Cropping (animal): Difference between revisions
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[[File:Boxer (dog).jpg|thumb|[[Boxer (dog)|Boxers]], showing natural and cropped ears]] |
[[File:Boxer (dog).jpg|thumb|[[Boxer (dog)|Boxers]], showing natural and cropped ears]] |
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[[File:Dobermann_puppy.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Doberman Pinscher]] puppy with its ears taped to train them into the desired shape and carriage after cropping]] |
[[File:Dobermann_puppy.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Doberman Pinscher]] puppy with its ears taped to train them into the desired shape and carriage after cropping]] |
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'''Cropping''' is the removal of part or all of the external flaps of an animal's ear. The procedure sometimes involves bracing and taping the remainder of the ears to train them to point upright. Almost exclusively performed on dogs, it is an old practice that was once done for perceived health, practical or cosmetic reasons. Veterinary science states there is no medical or physical advantage to the animal from the procedure,<ref name=slatter>Slatter, Douglas H. (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=B_nh6zSr4wUC ''Textbook of small animal surgery''] 3rd edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders (imprint of Elsevier Health Sciences), 2896 pages, {{ISBN|978-0-7216-8607-3}}, p.1746</ref><ref name=petmd>{{cite web|publisher=Pet MD|url=http://www.petmd.com/dog/care/evr_dg_ear_cropping_is_it_right_for_your_dog|title=Ear Cropping: Is it right for your dog?}}</ref> leading to concerns of [[animal cruelty]] over performing unnecessary surgery on animals. In modern times, cropping is banned in many nations, but is still legal in a limited number of countries. Where permitted, it is seen only in certain breeds of dog, such as [[pit bull]] and [[Bull and terrier|bull terrier]] type breeds, the [[Doberman Pinscher]], [[Schnauzer]], [[Great Dane]], [[Boxer (dog)|Boxer]] and [[Cane Corso]].<!-- Do not expand this list. It is indicative only. See talk page. --> |
'''Cropping''' is the removal of part or all of the external flaps of an animal's ear. The procedure sometimes involves bracing and taping the remainder of the ears to train them to point upright. Almost exclusively performed on dogs, it is an old practice that was once done for perceived health, practical or cosmetic reasons. Veterinary science states there is no medical or physical advantage to the animal from the procedure,<ref name=slatter>Slatter, Douglas H. (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=B_nh6zSr4wUC ''Textbook of small animal surgery''] 3rd edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders (imprint of Elsevier Health Sciences), 2896 pages, {{ISBN|978-0-7216-8607-3}}, p.1746</ref><ref name=petmd>{{cite web|publisher=Pet MD|url=http://www.petmd.com/dog/care/evr_dg_ear_cropping_is_it_right_for_your_dog|title=Ear Cropping: Is it right for your dog?}}</ref> leading to concerns of [[animal cruelty]] over performing unnecessary surgery on animals. In modern times, cropping is banned in many nations, but is still legal in a limited number of countries. Where permitted, it is seen only in certain breeds of dog, such as [[pit bull]] and [[Bull and terrier|bull terrier]] type breeds, the [[Dobermann|Doberman Pinscher]], [[Schnauzer]], [[Great Dane]], [[Boxer (dog)|Boxer]] and [[Cane Corso]].<!-- Do not expand this list. It is indicative only. See talk page. --> |
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==History and purposes== |
==History and purposes== |
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⚫ | Historically, cropping was performed on [[working dog]]s as it was believed it would decrease the risk of health complications, such as [[ear infections]] or [[hematoma]]s. Crops were also performed on dogs that might need to fight, either while hunting animals that might fight back or while defending livestock herds from predators, or because they were used for pit-fighting sports such as [[dog fighting]] or [[bear-baiting]].<ref name="Briar"> |
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In 2000, veterinarian [[Bruce Fogle]] wrote: |
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: {{cite web |title=Ear cropping: Correct or cruel? |url=http://www.briarleabouvier.com/ear_cropping.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030042313/http://www.briarleabouvier.com/ear_cropping.htm |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=Briar Lea Bouvier |publisher=Briar Lea Bouvier Kennel |place=Glenwood City, WI |type=blog}} |
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⚫ | {{blockquote|[D]ogs have their ears partly amputated—'cropped' is the benign word people like to use—for no other reason than to make them look fierce. This is primarily a German tradition, born out of the military origins and uses of breeds like Great Danes, Boxers, Doberman Pinschers, and Schnauzers. This mutilation—I am sorry to be so blunt, but that is what cropping is—is banned in its country of origin, and in most other FCI countries. North America remains the only significant region in the world where ear and tail amputations are still routinely performed. There is no medical or work-related justification for these procedures to be performed on pet dogs. Many dedicated, dog-loving veterinarians will no longer carry out these alterations. |
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=== Traditional cropping === |
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⚫ | Historically, cropping was performed on working |
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{{cite book |
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|last=Murgai |first=R.P., Major |
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|year=1996 |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPPTZvzNNHMC |
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|title=Handbook on Dogs |
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|place=New Delhi, IN |
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|publisher=New Age International |
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|page=46 |
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|isbn=9788122408935 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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The ears were an easy target for an opposing animal to grab or tear.<ref name=Briar> |
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:{{cite web |
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|title=Ear cropping: Correct or cruel? |
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|publisher=Briar Lea Bouvier Kennel |
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|website=Briar Lea Bouvier |
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|type=blog |
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|place=Glenwood City, WI |
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|url=http://www.briarleabouvier.com/ear_cropping.htm |
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|access-date=19 September 2021 |
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|url-status=dead |
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|archive-date=30 October 2020 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030042313/http://www.briarleabouvier.com/ear_cropping.htm |
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}} |
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possible duplicate page |
possible duplicate page |
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:{{cite web |
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: {{cite web |last=Martin |first=William M., [[Doctor of Veterinary Medicine|DVM]] |title=Ear cropping: Correct or cruel? |url=https://www.earsbydrbill.com/ear-cropping-correct-or-cruel |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930182033/https://www.earsbydrbill.com/ear-cropping-correct-or-cruel |archive-date=2020-09-30 |access-date=2021-09-19 |website=Ears by Dr. Bill |publisher=Brevard Animal Hospital (W.M. Martin, [[Doctor of Veterinary Medicine|DVM]]) |place=Flat Rock, NC |quote=Today, ear-cropping is a cosmetic surgery, pure and simple.}} |
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|first=William M., [[Doctor of Veterinary Medicine|DVM]] |
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|last=Martin |
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|title=Ear cropping: Correct or cruel? |
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|website=Ears by Dr. Bill |
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|publisher=Brevard Animal Hospital (W.M. Martin, [[Doctor of Veterinary Medicine|DVM]]) |
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|place=Flat Rock, NC |
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|quote=Today, ear-cropping is a cosmetic surgery, pure and simple. |
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|url=https://www.earsbydrbill.com/ear-cropping-correct-or-cruel |
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|access-date=2021-09-19 |
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|url-status=usurped |
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|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200930182033/https://www.earsbydrbill.com/ear-cropping-correct-or-cruel |
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|archive-date=2020-09-30 |
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}} |
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possibly an equivalent page, and better-documented topic-authority |
possibly an equivalent page, and better-documented topic-authority |
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:{{cite web |
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|first=Camille Noe |
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|last=Pagán |
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|editor-last=Flowers |
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|editor-first=Amy |
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|date=3 February 2014 |
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|title=Ear cropping and tail docking |
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|website=Web MD (pets) |
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|url=https://pets.webmd.com/dogs/features/ear-cropping-and-tail-docking |
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|access-date=2021-09-19 |
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|url-status=live |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215062730/http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/features/ear-cropping-and-tail-docking |
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|archive-date=2014-02-15 |
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}}</ref> |
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: {{cite web |last=Pagán |first=Camille Noe |date=3 February 2014 |editor-last=Flowers |editor-first=Amy |title=Ear cropping and tail docking |url=https://pets.webmd.com/dogs/features/ear-cropping-and-tail-docking |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215062730/http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/features/ear-cropping-and-tail-docking |archive-date=2014-02-15 |access-date=2021-09-19 |website=Web MD (pets)}}</ref><ref name="murgai"> |
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⚫ | |||
{{cite book |last=Murgai |first=R.P., Major |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPPTZvzNNHMC |title=Handbook on Dogs |publisher=New Age International |year=1996 |isbn=9788122408935 |place=New Delhi, IN |page=46}}</ref> |
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=== Early history === |
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[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] practices were to crop dogs’ ears to avoid damage and injury in fighting and hunting, with [[tail docking]] practiced to avoid the transmission of [[rabies]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mills |first1=Katelyn E. |last2=Robbins |first2=Jesse |last3=von Keyserlingk |first3=Marina A. G. |date=2016-06-27 |title=Tail Docking and Ear Cropping Dogs: Public Awareness and Perceptions |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=e0158131 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0158131 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4922641 |pmid=27348817|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1158131M }}</ref> |
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=== Guardian breeds === |
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⚫ | |||
{{cite web |
{{cite web |
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|last=Samsonova |first=Anna |
|last=Samsonova |first=Anna |
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|access-date=15 September 2011 |
|access-date=15 September 2011 |
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</ref> |
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{{cite book |
{{cite book |
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|last = Breber |first = Paolo |
|last = Breber |first = Paolo |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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According to one description, cropping was carried out when puppies were weaned, at about six weeks. It was performed by an older or expert shepherd, using the ordinary blade shears used for [[Sheep shearing|shearing]], well sharpened. The ears were cut either to a point like those of a fox, or rounded like those of a bear. The removed |
According to one description, cropping was carried out when puppies were weaned, at about six weeks. It was performed by an older or expert shepherd, using the ordinary blade shears used for [[Sheep shearing|shearing]], well sharpened. The ears were cut either to a point like those of a fox, or rounded like those of a bear. The removed [[auricle (anatomy)|auricle]]s were first grilled,<ref name=anne> |
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{{cite book |
{{cite book |
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|last=MacDonell |first=Anne |
|last=MacDonell |first=Anne |
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}} |
}} |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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given to the puppy to eat, in the belief that it would make him more "sour".<ref name=breber/> An alternative method was to remove the ears from newborn puppies by twisting them off; however, this left almost no external ear on the dog.<ref name=breber/> Both ear-cropping and the use of [[Wolf collar|spiked collars]] were described more than three hundred years ago, as a defense against wolves.<ref> |
then given to the puppy to eat, in the belief that it would make him more "sour".<ref name=breber/> An alternative method was to remove the ears from newborn puppies by twisting them off; however, this left almost no external ear on the dog.<ref name=breber/> Both ear-cropping and the use of [[Wolf collar|spiked collars]] were described more than three hundred years ago, as a defense against wolves.<ref> |
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{{cite book |
{{cite book |
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|first=Jean |last={{nobr|de la Fontaine}} |author-link=Jean de la Fontaine |
|first=Jean |last={{nobr|de la Fontaine}} |author-link=Jean de la Fontaine |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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=== Fighting === |
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Dogs may have their ears cropped, legally or not, for participation in dogfights, themselves illegal in many jurisdictions.<ref name=curtis> |
Similar to guardian breeds, in sport fighting, cropping is used to minimize the risk of ears being bitten and held. The ears were an easy target for an opposing animal to grab or tear.<ref name="Briar" /> Dogs may have their ears cropped, legally or not, for participation in dogfights, themselves illegal in many jurisdictions.<ref name="curtis"> |
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{{cite book |
{{cite book |
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|last=Curtis |first=Patricia |
|last=Curtis |first=Patricia |
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}} |
}} |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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=== Modern practices === |
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⚫ | In 2000, veterinarian [[Bruce Fogle]] wrote:<ref name="fogle2">{{cite book |last=Fogle |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Fogle |title=KISS Guide to Living with a Dog |date=2000 |publisher=[[Dorling-Kindersley]] |isbn=0789459760 |page=66}}</ref>{{blockquote|[D]ogs have their ears partly amputated—'cropped' is the benign word people like to use—for no other reason than to make them look fierce. This is primarily a German tradition, born out of the military origins and uses of breeds like Great Danes, Boxers, Doberman Pinschers, and Schnauzers. This mutilation—I am sorry to be so blunt, but that is what cropping is—is banned in its country of origin, and in most other FCI countries. North America remains the only significant region in the world where ear and tail amputations are still routinely performed. There is no medical or work-related justification for these procedures to be performed on pet dogs. Many dedicated, dog-loving veterinarians will no longer carry out these alterations.}} |
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== The procedure == |
== The procedure == |
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==Animal welfare and law== |
==Animal welfare and law== |
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The practice is illegal across most of Europe, including all countries that have ratified the [[European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals]], and most member countries of the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]].<ref name=fogle /> It is illegal in regions of Spain and in some Canadian provinces.<ref name=CFHS/ |
The practice is illegal across most of Europe, including all countries that have ratified the [[European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals]], and most member countries of the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]].<ref name=fogle>{{cite book|first=Bruce|last=Fogle|author-link=Bruce Fogle|page=66|isbn=0789459760|title=KISS Guide to Living with a Dog|date=2000|publisher=[[Dorling-Kindersley]]}}</ref> It is illegal in regions of Spain and in some Canadian provinces.<ref name=CFHS/> |
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Ear-cropping is still widely practiced in the United States and parts of Canada, with approximately 130,000 puppies in the United States thought to have their ears cropped each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animallaw.info/articles/dduscroppingdocking.htm |title=Cropping and Docking: A Discussion of the Controversy and the Role of Law in Preventing Unnecessary Cosmetic Surgery on Dogs |publisher=Animallaw.info |access-date=2013-04-17}}</ref> The [[American Kennel Club]] (AKC) and [[Canadian Kennel Club]] both permit the practice.<ref name="CFHS" /> The AKC position is that ear cropping and tail docking are "acceptable practices integral to defining and preserving breed character and/or enhancing good health."<ref>[http://www.akc.org/canine_legislation/position_statements.cfm#earcropping Ear Cropping, Tail Docking and Dewclaw Removal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903110459/http://www.akc.org/canine_legislation/position_statements.cfm#earcropping |date=2011-09-03 }} American Kennel Club Canine Legislation Position Statements</ref> While some individual states have attempted to ban ear-cropping,<ref name=NY>{{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618183601/http://www.akc.org/news/index.cfm?article_id=2908 | archive-date=18 June 2006 | url-status=dead | url= http://www.akc.org/news/index.cfm?article_id=2908 | title= New Call to Action for Amended NY State Crop/Dock Bill | publisher= [[American Kennel Club]] | date=9 June 2006 | access-date=31 December 2007}}</ref> there is strong opposition from some dog breed organizations, who cite health concerns and tradition.<ref name=Boxer>{{cite web|author=Abraham, S.|year=1993|url=http://americanboxerclub.org/Gazette/gaz93-01.pdf|publisher=American Kennel Club Gazette, American Boxer Club|access-date=January 18, 2016|title=Sad lesson learned|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406194857/http://www.americanboxerclub.org/Gazette/gaz93-01.pdf|archive-date=April 6, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
Ear-cropping is still widely practiced in the United States and parts of Canada, with approximately 130,000 puppies in the United States thought to have their ears cropped each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animallaw.info/articles/dduscroppingdocking.htm |title=Cropping and Docking: A Discussion of the Controversy and the Role of Law in Preventing Unnecessary Cosmetic Surgery on Dogs |publisher=Animallaw.info |access-date=2013-04-17}}</ref> The [[American Kennel Club]] (AKC) and [[Canadian Kennel Club]] both permit the practice.<ref name="CFHS" /> The AKC position is that ear cropping and tail docking are "acceptable practices integral to defining and preserving breed character and/or enhancing good health."<ref>[http://www.akc.org/canine_legislation/position_statements.cfm#earcropping Ear Cropping, Tail Docking and Dewclaw Removal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903110459/http://www.akc.org/canine_legislation/position_statements.cfm#earcropping |date=2011-09-03 }} American Kennel Club Canine Legislation Position Statements</ref> While some individual states have attempted to ban ear-cropping,<ref name=NY>{{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618183601/http://www.akc.org/news/index.cfm?article_id=2908 | archive-date=18 June 2006 | url-status=dead | url= http://www.akc.org/news/index.cfm?article_id=2908 | title= New Call to Action for Amended NY State Crop/Dock Bill | publisher= [[American Kennel Club]] | date=9 June 2006 | access-date=31 December 2007}}</ref> there is strong opposition from some dog breed organizations, who cite health concerns and tradition.<ref name=Boxer>{{cite web|author=Abraham, S.|year=1993|url=http://americanboxerclub.org/Gazette/gaz93-01.pdf|publisher=American Kennel Club Gazette, American Boxer Club|access-date=January 18, 2016|title=Sad lesson learned|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406194857/http://www.americanboxerclub.org/Gazette/gaz93-01.pdf|archive-date=April 6, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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In 2009, veterinary chain [[Banfield Pet Hospital]] announced they would no longer do tail docking, ear cropping or devocalization on dogs.<ref name="USAtoday"/> |
In 2009, veterinary chain [[Banfield Pet Hospital]] announced they would no longer do tail docking, ear cropping or devocalization on dogs.<ref name="USAtoday"/> |
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It has been suggested the cropping may interfere with a dog's ability to communicate using ear signals, however there has been no scientific comparative study of ear communication in cropped and uncropped dogs.<ref name=coren>Coren, Stanley (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=DeyzQI_a8EsC ''How to speak dog: mastering the art of dog-human communication''] New York: Simon & Schuster {{ISBN|978-0-7432-0297-8}} chap. 9 [pages unnumbered]</ref> |
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===Legal status by country=== |
===Legal status by country=== |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! Country |
! style="width: 100pt;" | Country |
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! Status |
! Status |
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! Ban/restriction date (if applicable) |
! style="width: 100pt;" | Ban/restriction date (if applicable) |
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| Australia |
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| Banned <ref name=cfhs>{{cite web|url=http://cfhs.ca/athome/ear_cropping_and_tail_docking|title=Ear cropping and tail docking|publisher=Canadian Federation of Humane Societies|access-date=2011-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909124714/http://cfhs.ca/athome/ear_cropping_and_tail_docking/|archive-date=2011-09-09|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wynn |first=Susan |date=2014-06-11 |title=World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2001 |url=http://www.vin.com/doc/?id=6327178 | |
| Banned <ref name=cfhs>{{cite web|url=http://cfhs.ca/athome/ear_cropping_and_tail_docking|title=Ear cropping and tail docking|publisher=Canadian Federation of Humane Societies|access-date=2011-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909124714/http://cfhs.ca/athome/ear_cropping_and_tail_docking/|archive-date=2011-09-09|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wynn |first=Susan |date=2014-06-11 |title=World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2001 |url=http://www.vin.com/doc/?id=6327178 |website=VIN.com}}</ref> |
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| [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |
| [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |
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| Banned |
| Banned<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paragraf.ba/propisi/bih/zakon-o-zastiti-i-dobrobiti-zivotinja.html|title=Zakon o zaštiti i dobrobiti životinja|at=Article 12|language=bs|accessdate=26 March 2021}}</ref> |
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| Brazil |
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| Banned for cosmetic purposes<ref name=ypaat/> |
| Banned for cosmetic purposes<ref name=ypaat/> |
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| 1 February 2005 |
| 1 February 2005 |
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| Canada |
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| Canada has no federal law banning pet cosmetic surgery. The [[Canadian Veterinary Medical Association]] opposes all cosmetic alterations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/documents/cosmetic-alteration|title=CVMA {{pipe}} Documents {{pipe}} Cosmetic Alteration – Position Statement|website=www.canadianveterinarians.net}}</ref> Two provinces have provincial legislation prohibiting ear cropping, tail docking, and most cosmetic surgeries: Prince Edward Island (☨1)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/animal-welfare-act-outlaws-animal-ear-cropping-and-tail-docking-1.3301418|title=Animal Welfare Act outlaws animal ear cropping and tail docking|date=November 4, 2015|first=Mitch|last=Cormier |website=CBC News}}</ref> and Newfoundland and Labrador (☨2). |
| Canada has no federal law banning pet cosmetic surgery. The [[Canadian Veterinary Medical Association]] opposes all cosmetic alterations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/documents/cosmetic-alteration|title=CVMA {{pipe}} Documents {{pipe}} Cosmetic Alteration – Position Statement|website=www.canadianveterinarians.net|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819092623/https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/documents/cosmetic-alteration|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two provinces have provincial legislation prohibiting ear cropping, tail docking, and most cosmetic surgeries: Prince Edward Island (☨1)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/animal-welfare-act-outlaws-animal-ear-cropping-and-tail-docking-1.3301418|title=Animal Welfare Act outlaws animal ear cropping and tail docking|date=November 4, 2015|first=Mitch|last=Cormier |website=CBC News}}</ref> and Newfoundland and Labrador (☨2). |
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Three provinces' veterinary associations ban all veterinarians from performing cosmetic surgeries on pets: |
Three provinces' veterinary associations ban all veterinarians from performing cosmetic surgeries on pets: |
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New Brunswick (☨3),<ref name=ypaat/> Nova Scotia (☨4),<ref name=CBC2>CBC News (March 25, 2010)[ |
New Brunswick (☨3),<ref name=ypaat/> Nova Scotia (☨4),<ref name=CBC2>CBC News (March 25, 2010)[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/n-s-veterinarians-ban-tail-docking-1.910936 N.S veterinarians ban tail docking] Accessed February 10, 2012.</ref> and Quebec<ref>{{cite news |title=Quebec's order of veterinarians bans pet cosmetic surgery |work=CBC News |date=6 February 2016 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-veterinarians-pets-cosmetic-surgery-ban-2016-1.3437083 |access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref> (☨5) |
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Three provincial veterinary associations have bans on ear cropping alone: Manitoba (☨6),<ref name=CBC>{{cite web |url= |
Three provincial veterinary associations have bans on ear cropping alone: Manitoba (☨6),<ref name=CBC>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/ear-cropping-of-dogs-banned-in-manitoba-1.1296730|title=Ear cropping of dogs banned in Manitoba|date=February 10, 2012|website=CBC News}}</ref> British Columbia (☨7),<ref>{{cite news|title=Cosmetic ear cropping banned by B.C. veterinarians|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/cosmetic-ear-cropping-1.3292068|access-date=20 March 2016|work=CBC New - British Columbia|agency=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)|date=28 October 2015}}</ref> and Saskatchewan (☨8).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bylaws Of the Saskatchewan Veterinary Medical Association |date=September 17, 2015 |url=http://svma.sk.ca/uploads/pdf/BYLAWS%202015%20FINAL%20COPY%20FOR%20WEBSITE.pdf |access-date=2016-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104420/http://svma.sk.ca/uploads/pdf/BYLAWS%202015%20FINAL%20COPY%20FOR%20WEBSITE.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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| 1 June 1996 |
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| England |
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| Banned<ref name=johnston>Johnston, Beatrice L. (1970) [https://books.google.com/books?id=SRLuAAAAMAAJ ''For those who cannot speak: a history of the Canadian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 1869-1969''] City of Laval, P.Q.: Dev-Sco Publications p.13</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2006 |title=Animal Welfare Act 2006 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/45/contents |website=legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> |
| Banned<ref name=johnston>Johnston, Beatrice L. (1970) [https://books.google.com/books?id=SRLuAAAAMAAJ ''For those who cannot speak: a history of the Canadian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 1869-1969''] City of Laval, P.Q.: Dev-Sco Publications p.13</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2006 |title=Animal Welfare Act 2006 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/45/contents |website=legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> |
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| 1899 |
| 1899 |
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| [[Finland]] |
| [[Finland]] |
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| Banned<ref name="eslaki">{{Cite web| |
| Banned<ref name="eslaki">{{Cite web |last=Oy |first=Edita Publishing |title=FINLEX - Säädökset alkuperäisinä: Eläinsuojelulaki 91/1971 (Finnish Animal Protection Law) |url=https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/1971/19710091 |website=finlex.fi |language=fi}}</ref> |
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| 15 February 1971 |
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| France |
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| Banned |
| Banned<ref name="legif">{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGIARTI000021647477/2010-01-01/|title=Sous-section 2 : Dispositions relatives aux animaux de compagnie (Articles R214-19-1 à R214-34) - Légifrance|website=www.legifrance.gouv.fr|language=fr}}</ref> |
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| 1 January 2010 |
| 1 January 2010 |
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| Germany |
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| Banned<ref name="ECPPA" /> |
| Banned<ref name="ECPPA" /> |
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| 1 May 1992 |
| 1 May 1992 |
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| 2001 |
| 2001 |
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| India |
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| Previously restricted, currently unrestricted <ref name="sura">{{cite web |author=Ajay Sura |date=Apr 14, 2013 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-14/chandigarh/38529054_1_tail-ears-kennel-club |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515093634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-14/chandigarh/38529054_1_tail-ears-kennel-club |archive-date=2013-05-15 |url-status=dead |title=Now, you can dock dogs' tail |work=The Times of India}}</ref> |
| Previously restricted, currently unrestricted <ref name="sura">{{cite web |author=Ajay Sura |date=Apr 14, 2013 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-14/chandigarh/38529054_1_tail-ears-kennel-club |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515093634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-14/chandigarh/38529054_1_tail-ears-kennel-club |archive-date=2013-05-15 |url-status=dead |title=Now, you can dock dogs' tail |work=The Times of India}}</ref> |
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| Ireland |
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| Banned<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister McConalogue announces new legislation to protect dogs from ear cropping |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/c33f6-minister-mcconalogue-announces-new-legislation-to-protect-dogs-from-ear-cropping/ |website=www.gov.ie |language=en |date=25 August 2023}}</ref> |
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| Banned{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} |
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| Israel |
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| Banned<ref name="defra">{{Cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/domestic/awbillconsulttaildocking.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626075746/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/domestic/awbillconsulttaildocking.pdf|title=A review of the scientific aspects and veterinary opinions relating to tail docking in dogs|archive-date=June 26, 2007|date=2005|website=defra.gov.uk}}</ref> |
| Banned<ref name="defra">{{Cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/domestic/awbillconsulttaildocking.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626075746/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/domestic/awbillconsulttaildocking.pdf|title=A review of the scientific aspects and veterinary opinions relating to tail docking in dogs|archive-date=June 26, 2007|date=2005|website=defra.gov.uk}}</ref> |
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| 2000 |
| 2000 |
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| Italy |
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| Banned<ref name="ECPPA" /> |
| Banned<ref name="ECPPA" /> |
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| 1 November 2011 |
| 1 November 2011 |
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| 1 September 2001 |
| 1 September 2001 |
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| Banned<ref name=cfhs/> |
| Banned<ref name=cfhs/> |
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| 2004 |
| 2004 |
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| 2008 |
| 2008 |
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| Restricted{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} |
| Restricted{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} |
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| April 2007 |
| April 2007 |
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| Banned<ref name=ypaat/> |
| Banned<ref name=ypaat/> |
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| June 2008 |
| June 2008 |
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| Spain |
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| Banned in autonomies of [[Catalonia]] and [[Andalucia]]<ref name=ypaat/> |
| Banned in autonomies of [[Catalonia]] and [[Andalucia]]<ref name=ypaat/> |
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| Sweden |
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| Banned<ref>{{cite web|title=Djurskyddsbestämmelser - Hund|url=https://www2.jordbruksverket.se/download/18.7f64c0b5150cc5875dcbb105/1446627262283/jo11_2v4.pdf|access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref> |
| Banned<ref>{{cite web|title=Djurskyddsbestämmelser - Hund|url=https://www2.jordbruksverket.se/download/18.7f64c0b5150cc5875dcbb105/1446627262283/jo11_2v4.pdf|access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref> |
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| 1989 |
| 1989 |
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| 2004 |
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| Unrestricted{{refn|Some states, including New York<ref name="NY"/> and Vermont, have considered bills to make the practice illegal|group=note}} |
| Unrestricted{{refn|Some states, including New York<ref name="NY"/> and Vermont, have considered bills to make the practice illegal|group=note}} |
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| 2003 |
| 2003 |
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==Non-canine animals== |
==Non-canine animals== |
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Cropping of large portions of the pinnae of other animals is rare, although the clipping of identifying shapes in the pinnae of |
Cropping of large portions of the pinnae of other animals is rare, although the clipping of identifying shapes in the pinnae of livestock, called [[Earmark (agriculture)|earmark]]s, was common prior to the introduction of compulsory [[ear tag]]s.<ref name="manade">[http://www.manade-en-camargue.fr/manade-en-camargue-lexique.html Lexique Camarguais] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015001430/http://www.manade-en-camargue.fr/manade-en-camargue-lexique.html|date=2011-10-15}} (in French) Manade Devaux. "Lexicon of Camargue terms" Accessed September 2011</ref> Removal of portions of the ear of [[laboratory mice]] or [[Trap-neuter-return|neutered]] [[feral cats]] for identification, i.e. ear-notching or ear-tipping, is still used.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eartipping |url=https://www.neighborhoodcats.org/how-to-tnr/veterinary/eartipping |website=Neighborhood Cats |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> The practice of cropping for cosmetic purposes is rare in non-canines, although some selectively bred animals have naturally small ears which can be mistaken for cropping.{{Refn|Some animals, such as the [[American Lamancha goat|Lamancha goat]], have ears which are naturally small as the result of selective breeding, and some people mistakenly believe their ears to be cropped.<ref name="Woods">{{Citation |title=The American Lamancha, and its Ears |last1=Woods |first1=Dale L. |last2=Hendrickson |first2=Pat |year=1978 |publisher=Dairy Goat Journal |url=http://www.lamanchas.com/ears.htm |access-date=2011-09-20 |archive-date=2010-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924192734/http://lamanchas.com/ears.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goats4h.com/none.html |title=What did you do to its ears? |website=www.goats4h.com}}</ref> |
||
In other animals, small ears may result from a genetic mutation or the emergence of a [[dominance (genetics)|genetically recessive trait]], such as in [[Highland cattle]], where the appearance of small ears, appearing to have their pinnae cropped, is viewed as a defect.<ref>[http://www.cruachan.com.au/bairnsley.htm Crop Ear. what does it look like?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816211947/http://www.cruachan.com.au/bairnsley.htm |date=2011-08-16}} Cruachan Highland Cattle. Accessed September 2011.</ref>|name=Genetic|group=note}} |
In other animals, small ears may result from a genetic mutation or the emergence of a [[dominance (genetics)|genetically recessive trait]], such as in [[Highland cattle]], where the appearance of small ears, appearing to have their pinnae cropped, is viewed as a defect.<ref>[http://www.cruachan.com.au/bairnsley.htm Crop Ear. what does it look like?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816211947/http://www.cruachan.com.au/bairnsley.htm |date=2011-08-16}} Cruachan Highland Cattle. Accessed September 2011.</ref>|name=Genetic|group=note}} |
Latest revision as of 20:08, 12 December 2024
Cropping is the removal of part or all of the external flaps of an animal's ear. The procedure sometimes involves bracing and taping the remainder of the ears to train them to point upright. Almost exclusively performed on dogs, it is an old practice that was once done for perceived health, practical or cosmetic reasons. Veterinary science states there is no medical or physical advantage to the animal from the procedure,[1][2] leading to concerns of animal cruelty over performing unnecessary surgery on animals. In modern times, cropping is banned in many nations, but is still legal in a limited number of countries. Where permitted, it is seen only in certain breeds of dog, such as pit bull and bull terrier type breeds, the Doberman Pinscher, Schnauzer, Great Dane, Boxer and Cane Corso.
History and purposes
[edit]Historically, cropping was performed on working dogs as it was believed it would decrease the risk of health complications, such as ear infections or hematomas. Crops were also performed on dogs that might need to fight, either while hunting animals that might fight back or while defending livestock herds from predators, or because they were used for pit-fighting sports such as dog fighting or bear-baiting.[3][4]
Early history
[edit]Roman practices were to crop dogs’ ears to avoid damage and injury in fighting and hunting, with tail docking practiced to avoid the transmission of rabies.[5]
Guardian breeds
[edit]Cropping the ears of livestock guardian dogs was, and may still be, traditional in some pastoral cultures. The ears of these guardian dogs—such as the Caucasian Shepherd Dog[6] and the Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog—were traditionally cropped to reduce the possibility of wolves or opponent-dogs getting a grip on them.[7]
According to one description, cropping was carried out when puppies were weaned, at about six weeks. It was performed by an older or expert shepherd, using the ordinary blade shears used for shearing, well sharpened. The ears were cut either to a point like those of a fox, or rounded like those of a bear. The removed auricles were first grilled,[8] then given to the puppy to eat, in the belief that it would make him more "sour".[7] An alternative method was to remove the ears from newborn puppies by twisting them off; however, this left almost no external ear on the dog.[7] Both ear-cropping and the use of spiked collars were described more than three hundred years ago, as a defense against wolves.[9]
Fighting
[edit]Similar to guardian breeds, in sport fighting, cropping is used to minimize the risk of ears being bitten and held. The ears were an easy target for an opposing animal to grab or tear.[3] Dogs may have their ears cropped, legally or not, for participation in dogfights, themselves illegal in many jurisdictions.[10][11]
Modern practices
[edit]In 2000, veterinarian Bruce Fogle wrote:[12]
[D]ogs have their ears partly amputated—'cropped' is the benign word people like to use—for no other reason than to make them look fierce. This is primarily a German tradition, born out of the military origins and uses of breeds like Great Danes, Boxers, Doberman Pinschers, and Schnauzers. This mutilation—I am sorry to be so blunt, but that is what cropping is—is banned in its country of origin, and in most other FCI countries. North America remains the only significant region in the world where ear and tail amputations are still routinely performed. There is no medical or work-related justification for these procedures to be performed on pet dogs. Many dedicated, dog-loving veterinarians will no longer carry out these alterations.
The procedure
[edit]The veterinary procedure is known as "cosmetic otoplasty",[1] and involves the removal of a portion of the pinnae, the external flap of the ear. Cropping is usually performed on puppies at 7 to 12 weeks of age.[13] After 16 weeks, the procedure is more painful and the animal has greater pain memory.[3] Usually up to 2⁄3 of the ear flap is removed in a cropping operation, and the wound edges are closed with stitches. The ears are then bandaged. Long crops are taped until they heal into the proper shape.[13] The procedure is recommended to be undertaken under general anaesthesia; opponents' primary concerns revolve around post-operative pain.[14]
American veterinary schools do not generally teach cropping (or docking), and thus veterinarians who perform the practice have to learn on the job. There are also problems with amateurs performing ear-cropping, particularly at puppy mills.[15]
In the last 100 years or so, ear cropping has been performed more often for cosmetic purposes.[4][16] In nations and states where it remains legal, it is usually practiced because it is required as part of a breed standard for exhibition at dog shows.[16] In the US, although tail-docking, dewclaw removal, and neutering procedures remain common, ear-cropping is declining, except within the dog show industry.[16] Some show ring competitors state they would discontinue the practice altogether if they could still "win in the ring."[17]
Examples of cropping styles
[edit]-
Long ear crop on a Great Dane
-
Long ear crop on a Doberman
-
Medium crop on an American Staffordshire Terrier
-
Short crop on a Neapolitan Mastiff
-
Rounded crop on a Saint Miguel Cattle Dog
Animal welfare and law
[edit]The practice is illegal across most of Europe, including all countries that have ratified the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals, and most member countries of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale.[18] It is illegal in regions of Spain and in some Canadian provinces.[16]
Ear-cropping is still widely practiced in the United States and parts of Canada, with approximately 130,000 puppies in the United States thought to have their ears cropped each year.[19] The American Kennel Club (AKC) and Canadian Kennel Club both permit the practice.[16] The AKC position is that ear cropping and tail docking are "acceptable practices integral to defining and preserving breed character and/or enhancing good health."[20] While some individual states have attempted to ban ear-cropping,[21] there is strong opposition from some dog breed organizations, who cite health concerns and tradition.[22]
The American Veterinary Medical Association "opposes ear cropping and tail docking of dogs when done solely for cosmetic purposes" and "encourages the elimination of ear cropping and tail docking from breed standards".[23]
In 2009, veterinary chain Banfield Pet Hospital announced they would no longer do tail docking, ear cropping or devocalization on dogs.[17]
It has been suggested the cropping may interfere with a dog's ability to communicate using ear signals, however there has been no scientific comparative study of ear communication in cropped and uncropped dogs.[24]
Legal status by country
[edit]Country | Status | Ban/restriction date (if applicable) |
---|---|---|
Australia | Banned [25][26] | |
Austria | Banned[27] | 1 January 2005 |
Belgium | Banned[27] | 1 January 2006 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Banned[28] | |
Brazil | Banned for cosmetic purposes[27] | |
Bulgaria | Banned[29] | 1 February 2005 |
Canada | Canada has no federal law banning pet cosmetic surgery. The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association opposes all cosmetic alterations.[30] Two provinces have provincial legislation prohibiting ear cropping, tail docking, and most cosmetic surgeries: Prince Edward Island (☨1)[31] and Newfoundland and Labrador (☨2).
Three provinces' veterinary associations ban all veterinarians from performing cosmetic surgeries on pets: New Brunswick (☨3),[27] Nova Scotia (☨4),[32] and Quebec[33] (☨5) Three provincial veterinary associations have bans on ear cropping alone: Manitoba (☨6),[34] British Columbia (☨7),[35] and Saskatchewan (☨8).[36] |
☨1: 10 July 2015 |
Croatia | Banned[27] | 2007[37] |
Cyprus | Banned[27] | 1993 |
Czech Republic | Banned[29] | 1 April 1999 |
Denmark | Banned[25] | 1 June 1996 |
England | Banned[38][39] | 1899 |
Estonia | Banned[27] | 2001 |
Finland | Banned[40] | 15 February 1971 |
France | Banned[41] | 1 January 2010 |
Germany | Banned[29] | 1 May 1992 |
Greece | Banned[27] | 27 February 1992 |
Hungary | Banned[27] | |
Iceland | Banned[27] | 2001 |
India | Previously restricted, currently unrestricted [42] | |
Ireland | Banned[43] | |
Israel | Banned[44] | 2000 |
Italy | Banned[29] | 1 November 2011 |
Latvia | Banned[27] | |
Lithuania | Banned[27] | |
Luxembourg | Banned[29] | 1 May 1992 |
Netherlands | Banned[27] | 1 September 2001 |
New Zealand | Banned[25] | 2004 |
Northern Ireland | Banned[27][39] | 2011 |
Norway | Banned[25] | 1954 |
Poland | Banned[27] | 1997 |
Portugal | Banned[29] | 1 January 1994 |
Romania | Banned[27] | 2008 |
Russia | Restricted[citation needed] | |
Scotland | Banned[27][38][39] | 1899 |
Serbia | Banned[45] | 2019 |
Slovakia | Banned[27] | 1 January 2003 |
Slovenia | Banned[46] | April 2007 |
South Africa | Banned[27] | June 2008 |
Spain | Banned in autonomies of Catalonia and Andalucia[27] | |
Sweden | Banned[47] | 1989 |
Switzerland | Banned[27] | 1997 |
Turkey | Banned[48] | 2004 |
United States | Unrestricted[note 1] | 2003 |
Virgin Islands | Banned[27] | 2005 |
Wales | Banned[27][38][39] | 1899 |
Non-canine animals
[edit]Cropping of large portions of the pinnae of other animals is rare, although the clipping of identifying shapes in the pinnae of livestock, called earmarks, was common prior to the introduction of compulsory ear tags.[49] Removal of portions of the ear of laboratory mice or neutered feral cats for identification, i.e. ear-notching or ear-tipping, is still used.[50] The practice of cropping for cosmetic purposes is rare in non-canines, although some selectively bred animals have naturally small ears which can be mistaken for cropping.[note 2]
See also
[edit]- Docking (dog tails)
- Ear shaping (human ears)
- Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals
Notes
[edit]- ^ Some states, including New York[21] and Vermont, have considered bills to make the practice illegal
- ^ Some animals, such as the Lamancha goat, have ears which are naturally small as the result of selective breeding, and some people mistakenly believe their ears to be cropped.[51][52] In other animals, small ears may result from a genetic mutation or the emergence of a genetically recessive trait, such as in Highland cattle, where the appearance of small ears, appearing to have their pinnae cropped, is viewed as a defect.[53]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Slatter, Douglas H. (2002) Textbook of small animal surgery 3rd edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders (imprint of Elsevier Health Sciences), 2896 pages, ISBN 978-0-7216-8607-3, p.1746
- ^ "Ear Cropping: Is it right for your dog?". Pet MD.
- ^ a b c
- "Ear cropping: Correct or cruel?". Briar Lea Bouvier (blog). Glenwood City, WI: Briar Lea Bouvier Kennel. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- Martin, William M., DVM. "Ear cropping: Correct or cruel?". Ears by Dr. Bill. Flat Rock, NC: Brevard Animal Hospital (W.M. Martin, DVM). Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
Today, ear-cropping is a cosmetic surgery, pure and simple.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Pagán, Camille Noe (3 February 2014). Flowers, Amy (ed.). "Ear cropping and tail docking". Web MD (pets). Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- ^ a b
Murgai, R.P., Major (1996). Handbook on Dogs. New Delhi, IN: New Age International. p. 46. ISBN 9788122408935.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Mills, Katelyn E.; Robbins, Jesse; von Keyserlingk, Marina A. G. (27 June 2016). "Tail Docking and Ear Cropping Dogs: Public Awareness and Perceptions". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0158131. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1158131M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158131. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4922641. PMID 27348817.
- ^ Samsonova, Anna (2 February 2011). "Caucasian Shepherd Dog (Kavkazskaïa Ovtcharka)". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. FCI-Standard nr.328. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ a b c Breber, Paolo (1983). "The Maremmano-Abruzzese shepherd dog". Il Cane da Pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese [The Maremmano-Abruzzese Shepherd Dogs] (in Italian) (2nd ed.). Olimpia: Firenze. pp. 98–99.
- ^ MacDonell, Anne (1907). In the Abruzzi. Atkinson, Amy (illustrator). New York, NY: F.A. Stokes. p. 18.
- ^
de la Fontaine, Jean (1862) [1678]. "Fable 9". The Fables of la Fontaine. Translated by Wright, Elizur (English ed.). London, UK: Miller. Book X p 74.
translated in verse from the French
- ^ Curtis, Patricia (2002). City Dog: Choosing and living well with a dog in town. New York, NY: Lantern Books. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-59056-000-6.
- ^ Robert, Thayer Sataloff; Sataloff, Joseph (2006). Occupational Hearing Loss (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 590. ISBN 9781420015478.
- ^ Fogle, Bruce (2000). KISS Guide to Living with a Dog. Dorling-Kindersley. p. 66. ISBN 0789459760.
- ^ a b Practice of Dogs Ear cropping Archived 2011-09-25 at the Wayback Machine [sic] Doggie's Paradise. Accessed September 2011
- ^ "Literature Review on the Welfare Implications of Ear Cropping-Dogs" (PDF). American Veterinary Medical Association. 13 March 2013.
- ^ Broughton, Amy L. (2003). "Cropping and Docking: A Discussion of the Controversy and the Role of Law in Preventing Unnecessary Cosmetic Surgery on Dogs". Animal Legal & Historical Center. Michigan State University College of Law.
- ^ a b c d e Ear cropping and tail docking Archived 2011-09-09 at the Wayback Machine The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies/Fédération des sociétés canadiennes d'assistance aux animaux (CFHS/FSCAA). Accessed September 2011.
- ^ a b Weise, Elizabeth (30 July 2011). "Banfield pet hospitals ban tail docking, ear cropping on dogs". USA Today. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012.
- ^ Fogle, Bruce (2000). KISS Guide to Living with a Dog. Dorling-Kindersley. p. 66. ISBN 0789459760.
- ^ "Cropping and Docking: A Discussion of the Controversy and the Role of Law in Preventing Unnecessary Cosmetic Surgery on Dogs". Animallaw.info. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
- ^ Ear Cropping, Tail Docking and Dewclaw Removal Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine American Kennel Club Canine Legislation Position Statements
- ^ a b "New Call to Action for Amended NY State Crop/Dock Bill". American Kennel Club. 9 June 2006. Archived from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
- ^ Abraham, S. (1993). "Sad lesson learned" (PDF). American Kennel Club Gazette, American Boxer Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ "Ear cropping and tail docking of dogs". American Veterinary Medical Association. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020.
- ^ Coren, Stanley (2001) How to speak dog: mastering the art of dog-human communication New York: Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-7432-0297-8 chap. 9 [pages unnumbered]
- ^ a b c d "Ear cropping and tail docking". Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
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