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{{Short description|Physical cultural heritage; monuments, artworks, libraries etc.}}
{{Short description|Physical cultural heritage, e.g. monuments}}
[[File:Kulturdenkmal 4 Sprachen.jpg|thumb|Plaque of the [[Bundesdenkmalamt]] on a building in [[Salzburg]] indicating "Cultural property" in four languages; German: ''Kulturdenkmal'', English: ''Cultural property'', French: ''Bien culturel'', and Russian: ''Культурное достояние''.]]
[[File:Kulturdenkmal 4 Sprachen.jpg|thumb|Plaque of the [[Federal Monuments Office]] on a building in [[Salzburg]] indicating "Cultural property" in four languages; German: ''Kulturdenkmal'', English: ''Cultural property'', French: ''Bien culturel'', and Russian: ''Культурное достояние''.]]
'''Cultural property''' are physical items that are part of the [[cultural heritage]] of a group or society.<ref>Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl</ref> They include such items as historic landscapes, towns, neighbourhoods, buildings, works of art, archaeological sites, as well as items of library, archive or museum collections.
'''Cultural property''', also known as '''cultural patrimony''', comprises the physical items that are part of the [[cultural heritage]] of a group or society,<ref>Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl</ref> as opposed to less tangible [[cultural expressions]].<ref>Lixinski, Lucas, 'Definitions: From Cultural Property to Cultural Heritage (and Back?)', International Heritage Law for Communities: Exclusion and Re-Imagination, Cultural Heritage Law and Policy (Oxford, 2019; online edn, Oxford Academic, 18 July 2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843306.003.0002, accessed 27 Jan. 2023.</ref> They include such items as cultural landscapes, historic buildings, works of art, [[archaeological site]]s, as well as collections of libraries, archives, and museums.


Legal protection of cultural property comprises a number of international agreements and national laws. There is intensive cooperation between the [[United Nations]], [[UNESCO]] and [[Blue Shield International]] on the protection of cultural goods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15207&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999}}</ref><ref>Roger O’Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, S. 73ff.</ref><ref>''UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.'' UNESCO, 13 September 2017.</ref>
Cultural property is legally protected by a number of international agreements and national laws. There is intensive cooperation between the [[United Nations]], [[UNESCO]] and [[Blue Shield International]] on the protection of cultural goods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15207&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999}}</ref><ref>Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, S. 73ff.</ref><ref>''UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.'' UNESCO, 13 September 2017.</ref>


==Definition==
==Definition==
The phrase was used in various contexts in the 19th century. In 1891, ''The Bulletin of the [[United States Fish Commission]]'' described various countries' relationships to their fishing-related cultural properties including Germany, England, France, Italy, and Holland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=United States Fish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mf84AQAAMAAJ&dq=%22cultural+property%22&pg=PA406 |title=Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission |date=1893 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |language=en}}</ref> In 1899, it was also used in the context of oyster fishing in Holland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parliament |first=Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5BBAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22cultural+property%22+-agricultural+-agri&pg=RA6-PA316 |title=Sessional Papers of the Dominion of Canada |date=1899 |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
Article 1 of the [[Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict]] of 1954 defines cultural property as follows:<ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13637&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention 1954] at the UNESCO website</ref>

⚫
There is no universally agreed-upon definition of cultural property.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knox |first=Christine K |date=2006 |title=They've Lost Their Marbles: 2002 Universal Museums' Declaration, The Elgin Marbles and the Future of the Repatriation Movement |journal=Suffolk Transnational Law Review |volume=29 |pages=315–336}}</ref> One widely used definition is provided by Article 1 of the [[Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict]] of 1954:<ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13637&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention 1954] at the UNESCO website</ref>


:"The term 'cultural property' shall cover, irrespective of origin or ownership:
:"The term 'cultural property' shall cover, irrespective of origin or ownership:
:(a) movable or immovable property of great importance to the cultural heritage of every people, such as monuments of architecture, art or history, whether religious or secular; archaeological sites; groups of buildings which, as a whole, are of historical or artistic interest; works of art; manuscripts, books and other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological interest; as well as scientific collections and important collections of books or archives or of reproductions of the property defined above;
:(a) movable or immovable property of great importance to the cultural heritage of every people, such as monuments of architecture, art, or history, whether religious or secular; archaeological sites; groups of buildings which, as a whole, are of historical or artistic interest; works of art; manuscripts, books and other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological interest; as well as scientific collections and important collections of books or archives or reproductions of the property defined above;
:(b) buildings whose main and effective purpose is to preserve or exhibit the movable cultural property defined in sub-paragraph (a) such as museums, large libraries and depositories of archives, and refuges intended to shelter, in the event of armed conflict, the movable cultural property defined in sub-paragraph (a);
:(b) buildings whose main and effective purpose is to preserve or exhibit the movable cultural property defined in sub-paragraph (a) such as museums, large libraries and depositories of archives, and refuges intended to shelter, in the event of armed conflict, the movable cultural property defined in sub-paragraph (a);
:(c) centers containing a large amount of cultural property as defined in sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), to be known as 'centers containing monuments'."
:(c) centers containing a large amount of cultural property as defined in sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), to be known as 'centers containing monuments'."

[[Cultural heritage]] has been described as the 'most distinguishing form of a culture's expression' and includes both tangible and intangible elements such as 'traditional dances, customs and ceremonies'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Shapiro|first=Daniel|date=1998|title=Repatriation: A modest Proposal|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/nyuilp31&div=12&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-04|website=heinonline.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804143219/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/nyuilp31&div=12&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals |archive-date=2021-08-04 }}</ref> Cultural property is the essential elements of a culture that allow it to determined and identified.<ref name=":0" />


==Emblem==
==Emblem==
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:(1) The distinctive emblem of the Convention shall take the form of a shield, pointed below, persaltire blue and white (a shield consisting of a royal-blue square, one of the angles of which forms the point of the shield, and of a royal-blue triangle above the square, the space on either side being taken up by a white triangle).
:(1) The distinctive emblem of the Convention shall take the form of a shield, pointed below, persaltire blue and white (a shield consisting of a royal-blue square, one of the angles of which forms the point of the shield, and of a royal-blue triangle above the square, the space on either side being taken up by a white triangle).
:Use of the Emblem is restricted under [[international humanitarian law]]. Guidance for using the emblem is available from [https://theblueshield.org/download/the-hague-conventions-emblems-of-protection/ The Blue Shield], and [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/armed-conflict-and-heritage/convention-and-protocols/blue-shield-emblem/ UNESCO].
:Use of the Emblem is restricted under [[international humanitarian law]]. Guidance for using the emblem is available from [https://theblueshield.org/download/the-hague-conventions-emblems-of-protection/ The Blue Shield], and [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/armed-conflict-and-heritage/convention-and-protocols/blue-shield-emblem/ UNESCO].

== History ==
The theme of the 1998 and 1999 [[International Museum Day]] was "The Fight against Illicit Traffic of Cultural Property."<ref>[http://61.187.53.124:54000/hnmuseum/eng/generalIntro/introContent.jsp?infoid=012c5751b709402884832c2c41c610c5 Launch of International Museum Day 2011 'Objects tell your story'], [[Hunan Museum|Hunan Provincial Museum]].</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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{{Culture}}
{{Culture}}
{{Cultural Conservation-Restoration}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:International law]]
[[Category:International law]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage]]


{{cultural-studies-stub}}
{{law-stub}}

Latest revision as of 19:46, 12 December 2024

Plaque of the Federal Monuments Office on a building in Salzburg indicating "Cultural property" in four languages; German: Kulturdenkmal, English: Cultural property, French: Bien culturel, and Russian: Культурное достояние.

Cultural property, also known as cultural patrimony, comprises the physical items that are part of the cultural heritage of a group or society,[1] as opposed to less tangible cultural expressions.[2] They include such items as cultural landscapes, historic buildings, works of art, archaeological sites, as well as collections of libraries, archives, and museums.

Cultural property is legally protected by a number of international agreements and national laws. There is intensive cooperation between the United Nations, UNESCO and Blue Shield International on the protection of cultural goods.[3][4][5]

Definition

[edit]

The phrase was used in various contexts in the 19th century. In 1891, The Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission described various countries' relationships to their fishing-related cultural properties including Germany, England, France, Italy, and Holland.[6] In 1899, it was also used in the context of oyster fishing in Holland.[7]

There is no universally agreed-upon definition of cultural property.[8] One widely used definition is provided by Article 1 of the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 1954:[9]

"The term 'cultural property' shall cover, irrespective of origin or ownership:
(a) movable or immovable property of great importance to the cultural heritage of every people, such as monuments of architecture, art, or history, whether religious or secular; archaeological sites; groups of buildings which, as a whole, are of historical or artistic interest; works of art; manuscripts, books and other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological interest; as well as scientific collections and important collections of books or archives or reproductions of the property defined above;
(b) buildings whose main and effective purpose is to preserve or exhibit the movable cultural property defined in sub-paragraph (a) such as museums, large libraries and depositories of archives, and refuges intended to shelter, in the event of armed conflict, the movable cultural property defined in sub-paragraph (a);
(c) centers containing a large amount of cultural property as defined in sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), to be known as 'centers containing monuments'."

Cultural heritage has been described as the 'most distinguishing form of a culture's expression' and includes both tangible and intangible elements such as 'traditional dances, customs and ceremonies'.[10] Cultural property is the essential elements of a culture that allow it to determined and identified.[10]

Emblem

[edit]
the Blue Shield is a “shield, pointed below, persaltire blue and white (a shield consisting of a royal-blue square, one of the angles of which forms the point of the shield, and of a royal-blue triangle above the square, the space on either side being taken up by a white triangle).
The Blue Shield is a symbol of protection that identifies cultural property to be protected in the event of armed conflict and those responsible for protecting it: its use is restricted under international law. The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict describes the logo and lays down conditions for its use.

Article 16 of the Convention describes the internationally recognized mark for cultural property as follows:

(1) The distinctive emblem of the Convention shall take the form of a shield, pointed below, persaltire blue and white (a shield consisting of a royal-blue square, one of the angles of which forms the point of the shield, and of a royal-blue triangle above the square, the space on either side being taken up by a white triangle).
Use of the Emblem is restricted under international humanitarian law. Guidance for using the emblem is available from The Blue Shield, and UNESCO.

History

[edit]

The theme of the 1998 and 1999 International Museum Day was "The Fight against Illicit Traffic of Cultural Property."[11]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl
  2. ^ Lixinski, Lucas, 'Definitions: From Cultural Property to Cultural Heritage (and Back?)', International Heritage Law for Communities: Exclusion and Re-Imagination, Cultural Heritage Law and Policy (Oxford, 2019; online edn, Oxford Academic, 18 July 2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843306.003.0002, accessed 27 Jan. 2023.
  3. ^ "UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999".
  4. ^ Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, S. 73ff.
  5. ^ UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly. UNESCO, 13 September 2017.
  6. ^ Commission, United States Fish (1893). Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  7. ^ Parliament, Canada (1899). Sessional Papers of the Dominion of Canada.
  8. ^ Knox, Christine K (2006). "They've Lost Their Marbles: 2002 Universal Museums' Declaration, The Elgin Marbles and the Future of the Repatriation Movement". Suffolk Transnational Law Review. 29: 315–336.
  9. ^ Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention 1954 at the UNESCO website
  10. ^ a b Shapiro, Daniel (1998). "Repatriation: A modest Proposal". heinonline.org. Archived from the original on 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
  11. ^ Launch of International Museum Day 2011 'Objects tell your story', Hunan Provincial Museum.
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