the Church of Scientology, the self-help 'philosophy' group he had discovered just seven months earlier.}}</ref> In 1995, Lisa McPherson was involved in a minor automobile accident while driving on a [[Clearwater, Florida|Clearwater]] street. Following the collision, she exited her vehicle, stripped naked and showed further signs of mental instability, as noted by a nearby ambulance crew that subsequently transported her to a nearby hospital. Hospital staff decided that she had not been injured in the accident, but recommended keeping her overnight for observation. Following intervention by fellow Scientologists, McPherson refused [[psychiatry|psychiatric]] observation or admission at the hospital and checked herself out against medical advice after a short evaluation.
+She was taken to the [[Fort Harrison Hotel]], a Scientology retreat, to receive a treatment sanctioned by the organization called [[Introspection Rundown]]. She had previously received the Introspection Rundown in June of that year. She was locked in a room for 17 days, where she died. Her appearance after death was that of someone who had been denied water and food for quite some time, being both underweight and severely dehydrated. Additionally, her skin was covered with over one hundred insect bites, presumably from cockroaches. The state of Florida pursued criminal charges against the Church of Scientology. The organization has repeatedly denied any wrongdoing, and now makes members sign a waiver before Introspection Rundown specifically stating that they (or anyone on their behalf) will not bring any legal action against the organization over injury or death.<ref name=nytflchgscos>{{Cite news|last=Frantz|first=Douglas|title=Florida Charges Scientology In Church Member's Death|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/14/us/florida-charges-scientology-in-church-member-s-death.html|access-date=November 6, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 14, 1998|archive-date=November 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111231959/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/14/us/florida-charges-scientology-in-church-member-s-death.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+These charges attracted press coverage and sparked lawsuits. Eight years later, [[Elli Perkins]], another adherent to Scientology's beliefs regarding [[psychiatry]], was stabbed to death by her mentally disturbed son. Though Elli Perkins's son had begun to show symptoms of [[schizophrenia]] as early as 2001, the Perkins family chose not to seek psychiatric help for him and opted instead for [[Alternative medicine|alternative remedies]] sanctioned by Scientology. The death of Elli Perkins at the hands of a disturbed family member, one whose disease could have been treated by methods and medications banned by Scientology, again raised questions in the media about the organization's methods.<ref name="nypost">{{Cite news
 | last = Stasi
 | first = Linda
@@ Line 390: / Line 394: @@
 == See also ==
 * {{Annotated link|List of Scientology organizations}}
-* {{Annotated link|Scientology front groups}}
-* {{Annotated link|Cult}}
 * {{Annotated link|New religious movement}}
+* {{Annotated link|Scientology front groups}}
 * {{Annotated link|Scientology officials}}

v t e Scientology
Beliefs and practices	Abortion Auditing Books Bridge Clear Dianetics Dianetics (book) Disconnection E-meter Engram Ethics and justice Glossary and Terminology Implant Incident Keeping Scientology Working Marcab Confederacy Marriage MEST Operating Thetan OT VIII Reactive mind Scientology and religious groups Reincarnation Sec Check Sex Gender Homosexuality Silent birth Space opera Study Technology Thetan Training routines Xenu
History and controversies	Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act Books critical of Scientology Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia Clearwater Hearings Death of Elli Perkins Death of Kaja Ballo Death of Lisa McPherson Fair game Fishman Affidavit Guardian's Office operations Keith Henson The Internet Operation Clambake Operation Freakout Operation Snow White Project Chanology Project Normandy R2-45 Psychiatry Scientology and Me Scientology as a business The Secrets of Scientology Suppressive person Tax status in the US The Hole The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power Timeline
Litigation	R v Registrar General, ex p Segerdal Hubbard v Vosper United States v. Hubbard X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden Church of Scientology v. Sweden Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology Hernandez v. Commissioner New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong R. v. Church of Scientology of Toronto Church of Scientology Intl. v. Fishman and Geertz Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto Religious Technology Center v Lerma Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc. Church of Scientology Intl. v. Time Warner, Inc., et al. Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia Headley v. Church of Scientology International
Organizations (and properties)	Cadet Org Celebrity Centre Château Élysée Church of Scientology Church of Scientology International Guaranty Building Church of Spiritual Technology Trementina Base Flag Service Organization Flag Building/Super Power Building Flag Ship Service Org Freewinds Founding Church of Scientology Galaxy Press Author Services building Golden Era Productions (Gold Base) Hubbard Association of Scientologists International International Association of Scientologists Office of Special Affairs Religious Technology Center Rehabilitation Project Force Saint Hill Manor Scientology Missions International Sea Org
Countries	Status by country Australia Belgium Canada Egypt France Germany Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Russia United Kingdom United States
Officials	L. Ron Hubbard Mary Sue Hubbard David Miscavige Shelly Miscavige Bob Adams John Carmichael Tommy Davis Jessica Feshbach David Gaiman Leisa Goodman Heber Jentzsch Kendrick Moxon Karin Pouw Mark Rathbun Mike Rinder Michelle Stith Kurt Weiland
Affiliated organizations and recruitment	Association for Better Living and Education Applied Scholastics Celebrities Citizens Commission on Human Rights Concerned Businessmen's Association of America Criminon Cult Awareness Network The Delphian School Free Zone Front groups Moxon & Kobrin Narconon New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project Oxford Capacity Analysis Safe Environment Fund Second Chance Program Trademarks Volunteer Ministers The Way to Happiness Foundation World Institute of Scientology Enterprises Youth for Human Rights International
Popular culture	Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology Being Tom Cruise Bowfinger The Bridge Going Clear film Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath My Scientology Movie The Master The Profit South Park "A Token of My Extreme" A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant We Stand Tall
Wikibooks Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wiktionary

v t e L. Ron Hubbard
Life	Biographies Early life 1911–1950 1950–1953 1953–1967 1967–1975 1975–1986 Pseudobiography Bibliography written works Military career USS PC-815 USS YP-422 L. Ron Hubbard House Relationship with psychiatry Timeline of L. Ron Hubbard
Founded	Dianetics Scientology Church of Scientology beliefs and practices controversies
Novels and novellas	Battlefield Earth Branded Outlaw Buckskin Brigades Death's Deputy Excalibur (unpublished) Fear Final Blackout If I Were You Mission Earth series Slaves of Sleep To the Stars The Iron Duke Typewriter in the Sky
Short story collections	The Kingslayer Ole Doc Methuselah Science-Fantasy Quintette Triton
Film	The Secret of Treasure Island Battlefield Earth Revolt in the Stars (screenplay)
Dianetics and Scientology	Affirmations Dianetics: The Evolution of a Science Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health Science of Survival Scientology: A History of Man Have You Lived Before This Life? All About Radiation
Music	Space Jazz Mission Earth The Road to Freedom
Biographies	Bare-faced Messiah L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman? The L. Ron Hubbard Series (official church biography)
Publishers' sites	Bridge Publications Church of Spiritual Technology Galaxy Press Writers and Illustrators of the Future
Family	Margaret Grubb (first wife) Sara Northrup Hollister (second wife) Mary Sue Hubbard (third wife) Ronald DeWolf (son) Quentin Hubbard (son) Jamie DeWolf (great-grandson)

v t e Scientology properties
Florida, USA	Flag Building (Super Power Building) Flag Land Base Fort Harrison Hotel Ybor Factory Building
California, USA	Château Élysée Christie Hotel Gold Base The Hole Guaranty Building Hollywood Congregational Church KCET Studios PAC Base Regal Shoes Building Security Trust
USA, other	Fall School (TN) Fraser Mansion (D.C.) L. Ron Hubbard House (D.C.) L. Ron Hubbard Residence at Bay Head (NJ) One Griswold Street (MI) Trementina Base (NM)
Non-USA	Alhambra Cinema (Israel) Castle Kyalami (South Africa) Freewinds (ship) Hockley Highlands Inn (Canada) Saint Hill Manor (UK)
Category:Scientology properties

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF
National	Germany United States Japan Czech Republic Portugal Norway Latvia Croatia Poland Israel
Academics	CiNii
People	Trove