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[[File:Place for prayer in Ankawa, the Christian village at the outskirts of Erbil 06.jpg|thumb|270px|A statue of the [[Jesus]] in [[Ankawa]], [[Iraq]], one of the largest modern Assyrian communities in the [[Assyrian homeland]] and is also the [[patriarchate]] of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].<ref name="dailytelegraph">Richard Spencer, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11022879/Iraq-crisis-The-streets-of-Erbils-newly-Christian-suburb-are-now-full-of-helpless-people.html Iraq crisis: The streets of Erbil’s newly Christian suburb are now full of helpless people], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', August 08, 2014</ref> ]]
[[File:Place for prayer in Ankawa, the Christian village at the outskirts of Erbil 06.jpg|thumb|270px|A statue of the [[Jesus]] in [[Ankawa]], [[Iraq]], one of the largest modern Assyrian communities in the [[Assyrian homeland]] and is also the [[patriarchate]] of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].<ref name="dailytelegraph">Richard Spencer, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11022879/Iraq-crisis-The-streets-of-Erbils-newly-Christian-suburb-are-now-full-of-helpless-people.html Iraq crisis: The streets of Erbil’s newly Christian suburb are now full of helpless people], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', August 08, 2014</ref> ]]
{{Assyrian culture}}
{{Assyrian culture}}
The following is a list of historical and contemporary Assyrian settlements in the Middle East. This list includes settlements of [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] from Southeastern [[Turkey]] who left their indigenous tribal districts in [[Hakkari province|Hakkari]] (or the historical [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]] region), [[Sirnak province|Sirnak]] and [[Mardin province]]<ref>Wigram, W.A., "The Ashiret Highlands of Hakkari (Mesopotamia)," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1916, Vol. III, pg. 40. -- The Assyrians and their Neighbors (London, 1929)</ref> due to torment, violence and displacement by [[Ottomans]] and [[Kurds]] in the [[First World War]]. Many Assyrians from [[Urmia]], [[Iran]] were also affected and as such have emigrated and settled in other towns. Resettling again occurred during the [[Simele massacre]] in northern [[Iraq]], perpetrated by the [[1936 Iraqi coup d'état|Iraqi military coup]] in the 1930s, with many fleeing to northeastern [[Syria]].<ref>[http://www.aina.org/books/aov.htm M.Y.A . Lilian, ''Assyrians Of The Van District During The Rule Of Ottoman Turks'', 1914]</ref>
The following is a list of historical and contemporary Assyrian settlements in the Middle East. This list includes settlements of [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] from Southeastern [[Turkey]] who left their indigenous tribal districts in [[Hakkari province|Hakkari]] (or the historical [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]] region), [[Sirnak province|Sirnak]] and [[Mardin province]]<ref>Wigram, W.A., "The Ashiret Highlands of Hakkari (Mesopotamia)," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1916, Vol. III, pg. 40. -- The Assyrians and their Neighbors (London, 1929)</ref> due to torment, violence and displacement by [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] and [[Kurds]] in the [[First World War]]. Many Assyrians from [[Urmia]], [[Iran]] were also affected and as such have emigrated and settled in other towns. Resettling again occurred during the [[Simele massacre]] in northern [[Iraq]], perpetrated by the [[1936 Iraqi coup d'état|Iraqi military coup]] in the 1930s, with many fleeing to northeastern [[Syria]].<ref>[http://www.aina.org/books/aov.htm M.Y.A . Lilian, ''Assyrians Of The Van District During The Rule Of Ottoman Turks'', 1914]</ref>


Most modern resettlement is located in [[Iraq]],<ref>Map of Assyrian villages in Iraq http://aina.org/maps/villagesbyyear.htm</ref> [[Syria]] and [[Iran]] in the cities of [[Baghdad]], [[Habbaniyah]], [[Kirkuk]], [[Duhok]], [[Al-Hasakah]], [[Tehran]] and [[Damascus]]. Few Assyrian settlements exist in Turkey today and also in the [[Caucasus]]. The exodus to the cities or towns of these aforementioned countries occurred between late 1910s and 1930s.<ref>[http://www.aina.org/reports/cacir.pdf Information on Assyrians in Iraq]</ref><ref>Smith, Gary N., From Urmia to the Stanislaus: a cultural-historical-geography of Assyrian Christians in the Middle East and America (Davis, 1981)</ref> After the [[Iraq War]] in 2003, a number of Assyrians in Baghdad relocated to the [[Assyrian homeland]] in northern Iraq.<ref>Dalley, Stephanie (1993). "Nineveh After 612 BC." ''Alt-Orientanlische Forshchungen 20''. P.134.</ref> Many others have immigrated to [[North America]], [[Europe]] and [[Australia]], especially in the late 20th century and 21st century.<ref>[http://www.aina.org/maps/hakkarimap.png Assyrian villages in Hakkari Assyrian villages in Hakkari]</ref> Currently, there are a number of settlements on this list that have been abandoned due to persecution, conflict, and other causes.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Costa-Roberts|first1=Daniel|title=8 things you didn't know about Assyrian Christians|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/8-things-didnt-know-assyrian-christians/|access-date=6 July 2015|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=15 March 2015}}</ref>
Most modern resettlement is located in [[Iraq]],<ref>Map of Assyrian villages in Iraq http://aina.org/maps/villagesbyyear.htm</ref> [[Syria]], [[Turkey]],<ref name="Religious Minorities in Turkey">{{cite book|title=Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom| first=Christoph |last=Giesel|year= 2017| isbn= 9781137270269| page =169 |publisher=Springer|quote=}}</ref> and [[Iran]] in the cities of [[Baghdad]], [[Habbaniyah]], [[Kirkuk]], [[Duhok]], [[Al-Hasakah]], [[Tehran]], [[Mardin]] and [[Damascus]]. Few Assyrian settlements exist in Turkey today and also in the [[Caucasus]]. The exodus to the cities or towns of these aforementioned countries occurred between late 1910s and 1930s.<ref>[http://www.aina.org/reports/cacir.pdf Information on Assyrians in Iraq]</ref><ref>Smith, Gary N., From Urmia to the Stanislaus: a cultural-historical-geography of Assyrian Christians in the Middle East and America (Davis, 1981)</ref> After the [[Iraq War]] in 2003, a number of Assyrians in Baghdad relocated to the [[Assyrian homeland]] in northern Iraq.<ref>Dalley, Stephanie (1993). "Nineveh After 612 BC." ''Alt-Orientanlische Forshchungen 20''. P.134.</ref> Many others have immigrated to [[North America]], [[Europe]] and [[Australia]], especially in the late 20th century and 21st century.<ref>[http://www.aina.org/maps/hakkarimap.png Assyrian villages in Hakkari Assyrian villages in Hakkari]</ref> Currently, there are a number of settlements on this list that have been abandoned due to persecution, conflict, and other causes.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Costa-Roberts|first1=Daniel|title=8 things you didn't know about Assyrian Christians|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/8-things-didnt-know-assyrian-christians/|access-date=6 July 2015|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=15 March 2015}}</ref>


==Iraq==
==Iraq==
Line 21: Line 21:
===[[Dohuk Governorate|Dohuk Province]]===
===[[Dohuk Governorate|Dohuk Province]]===
[[File:Duhok in Iraq.svg|thumb|220px|Duhok Province]]
[[File:Duhok in Iraq.svg|thumb|220px|Duhok Province]]
[[File:Monastery of the Holy Saint Mār ‘Abdīshō in Dere.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian]] Monastery of Mar Odishu in [[Dere, Iraq|Dere]]]]
[[File:Assyrian Mar Narsai Church.jpg|220px|thumb|[[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian]] Mar Narsai Church in Duhok]]
[[File:Assyrian Mar Narsai Church.jpg|220px|thumb|[[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian]] Mar Narsai Church in Duhok]]
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 29: Line 28:
| [[Araden]]<ref>Meho & Maglaughlin (2001), p. 267</ref>|| ܐܪܕܢ|| Dohuk ||Amadiya || 35 Assyrian families inhabit Araden as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo9"/>
| [[Araden]]<ref>Meho & Maglaughlin (2001), p. 267</ref>|| ܐܪܕܢ|| Dohuk ||Amadiya || 35 Assyrian families inhabit Araden as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo9"/>
|-
|-
| Enishke||ܐܝܢܫܟܐ || Dohuk || Amadiya|| 30 Assyrian families inhabit Enishke as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo9">Eshoo (2004), p. 9</ref>
| Enishke||ܐܝܢܫܟܐ || Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya|| 30 Assyrian families inhabit Enishke as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo9">Eshoo (2004), p. 9</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Sarsing]]<ref>[http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/assyrian-church-prelates-visit-the-historic-village-of-sarsing-in-northern-iraq/ OCP Media Network: Assyrian Church Prelates Visit the Historic Village of Sarsing in Northern Iraq]</ref>|| ܣܪܣܢܓ|| Dohuk || Amadiya || 150 Assyrian families inhabit Sarsing as of May 2004<ref>Eshoo (2004), p. 8</ref>
| [[Sarsing]]<ref>[http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/assyrian-church-prelates-visit-the-historic-village-of-sarsing-in-northern-iraq/ OCP Media Network: Assyrian Church Prelates Visit the Historic Village of Sarsing in Northern Iraq]</ref>|| ܣܪܣܢܓ|| Dohuk || Amadiya || 150 Assyrian families inhabit Sarsing as of May 2004<ref>Eshoo (2004), p. 8</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Badarash]]||ܒܪܕܪܐܫ
| [[Badarash]]||ܒܪܕܪܐܫ
| Dohuk || Amadiya|| 40 Assyrian families inhabit Badarash as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo9"/>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya|| 40 Assyrian families inhabit Badarash as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo9"/>
|-
|-
|-
|-
Line 40: Line 39:
|-
|-
| Baz||ܒܵܙ
| Baz||ܒܵܙ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 10 Assyrian families inhabited Baz in May 2004.<ref name="Eshoo7" >Eshoo (2004), p. 7</ref> 40 Christian and Muslim families inhabit Baz as of June 2011<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35265.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Baz]</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 10 Assyrian families inhabited Baz in May 2004.<ref name="Eshoo7" >Eshoo (2004), p. 7</ref> 40 Christian and Muslim families inhabit Baz as of June 2011<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35265.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Baz]</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Bebadi]]|| ܒܝܬ ܒܥܕܝ|| Dohuk || Amadiya || 30 Assyrian families inhabit Bebadi as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo11"/>
| [[Bebadi]]|| ܒܝܬ ܒܥܕܝ|| Dohuk || Amadiya || 30 Assyrian families inhabit Bebadi as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo11"/>
|-
|-
| Belejane||ܒܠܝܓ̰ܢܐ
| Belejane||ܒܠܝܓ̰ܢܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 15 Assyrian families inhabit Belejane as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo10">Eshoo (2004), p. 10</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 15 Assyrian families inhabit Belejane as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo10">Eshoo (2004), p. 10</ref>
|-
|-
| Belmand||ܒܠܡܢܕ
| Belmand||ܒܠܡܢܕ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 50 Assyrian families inhabit Belmand as of May 2004<ref>Eshoo (2004), p. 13</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 50 Assyrian families inhabit Belmand as of May 2004<ref>Eshoo (2004), p. 13</ref>
|-
|-
| Beqolke||ܒܹܩܘܠܟܐ
| Beqolke||ܒܹܩܘܠܟܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 74 Assyrians inhabited Beqolke in 1957; 7 Assyrian families inhabited Beqolke in 1978; 4 Assyrian families inhabit Beqolke as of 1991<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35347.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Beqolke]</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 74 Assyrians inhabited Beqolke in 1957; 7 Assyrian families inhabited Beqolke in 1978; 4 Assyrian families inhabit Beqolke as of 1991<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35347.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Beqolke]</ref>
|-
|-
| Benatha||ܒܹܢܬܐ
| Benatha||ܒܹܢܬܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya||8 Assyrian families inhabit Benatha as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo9"/>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya||8 Assyrian families inhabit Benatha as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo9"/>
|-
|-
| Beth Shmayaye||ܒܝܬ ܫܡܝܝܐ
| Beth Shmayaye||ܒܝܬ ܫܡܝܝܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya||
|-
|-
| [[Beth Tanura]]||ܒܝܬ ܬܢܘܪܐ
| [[Beth Tanura]]||ܒܝܬ ܬܢܘܪܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya||
|-
|-
| Chalek|| || Dohuk || Amadiya || 10 Assyrian families inhabit Chalek as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo7" />
| Chalek|| || Dohuk || Amadiya || 10 Assyrian families inhabit Chalek as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo7" />
|-
|-
| Chem Rabatke||ܟ̰ܡ ܪܒܬܟܐ
| Chem Rabatke||ܟ̰ܡ ܪܒܬܟܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya ||
|-
|-
| [[Dawodiya]]|| ܕܘܘܕܝܐ|| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
| [[Dawodiya]]|| ܕܘܘܕܝܐ|| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya ||
|-
|-
| [[Dehi, Iraq|Dehi]]|| ܕܗܐ|| Dohuk || Amadiya || 20 Assyrian families inhabit Dehi as of 1991
| [[Dehi, Iraq|Dehi]]|| ܕܗܐ|| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 20 Assyrian families inhabit Dehi as of 1991
|-
|-
| [[Dere, Iraq|Dere]]||ܕܝܪܐ
| [[Dere, Iraq|Dere]]||ܕܝܪܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 323 Assyrians inhabited Dere in 1957;<ref name="Dere">[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35508.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Dere]</ref> 250 Assyrians inhabited Dere in 1988;<ref name="Dere" /> 25 Assyrian families inhabit Dere as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo10"/>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 323 Assyrians inhabited Dere in 1957;<ref name="Dere">[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35508.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Dere]</ref> 250 Assyrians inhabited Dere in 1988;<ref name="Dere" /> 25 Assyrian families inhabit Dere as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo10"/>
|-
|-
| Derishke||ܕܝܪܫܟܐ
| Derishke||ܕܝܪܫܟܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 20 Assyrian families inhabit Derishke as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo5">Eshoo (2004), p. 5</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 20 Assyrian families inhabit Derishke as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo5">Eshoo (2004), p. 5</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Dooreh, Iraq|Doreeh]]||ܕܘܪܗ
| [[Dooreh, Iraq|Doreeh]]||ܕܘܪܗ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 30 Assyrian families inhabit Dore as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo4">Eshoo (2004), p. 4</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 30 Assyrian families inhabit Dore as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo4">Eshoo (2004), p. 4</ref>
|-
|-
| Eqri||ܐܩܪܝ
| Eqri||ܐܩܪܝ
| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya ||
|-
|-
| Eyat||ܐܝܬ
| Eyat||ܐܝܬ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 169 Assyrians inhabited Eyat in 1957; 19 Assyrian families inhabit Eyat as of 2013 <ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,36501.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Ayit]</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 169 Assyrians inhabited Eyat in 1957; 19 Assyrian families inhabit Eyat as of 2013 <ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,36501.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Ayit]</ref>
|-
|-
| Hayes||ܗܝܤ
| Hayes||ܗܝܤ
| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya ||
|-
|-
| [[Hezany]]||ܗܝܙܢܐ
| [[Hezany]]||ܗܝܙܢܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 27 Assyrian families inhabit Hezany as of 1991
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 27 Assyrian families inhabit Hezany as of 1991
|-
|-
| Jadide||ܓ̰ܕܝܕܐ
| Jadide||ܓ̰ܕܝܕܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya ||
|-
|-
| [[Jelek, Iraq|Jelek]]|| || Dohuk || Amadiya || 519 Assyrians inhabited Jelek in 1957; 62 Assyrian families inhabit Jelek as of 2011 <ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35258.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporations: Jelek]</ref>
| [[Jelek, Iraq|Jelek]]|| || Dohuk || Amadiya || 519 Assyrians inhabited Jelek in 1957; 62 Assyrian families inhabit Jelek as of 2011 <ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35258.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporations: Jelek]</ref>
|-
|-
| Jole||ܫ̰ܘܠܐ
| Jole||ܫ̰ܘܠܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya ||
|-
|-
| [[Kani Balavi]]||ܟܢܝ ܒܠܦ̮ܐ
| [[Kani Balavi]]||ܟܢܝ ܒܠܦ̮ܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 15 Assyrian families inhabit Kani Balavi as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo6">Eshoo (2004), p. 6</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 15 Assyrian families inhabit Kani Balavi as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo6">Eshoo (2004), p. 6</ref>
|-
|-
| Khalilane||ܚܠܝܠܢܐ
| Khalilane||ܚܠܝܠܢܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 20 Assyrian families inhabit Khalilane as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo12">Eshoo (2004), p. 12</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 20 Assyrian families inhabit Khalilane as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo12">Eshoo (2004), p. 12</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Komane, Iraq|Komany]]|| ܟܘܡܢܐ|| Dohuk || Amadiya || 20 Assyrian families inhabit Komany as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo10"/>
| [[Komane, Iraq|Komany]]|| ܟܘܡܢܐ|| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 20 Assyrian families inhabit Komany as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo10"/>
|-
|-
|[[Mangesh, Iraq|Mangesh]]||ܡܢܓܫܐ
|[[Mangesh, Iraq|Mangesh]]||ܡܢܓܫܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 1195 Assyrians inhabited Mangesh in 1947; 959 Assyrians inhabited Mangesh in 1965<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35309.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Mangesh]</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 1195 Assyrians inhabited Mangesh in 1947; 959 Assyrians inhabited Mangesh in 1965<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35309.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Mangesh]</ref>
|-
|-
| Margajiya||ܡܪܓܐ ܓ̰ܝܐ
| Margajiya||ܡܪܓܐ ܓ̰ܝܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya ||
|-
|-
| Maye||ܡܝܐ
| Maye||ܡܝܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya ||10 Assyrian families inhabit Maye as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo5"/>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya ||10 Assyrian families inhabit Maye as of May 2004<ref name="Eshoo5"/>
|-
|-
| Meristek||ܡܝܪܣܬܟ
| Meristek||ܡܝܪܣܬܟ
| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya ||
|-
|-
| Meroge||ܡܝܪܘܓܐ
| Meroge||ܡܝܪܘܓܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya ||
|-
|-
| Meze|| ܡܝܙܐ|| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
| Meze|| ܡܝܙܐ|| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
Line 128: Line 127:
|-
|-
| Sardarawa||ܣܪ ܕܪܒܐ
| Sardarawa||ܣܪ ܕܪܒܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya ||
|-
|-
| Sardashte||ܣܪܐ ܕܫܬܐ
| Sardashte||ܣܪܐ ܕܫܬܐ
| Dohuk || Amadiya ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya ||
|-
|-
| Sikrine||ܣܟܪܝܢܐ
| Sikrine||ܣܟܪܝܢܐ
Line 137: Line 136:
|-
|-
| Tashish||ܬܫܝܫ
| Tashish||ܬܫܝܫ
| Dohuk || Amadiya || 163 Assyrians inhabited Tashish in 1957.<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35297.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Tashish]</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Amadiya || 163 Assyrians inhabited Tashish in 1957.<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35297.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Tashish]</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Aqrah]]|| ܥܩܪܐ || Dohuk || Aqrah ||
| [[Aqrah]]|| ܥܩܪܐ || Dohuk || Aqrah ||
|-
|-
| Nohawa||ܢܘܗܒܐ
| Nohawa||ܢܘܗܒܐ
| Dohuk || Aqrah ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Aqrah ||
|-
|-
| Babelo||ܒܵܒܠܘ
| Babelo||ܒܵܒܠܘ
| Dohuk || Dohuk ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Dohuk ||
|-
|-
| Bagerat||ܒܓܝܪܬ
| Bagerat||ܒܓܝܪܬ
| Dohuk || Dohuk ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Dohuk ||
|-
|-
| [[Dohuk]] || ܢܘܗܕܪܐ|| Dohuk || Dohuk ||
| [[Dohuk]] || ܢܘܗܕܪܐ|| Dohuk || Dohuk ||
Line 156: Line 155:
|-
|-
| Korygavana||ܟܘܪܝܓܦ̮ܢܐ
| Korygavana||ܟܘܪܝܓܦ̮ܢܐ
| Dohuk || Dohuk ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Dohuk ||
|-
|-
|[[Zawita]]|| ܙܘܝܬܐ || Dohuk || Dohuk||
|[[Zawita]]|| ܙܘܝܬܐ || Dohuk || Dohuk||
Line 163: Line 162:
|-
|-
| Bajed Berav||ܒܓ̰ܕ ܒܝܪܦ̮
| Bajed Berav||ܒܓ̰ܕ ܒܝܪܦ̮
| Dohuk || Semel ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Semel ||
|-
|-
| Bajed Kindal||ܒܓ̰ܕ ܟܝܢܕܠ
| Bajed Kindal||ܒܓ̰ܕ ܟܝܢܕܠ
| Dohuk || Semel ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Semel ||
|-
|-
| [[Bakhetme]]|| ܒܚܬܡܐ || Dohuk || Semel ||
| [[Bakhetme]]|| ܒܚܬܡܐ || Dohuk || Semel ||
|-
|-
| Bakhloja||ܒܚܠܘܓ̰ܐ
| Bakhloja||ܒܚܠܘܓ̰ܐ
| Dohuk || Semel ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Semel ||
|-
|-
| Jambor||ܓ̰ܡܒܘܪ
| Jambor||ܓ̰ܡܒܘܪ
| Dohuk || Semel ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Semel ||
|-
|-
| Mar Yakoo||ܡܪܝ ܝܥܩܘܒ
| Mar Yakoo||ܡܪܝ ܝܥܩܘܒ
| Dohuk || Semel || 79 Assyrian families inhabit Mar Yakoo as of 2011<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35509.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Mar Yakoo]</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Semel || 79 Assyrian families inhabit Mar Yakoo as of 2011<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35509.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Mar Yakoo]</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Simele]]|| ܣܡܠܐ|| Dohuk || Semel ||
| [[Simele]]|| ܣܡܠܐ|| Dohuk || Semel ||
|-
|-
| Sheze||ܫܝܙ
| Sheze||ܫܝܙ
| Dohuk || Semel || Inhabited as of November 2011<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35699.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Shezi or Sheyouz]</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Semel || Inhabited as of November 2011<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35699.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Shezi or Sheyouz]</ref>
|-
|-
| Shkafte||ܫܟܦ̮ܬܐ
| Shkafte||ܫܟܦ̮ܬܐ
| Dohuk || Semel ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Semel ||
|-
|-
| Surka||ܨܘܪܟܐ
| Surka||ܨܘܪܟܐ
| Dohuk || Semel ||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Semel ||
|-
|-
| Berseve||ܒܝܪܣܦ̮ܐ
| Berseve||ܒܝܪܣܦ̮ܐ
| Dohuk || Zakho||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Zakho||
|-
|-
| Dashtatakh||ܕܫܬܟ
| Dashtatakh||ܕܫܬܟ
| Dohuk || Zakho||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Zakho||
|-
|-
| [[Dera Shish]]||ܕܝܪܐ ܫܝܫ
| [[Dera Shish]]||ܕܝܪܐ ܫܝܫ
| Dohuk || Zakho|| 250 Assyrians inhabited Dera Shish in 1976; 8 Assyrian families inhabit Dera Shish as of 2011<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35242.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Der Shish]</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Zakho|| 250 Assyrians inhabited Dera Shish in 1976; 8 Assyrian families inhabit Dera Shish as of 2011<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35242.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Der Shish]</ref>
|-
|-
| Levo||ܠܝܦ̮ܘ
| Levo||ܠܝܦ̮ܘ
| Dohuk || Zakho||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Zakho||
|-
|-
| Marga||ܡܪܓܐ
| Marga||ܡܪܓܐ
| Dohuk || Zakho||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Zakho||
|-
|-
| Margasor||ܡܝܪܓܐ ܣܘܪ
| Margasor||ܡܝܪܓܐ ܣܘܪ
| Dohuk || Zakho||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Zakho||
|-
|-
| Navkandala||ܢܐܦ̮ ܟܢܕܠܐ
| Navkandala||ܢܐܦ̮ ܟܢܕܠܐ
| Dohuk || Zakho||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Zakho||
|-
|-
| Piraka||ܦܝܪܟܐ
| Piraka||ܦܝܪܟܐ
| Dohuk || Zakho||
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Zakho||
|-
|-
| Qarawula||ܩܪܘܠܐ
| Qarawula||ܩܪܘܠܐ
| Dohuk || Zakho|| 334 Assyrians inhabited Qarawula in 1957; inhabited by 66 Assyrian families in 1975. Inhabited as of November 2011.<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,36269.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: QaraWola]</ref>
| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Zakho|| 334 Assyrians inhabited Qarawula in 1957; inhabited by 66 Assyrian families in 1975. Inhabited as of November 2011.<ref>[http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,36269.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: QaraWola]</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Sharanesh]]|| ܫܪܢܘܫ|| Dohuk || Zakho||
| [[Sharanesh]]|| ܫܪܢܘܫ|| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Zakho||
|-
|-
| [[Zakho]]|| ܙܟܼܘ|| Dohuk || Zakho||A Chaldo-Assyrian tribe, associated with Catholic Assyrians. It has been inhabited by Assyrians since the 5th century. Assyrians from Hakkari, Turkey, have resettled there to escape persecution and violence by Ottoman Turks in the early 20th century.
| [[Zakho]]|| ܙܟܼܘ|| Dohuk(Nuhadrah) || Zakho||A Chaldo-Assyrian tribe, associated with Catholic Assyrians. It has been inhabited by Assyrians since the 5th century. Assyrians from Hakkari, Turkey, have resettled there to escape persecution and violence by Ottoman Turks in the early 20th century.
Nuhadrah is the ancient Assyrian name for what is now called Duhok to 'foreigners. Erbil is another name that is called something within the indigenous people of that land, the Assyrians.
<ref>https://www.atour.com/news/assyria/20080813a.html</ref>
<ref>https://www.betnahrain.net/AssyriaLand/Iraq.htm</ref>
|}
|}


===[[Erbil Governorate|Erbil Province]]===
===[[Erbil Governorate|Erbil Province]]===
[[File:Arbil_in_Iraq.svg|thumb|220px|Erbil Province]]
[[File:Arbil_in_Iraq.svg|thumb|220px|Erbil Province]]
[[File:Mār Bena Church in Koysinjaq2.jpg|220px|thumb|[[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian]] Mār Bena Church in Koy Sanjaq.]]
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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[[File:Ninawa_in_Iraq.svg|thumb|220px|Ninawa Province]]
[[File:Ninawa_in_Iraq.svg|thumb|220px|Ninawa Province]]
[[File:Interior view of the Meskinta Assyrian-Chaldean Church in Mosul.jpg|220px|thumb|Interior view of the Meskinta Assyrian-Chaldean Church in Mosul]]
[[File:Interior view of the Meskinta Assyrian-Chaldean Church in Mosul.jpg|220px|thumb|Interior view of the Meskinta Assyrian-Chaldean Church in Mosul]]
[[File:Church St. Thomas in Mosul.jpg|220px|thumb|[[Church of Saint Thomas, Mosul]]]]
[[File:Church St. Thomas in Mosul.jpg|220px|thumb|[[Church of Saint Thomas, Mosul ]]]]
[[File:Church of Saint Michael in alQosh.jpg|220px|thumb|Saint Michael's church in [[Alqosh]]]]
[[File:Church of Saint Michael in alQosh.jpg|220px|thumb|Saint Michael's church in [[Alqosh]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Settlement!! [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Aramaic]]!! [[Governorates of Iraq|Province]] !! District!! Note(s)
! Settlement!! [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Aramaic]]!! [[Governorates of Iraq|Province]] !! District!! Note(s)
|-
|-
|[[Mosul]]|| ܡܘܨܠ|| Nineveh || Al-Mosul || Assyrians have inhabited the city of Mosul for over a millennia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=La Boda |first1=Sharon |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa |year=1994 |pages=522 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781884964039 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref> Population records show a continuous Assyrian presence in Mosul from at least the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masters |first1=Bruce |title=Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism |date=25 Mar 2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=England |pages=57 |isbn=9780521005821 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DkV4_ExCHYC |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Soane |first1=Ely Banister |title=To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise |date=December 2007 |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |pages=52 |isbn=9781602069770 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Im7jQ_o6JkgC |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref> Assyrians from Mosul (known as Mawasli) are Arabic-speaking, their dialect belongs to [[North Mesopotamian Arabic]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jeloo |first1=Nicholas |title=Assyrian News |pages=5 |url=https://en.calameo.com/read/002359770b09095312ab5 |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iskender |first1=Waseem |title=برنامج من تراثنا الموصلي - اللهجة الموصلية + الفنان اسكندر الاعمى |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fyzm_D_otMI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/Fyzm_D_otMI |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|website=YouTube |publisher=الفنان والاعلامي وسيم اسكندر, IshtarTV |access-date=8 May 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Most belong to Syriac churches; the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], the [[Syriac Catholic Church]], and the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Badger |first1=George Percy |title=The Nestorians and Their Rituals: With the Narrative of a Mission to Mesopotamia and Coordistan in 1842-1844, and of a Late Visit to Those Countries In 1850 |date=1852 |publisher=London : Joseph Masters |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nestorianstheirr01badg/page/82 82] |url=https://archive.org/details/nestorianstheirr01badg |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Filoni |first1=Fernando |title=The Church in Iraq |date=2017 |publisher=Catholic University of America Press. |location=USA |pages=51 |isbn=9780813229652 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp8rDwAAQBAJ |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref> A few having converted from Syriac churches to Protestantism starting in the mid 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=John |title=Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East : The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition |date=January 1984 |publisher=SUNY Press |pages=56–78 |isbn=9781438408064 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rlfxl0_YkIC}}</ref> The majority of Mosul Assyrians migrated south to Baghdad in the 1960s due to political unrest and persecution, ([[1959 Mosul Uprising]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leustean |first1=Lucian N. |title=Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-81865-6 |pages=548 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yt6vAwAAQBAJ |access-date=1 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> However, Assyrians continued to live in Mosul until being fully driven out by ISIS in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Evans, Salman |first1=Dominic, Raheem |title=Iraq Catholic leader says Islamic State worse than Genghis Khan |newspaper=Reuters |date=July 21, 2014 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-iraq-security-christians/iraq-catholic-leader-says-islamic-state-worse-than-genghis-khan-idUKKBN0FP0RJ20140720 |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref> After the recapturing of Mosul, only a few Assyrian families have returned to the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cairns |first1=Madoc |title=Christians 'afraid to return' to northern Iraq |date=2 April 2020 |url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12699/christians-afraid-to-return-to-northern-iraq |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>
|[[Mosul]]|| ܡܘܨܠ|| Nineveh || Al-Mosul || Assyrians have inhabited the city of Mosul for over a millennia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=La Boda |first1=Sharon |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa |year=1994 |pages=522 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781884964039 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref> Population records show a continuous Assyrian presence in Mosul from at least the 16th century.the famous monstery of Mar Matti an hour from the northern region of Erbil
Many families across the globe visit to celebrate events such as Lent (Eid) and the day of Mar Matti <ref>{{cite book |last1=Masters |first1=Bruce |title=Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism |date=25 Mar 2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=England |pages=57 |isbn=9780521005821 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DkV4_ExCHYC |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Soane |first1=Ely Banister |title=To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise |date=December 2007 |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |pages=52 |isbn=9781602069770 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Im7jQ_o6JkgC |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref> Assyrians from Mosul (known as Mawasli) are Arabic-speaking, their dialect belongs to [[North Mesopotamian Arabic]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jeloo |first1=Nicholas |title=Assyrian News |pages=5 |url=https://en.calameo.com/read/002359770b09095312ab5 |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iskender |first1=Waseem |title=برنامج من تراثنا الموصلي - اللهجة الموصلية + الفنان اسكندر الاعمى |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fyzm_D_otMI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/Fyzm_D_otMI |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|website=YouTube |publisher=الفنان والاعلامي وسيم اسكندر, IshtarTV |access-date=8 May 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Most belong to Syriac churches; the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], the [[Syriac Catholic Church]], and the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Badger |first1=George Percy |title=The Nestorians and Their Rituals: With the Narrative of a Mission to Mesopotamia and Coordistan in 1842-1844, and of a Late Visit to Those Countries In 1850 |date=1852 |publisher=London : Joseph Masters |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nestorianstheirr01badg/page/82 82] |url=https://archive.org/details/nestorianstheirr01badg |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Filoni |first1=Fernando |title=The Church in Iraq |date=2017 |publisher=Catholic University of America Press. |location=USA |pages=51 |isbn=9780813229652 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp8rDwAAQBAJ |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref> A few having converted from Syriac churches to Protestantism starting in the mid 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=John |title=Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East : The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition |date=January 1984 |publisher=SUNY Press |pages=56–78 |isbn=9781438408064 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rlfxl0_YkIC}}</ref> The majority of Mosul Assyrians migrated south to Baghdad in the 1960s due to political unrest and persecution, ([[1959 Mosul Uprising]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leustean |first1=Lucian N. |title=Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-81865-6 |pages=548 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yt6vAwAAQBAJ |access-date=1 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> However, Assyrians continued to live in Mosul until being fully driven out by ISIS in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Evans, Salman |first1=Dominic, Raheem |title=Iraq Catholic leader says Islamic State worse than Genghis Khan |newspaper=Reuters |date=July 21, 2014 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-iraq-security-christians/iraq-catholic-leader-says-islamic-state-worse-than-genghis-khan-idUKKBN0FP0RJ20140720 |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref> After the recapturing of Mosul, only a few Assyrian families have returned to the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cairns |first1=Madoc |title=Christians 'afraid to return' to northern Iraq |date=2 April 2020 |url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12699/christians-afraid-to-return-to-northern-iraq |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Ain Sifni]]|| ܥܝܢ ܣܦܢܐ|| Nineveh || Shekhan ||
| [[Ain Sifni]]|| ܥܝܢ ܣܦܢܐ|| Nineveh || Shekhan ||
|-
|-
| [[Alqosh]] || ܐܠܩܘܫ|| Nineveh || Tel Keppe|| Ancient Assyrian tribe associated with [[Chaldean Catholics|Chaldean Christians]] ([[Chaldean Catholic Church|Catholic Assyrians]]). It was also settled by Assyrians from Hakkari after 1914.
| [[Alqosh]] || ܐܠܩܘܫ|| Nineveh || Tel Keppe|| Ancient Assyrian tribe associated with [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Catholic Assyrians]]. It was also settled by Assyrians from Hakkari after 1914.
|-
|-
| [[Bandwaya]] || || Nineveh || Tel-Keppe||
| [[Bandwaya]] || || Nineveh || Tel-Keppe||
Line 485: Line 487:
* [[Anhar-e Olya|Anhar]]
* [[Anhar-e Olya|Anhar]]
* [[Armudaghaj|Armod Agaj]]
* [[Armudaghaj|Armod Agaj]]
* [[Adeh, Urmia|Ada]]
* [[Adeh, Urmia|Ada]] <big>ܥܕܐ</big>
* [[Ordushahi|Ardishai]]
* [[Ordushahi|Ardishai]]
* [[Balanej|Balanej (Balanush)]]
* [[Balanej|Balanej (Balanush)]]
* [[Balowlan]]
* [[Balowlan]]
* [[Chamaki]]
* [[Chamaki]]
* Charbash <small>([[:fa:چهاربخش (ارومیه)|fa]])</small>
* Charbash
* Digala <small>([[:fa:دیگاله|fa]])</small>
* Digala
* [[Dizaj-e Takyeh|Dizataka]]
* [[Dizaj-e Takyeh|Dizataka]]
* [[Gavlan, Urmia|Gavilan]]
* [[Gavlan, Urmia|Gavilan]]
* [[Gug Tappeh, Urmia|Geogtapa]] populated
* [[Gug Tappeh, Urmia|Geogtapa]] populated
* [[Gol Pashin|Golpashan]] populated
* [[Gol Pashin|Golpashan]] populated
* [[Reyhanabad, West Azerbaijan|Iryawa]]
* Iryawa
* [[Khaneshan|Khanishan]]
* [[Khaneshan|Khanishan]]
* [[Khosrava]]
* [[Khosrava]]
Line 504: Line 506:
* [[Margawar]]
* [[Margawar]]
* [[Mavana|Mawana]] <big>ܡܥܘܢܐ</big>
* [[Mavana|Mawana]] <big>ܡܥܘܢܐ</big>
* Mushawa <small>([[:fa:موش‌آباد|fa]])</small>
* Mushawa
* [[Qarajalu, Urmia|Qarajalu]]
* [[Qarajalu, Urmia|Qarajalu]]
* [[Satlu, West Azerbaijan|Saatlou]]
* [[Satlu, West Azerbaijan|Saatlou]]
Line 511: Line 513:
* [[Jamalabad, Urmia|Jamlava (Jamalabad)]]
* [[Jamalabad, Urmia|Jamlava (Jamalabad)]]
* [[Sarnaq|Sarna]]
* [[Sarnaq|Sarna]]
* [[Shirabad, West Azerbaijan|Shirabad]]
* [[Shirabad, West Azerbaijan|Shirabad]] <big>ܫܝܪܐܒܕ</big>
* [[Sir, West Azerbaijan|Seir]]
* [[Sir, West Azerbaijan|Seir]]
* [[Sureh, West Azerbaijan|Sawraa]]
* [[Sureh, West Azerbaijan|Sawraa]]
Line 519: Line 521:
;[[Urmia County]]
;[[Urmia County]]
*[[Margavar Rural District|Margawar]]
*[[Margavar Rural District|Margawar]]
**[[Razgeh, West Azerbaijan|Razhani]]
**[[Razhan|Razhani]]
**[[Nergi]]
**[[Nergi]]
**[[Gerdik]]
**[[Gerdik]]
**[[Dizaj, West Azerbaijan|Diza]]
**[[Dizaj, West Azerbaijan|Diza]]
**[[Golestaneh, West Azerbaijan|Gullistan]]
**[[Golestaneh, West Azerbaijan|Gullistan]]
*[[Salamas]]
*[[Salmas County|Salamas]]
**[[Chahriq-e Olya|Chara]]
**[[Chahriq-e Olya|Chara]]
**[[Ziveh Jik|Zewajik]]
**[[Ziveh Jik|Zewajik]]
Line 542: Line 544:
**[[Haki, Iran|Haki]]
**[[Haki, Iran|Haki]]
**[[Kuraneh, Silvaneh|Qurana]]
**[[Kuraneh, Silvaneh|Qurana]]
**Mar Behisho (Iran-Turkey border)
**Mar Behisho ([[Iran–Turkey border]])
**[[Mavana]]
**[[Mavana]] <big>ܡܥܘܢܐ</big>
**[[Surbani|Salona]]
**[[Surbani|Salona]]
**[[Sheyban, West Azerbaijan|Shibani]]
**[[Sheyban, West Azerbaijan|Shibani]]
Line 550: Line 552:
*[[Sumay-ye Beradust District]]
*[[Sumay-ye Beradust District]]
**[[Urmia]]
**[[Urmia]]
**[[Mavana|Mawana]]
**[[Mavana|Mawana]] <big>ܡܥܘܢܐ</big>
**Mushabad <small>([[:fa:موش‌آباد|fa]])</small>
**Mushabad
**Charbash <small>([[:fa:چهاربخش (ارومیه)|fa]])</small>
**Charbash
**[[Borashan]]
**[[Borashan]]
**[[Anhar-e Olya|Anhar]]
**[[Anhar-e Olya|Anhar]]
Line 560: Line 562:
**Mar Sargis
**Mar Sargis
**[[Sir, West Azerbaijan|Seiri]]
**[[Sir, West Azerbaijan|Seiri]]
**[[Shirabad, West Azerbaijan|Shirabad]]
**[[Shirabad, West Azerbaijan|Shirabad]] <big>ܫܝܪܐܒܕ</big>
**[[Qarah Qiz|Kirakiz]]
**[[Qarah Qiz|Kirakiz]]
**[[Chamaki]]
**[[Chamaki]]
**[[Qushchi|Kuchiye]]
**[[Qushchi|Kuchiye]]
**[[Nazlu|Nazi]]
**[[Nazlu|Nazi]]
**Kosi
**[[Kavsi|Kosi]]
**[[Gangachin]]
**[[Gangachin]]
**[[Sopurghan]]
**[[Sopurghan]]
Line 579: Line 581:
==Syria==
==Syria==
[[File:Hasakah.PNG|200px|right|thumb|[[Al-Hasakah|Al Hasakah]], Syria]]
[[File:Hasakah.PNG|200px|right|thumb|[[Al-Hasakah|Al Hasakah]], Syria]]
[[File:Humus Valiliği.PNG|200px|right|thumb|[[Homs]], Syria]]
Assyrians immigrated to Syria during the 1930s and 1940s, from northern [[Iraq]], after they were slaughtered and displaced during the [[Simele massacre]] perpetrated by the armed forces of the [[Kingdom of Iraq]].<ref>Rowlands, J., "The Khabur Valley," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1947, pp. 144-149.</ref> Many [[Assyrians in Syria]] did not have [[Syrian citizenship]] and title to their land until late 1940s.<ref>Betts, Robert Brenton, Christians in the Arab East (Atlanta, 1978)</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dodge |first1=Bayard |title=The settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur |journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society |date=1 July 1940 |volume=27 |issue=3 |page=312 |doi=10.1080/03068374008730969 |issn=0035-8789}}</ref> The Assyrians who settled in the [[Khabur (Euphrates)|Khabour River Valley]] organized their villages according to their own tribal structure, with each village belonging to a single tribe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dodge |first1=Bayard |title=The settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur |journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society |date=1 July 1940 |volume=27 |issue=3 |page=318 |doi=10.1080/03068374008730969 |issn=0035-8789}}</ref> As such, each village effectively has two names, the official Arabic name and the unofficial Assyrian name, with the latter being the name of the tribe that built the town.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dodge |first1=Bayard |title=The settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur |journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society |date=1 July 1940 |volume=27 |issue=3 |page=314 |doi=10.1080/03068374008730969 |issn=0035-8789}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandez |first1=Alberto M. |title=Dawn at Tell Tamir: The Assyrian Christian Survival on the Khabur River |journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies |date=1998 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=41, 42 |url=http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v12n1/Fernandez.pdf}}</ref>
Assyrians immigrated to Syria during the 1930s and 1940s, from northern [[Iraq]], after they were slaughtered and displaced during the [[Simele massacre]] perpetrated by the armed forces of the [[Kingdom of Iraq]].<ref>Rowlands, J., "The Khabur Valley," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1947, pp. 144-149.</ref> Many [[Assyrians in Syria]] did not have [[Syrian citizenship]] and title to their land until late 1940s.<ref>Betts, Robert Brenton, Christians in the Arab East (Atlanta, 1978)</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dodge |first1=Bayard |title=The settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur |journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society |date=1 July 1940 |volume=27 |issue=3 |page=312 |doi=10.1080/03068374008730969 |issn=0035-8789}}</ref> The Assyrians who settled in the [[Khabur (Euphrates)|Khabour River Valley]] organized their villages according to their own tribal structure, with each village belonging to a single tribe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dodge |first1=Bayard |title=The settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur |journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society |date=1 July 1940 |volume=27 |issue=3 |page=318 |doi=10.1080/03068374008730969 |issn=0035-8789}}</ref> As such, each village effectively has two names, the official Arabic name and the unofficial Assyrian name, with the latter being the name of the tribe that built the town.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dodge |first1=Bayard |title=The settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur |journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society |date=1 July 1940 |volume=27 |issue=3 |page=314 |doi=10.1080/03068374008730969 |issn=0035-8789}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandez |first1=Alberto M. |title=Dawn at Tell Tamir: The Assyrian Christian Survival on the Khabur River |journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies |date=1998 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=41, 42 |url=http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v12n1/Fernandez.pdf}}</ref>


Line 622: Line 623:
* Umm Waghfa (Upper Tyari)
* Umm Waghfa (Upper Tyari)


'''Cities and towns with Syriac-Assyrian population'''
'''Cities and towns with Assyrian population'''
* [[Al-Darbasiyah]]
* [[Al-Darbasiyah]]
* [[Al-Hasakah]]
* [[Al-Hasakah]]
Line 643: Line 644:
* [[Tell Halaf]]
* [[Tell Halaf]]
* Tirbekay
* Tirbekay

===[[Damascus Governorate]]===
Note: Maaloula and neighboring Muslim-majority villages Jubb'adin and Al-Sarkha are the only villages left where a majority of the population speak the [[Western Neo-Aramaic|Western Aramaic]] dialects
* [[Damascus]]
* [[Saidnaya]]
* [[Maaloula]]
* [[Al-Sarkha (Bakhah)|Al-Sarkha]]
* [[Jubb'adin]]

===[[Homs Governorate]]===
* [[Fairouzeh]]
* [[Zaidal]]
* [[Maskanah, Homs Governorate|Maskanah]]
* [[Al-Qaryatayn]]
* [[Sadad, Syria|Sadad]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


Line 981: Line 967:
* Tis
* Tis


'''Villages in the Baradost, Tergawar, & Mergawar Districts (''Rayyat'')'''<ref>Wilmshurst 2000, p. 307.</ref>
'''Villages in the [[Beradust Rural District|Baradost]], [[Targavar Rural District|Tergawar]], & [[Margavar Rural District|Mergawar]] Districts (''Rayyat'')'''<ref>Wilmshurst 2000, p. 307.</ref>
* Anbi
* [[Anbi]]
* Balulan
* [[Balowlan|Balulan]]
* Biteme
* Biteme
* Darband
* [[Darband, Silvaneh|Darband]]
* Dizgari
* [[Dazgir|Dizgari]]
* Gangajin
* [[Gangachin|Gangajin]]
* Gundukmalaya
* Gundukmalaya
* Haki
* [[Haki, Iran|Haki]]
* Halbi
* Halbi
* Hbashkube
* Hbashkube
* Heshmawa
* [[Hashemabad, West Azerbaijan|Heshmawa]]
* Hulutan
* Hulutan
* Hurana
* Hurana
* Husar
* Husar
* Irima
* Irima
* Nargi
* [[Nergi|Nargi]]
* Pasta
* Pasta
* Qaloga
* Qaloga
* Qurana
* [[Kuraneh, Silvaneh|Qurana]]
* [[Razgeh, West Azerbaijan|Razga]]
* Razga
* Rusna
* Rusna
* Salona
* Salona
* Shaikhani
* Shaikhani
* Sihani
* Sihani
* Susnawa
* [[Susanabad, Urmia|Susnawa]]
* Tuleki
* [[Towlaki|Tuleki]]
* Tulu
* [[Tuli, Iran|Tulu]]
* Urtira
* Urtira
* Uwasu
* Uwasu
* Zangilan
* [[Zanglan|Zangilan]]
* Ziruwa
* [[Zharabad, Silvaneh|Ziruwa]]


'''Villages in the Taimar District (''Rayyat'')'''<ref>Wilmshurst 2000, p. 311.</ref>
'''Villages in the Taimar District (''Rayyat'')'''<ref>Wilmshurst 2000, p. 311.</ref>
Line 1,049: Line 1,035:
*[[Assyrian diaspora]]
*[[Assyrian diaspora]]
*[[Assyrian people]]
*[[Assyrian people]]
*[[Arameans]]
*[[List of Nochiyayeh settlements]]
*[[Tur Abdin]]
*[[Tur Abdin]]
*[[Barwari]]
*[[Barwari]]
*[[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]]
*[[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]]
*[[Nineveh Plains]]
*[[Nineveh Plains]]
*[[Nahla, Iraq|Nahla Plains]]
*[[Nahla, Iraq|Nahla valley]]
*[[Sapna valley]]
*[[Sapna valley]]


Latest revision as of 21:11, 12 December 2024

This article is about modern Assyrian settlements. For the list of historical Assyrian tribes, see List of Assyrian tribes.
A statue of the Jesus in Ankawa, Iraq, one of the largest modern Assyrian communities in the Assyrian homeland and is also the patriarchate of the Assyrian Church of the East.[1]
Assyrian culture
Music
Language
Cuisine
Folk Dance
Religion
Settlements
Tribes

The following is a list of historical and contemporary Assyrian settlements in the Middle East. This list includes settlements of Assyrians from Southeastern Turkey who left their indigenous tribal districts in Hakkari (or the historical Hakkari region), Sirnak and Mardin province[2] due to torment, violence and displacement by Ottomans and Kurds in the First World War. Many Assyrians from Urmia, Iran were also affected and as such have emigrated and settled in other towns. Resettling again occurred during the Simele massacre in northern Iraq, perpetrated by the Iraqi military coup in the 1930s, with many fleeing to northeastern Syria.[3]

Most modern resettlement is located in Iraq,[4] Syria, Turkey,[5] and Iran in the cities of Baghdad, Habbaniyah, Kirkuk, Duhok, Al-Hasakah, Tehran, Mardin and Damascus. Few Assyrian settlements exist in Turkey today and also in the Caucasus. The exodus to the cities or towns of these aforementioned countries occurred between late 1910s and 1930s.[6][7] After the Iraq War in 2003, a number of Assyrians in Baghdad relocated to the Assyrian homeland in northern Iraq.[8] Many others have immigrated to North America, Europe and Australia, especially in the late 20th century and 21st century.[9] Currently, there are a number of settlements on this list that have been abandoned due to persecution, conflict, and other causes.[10]

Iraq

[edit]

Baghdad Province

[edit]
Settlement Aramaic Province District Note(s)
Dora ܕܘܿܪܐ Baghdad Al Rashid 1,500 Christians, mostly adherents of the Assyrian Church of the East and Chaldean Catholic Church, inhabit Dora as of December 2014.[11] Before the Iraq War Dora was home to 150,000 Christians.[11]

Dohuk Province

[edit]
Duhok Province
Assyrian Mar Narsai Church in Duhok
Settlement Aramaic Province District Note(s)
Araden[12] ܐܪܕܢ Dohuk Amadiya 35 Assyrian families inhabit Araden as of May 2004[13]
Enishke ܐܝܢܫܟܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 30 Assyrian families inhabit Enishke as of May 2004[13]
Sarsing[14] ܣܪܣܢܓ Dohuk Amadiya 150 Assyrian families inhabit Sarsing as of May 2004[15]
Badarash ܒܪܕܪܐܫ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 40 Assyrian families inhabit Badarash as of May 2004[13]
Amadiya[16] ܥܡܝܕܝܐ Dohuk Amadiya
Baz ܒܵܙ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 10 Assyrian families inhabited Baz in May 2004.[17] 40 Christian and Muslim families inhabit Baz as of June 2011[18]
Bebadi ܒܝܬ ܒܥܕܝ Dohuk Amadiya 30 Assyrian families inhabit Bebadi as of May 2004[16]
Belejane ܒܠܝܓ̰ܢܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 15 Assyrian families inhabit Belejane as of May 2004[19]
Belmand ܒܠܡܢܕ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 50 Assyrian families inhabit Belmand as of May 2004[20]
Beqolke ܒܹܩܘܠܟܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 74 Assyrians inhabited Beqolke in 1957; 7 Assyrian families inhabited Beqolke in 1978; 4 Assyrian families inhabit Beqolke as of 1991[21]
Benatha ܒܹܢܬܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 8 Assyrian families inhabit Benatha as of May 2004[13]
Beth Shmayaye ܒܝܬ ܫܡܝܝܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Beth Tanura ܒܝܬ ܬܢܘܪܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Chalek Dohuk Amadiya 10 Assyrian families inhabit Chalek as of May 2004[17]
Chem Rabatke ܟ̰ܡ ܪܒܬܟܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Dawodiya ܕܘܘܕܝܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Dehi ܕܗܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 20 Assyrian families inhabit Dehi as of 1991
Dere ܕܝܪܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 323 Assyrians inhabited Dere in 1957;[22] 250 Assyrians inhabited Dere in 1988;[22] 25 Assyrian families inhabit Dere as of May 2004[19]
Derishke ܕܝܪܫܟܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 20 Assyrian families inhabit Derishke as of May 2004[23]
Doreeh ܕܘܪܗ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 30 Assyrian families inhabit Dore as of May 2004[24]
Eqri ܐܩܪܝ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Eyat ܐܝܬ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 169 Assyrians inhabited Eyat in 1957; 19 Assyrian families inhabit Eyat as of 2013 [25]
Hayes ܗܝܤ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Hezany ܗܝܙܢܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 27 Assyrian families inhabit Hezany as of 1991
Jadide ܓ̰ܕܝܕܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Jelek Dohuk Amadiya 519 Assyrians inhabited Jelek in 1957; 62 Assyrian families inhabit Jelek as of 2011 [26]
Jole ܫ̰ܘܠܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Kani Balavi ܟܢܝ ܒܠܦ̮ܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 15 Assyrian families inhabit Kani Balavi as of May 2004[27]
Khalilane ܚܠܝܠܢܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 20 Assyrian families inhabit Khalilane as of May 2004[28]
Komany ܟܘܡܢܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 20 Assyrian families inhabit Komany as of May 2004[19]
Mangesh ܡܢܓܫܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 1195 Assyrians inhabited Mangesh in 1947; 959 Assyrians inhabited Mangesh in 1965[29]
Margajiya ܡܪܓܐ ܓ̰ܝܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Maye ܡܝܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 10 Assyrian families inhabit Maye as of May 2004[23]
Meristek ܡܝܪܣܬܟ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Meroge ܡܝܪܘܓܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Meze ܡܝܙܐ Dohuk Amadiya
Mosaka ܡܘܣܵܟܵܐ Dohuk Amadiya
Sardarawa ܣܪ ܕܪܒܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Sardashte ܣܪܐ ܕܫܬܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya
Sikrine ܣܟܪܝܢܐ Dohuk Amadiya
Tashish ܬܫܝܫ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Amadiya 163 Assyrians inhabited Tashish in 1957.[30]
Aqrah ܥܩܪܐ Dohuk Aqrah
Nohawa ܢܘܗܒܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Aqrah
Babelo ܒܵܒܠܘ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Dohuk
Bagerat ܒܓܝܪܬ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Dohuk
Dohuk ܢܘܗܕܪܐ Dohuk Dohuk
Gondekosa ܓܘܢܕ ܟܘܣܐ Dohuk Dohuk
Korygavana ܟܘܪܝܓܦ̮ܢܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Dohuk
Zawita ܙܘܝܬܐ Dohuk Dohuk
Avzrog ܐܒܙܪܘܓ Dohuk Semel
Bajed Berav ܒܓ̰ܕ ܒܝܪܦ̮ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Semel
Bajed Kindal ܒܓ̰ܕ ܟܝܢܕܠ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Semel
Bakhetme ܒܚܬܡܐ Dohuk Semel
Bakhloja ܒܚܠܘܓ̰ܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Semel
Jambor ܓ̰ܡܒܘܪ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Semel
Mar Yakoo ܡܪܝ ܝܥܩܘܒ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Semel 79 Assyrian families inhabit Mar Yakoo as of 2011[31]
Simele ܣܡܠܐ Dohuk Semel
Sheze ܫܝܙ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Semel Inhabited as of November 2011[32]
Shkafte ܫܟܦ̮ܬܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Semel
Surka ܨܘܪܟܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Semel
Berseve ܒܝܪܣܦ̮ܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Zakho
Dashtatakh ܕܫܬܟ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Zakho
Dera Shish ܕܝܪܐ ܫܝܫ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Zakho 250 Assyrians inhabited Dera Shish in 1976; 8 Assyrian families inhabit Dera Shish as of 2011[33]
Levo ܠܝܦ̮ܘ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Zakho
Marga ܡܪܓܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Zakho
Margasor ܡܝܪܓܐ ܣܘܪ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Zakho
Navkandala ܢܐܦ̮ ܟܢܕܠܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Zakho
Piraka ܦܝܪܟܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Zakho
Qarawula ܩܪܘܠܐ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Zakho 334 Assyrians inhabited Qarawula in 1957; inhabited by 66 Assyrian families in 1975. Inhabited as of November 2011.[34]
Sharanesh ܫܪܢܘܫ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Zakho
Zakho ܙܟܼܘ Dohuk(Nuhadrah) Zakho A Chaldo-Assyrian tribe, associated with Catholic Assyrians. It has been inhabited by Assyrians since the 5th century. Assyrians from Hakkari, Turkey, have resettled there to escape persecution and violence by Ottoman Turks in the early 20th century.

Nuhadrah is the ancient Assyrian name for what is now called Duhok to 'foreigners. Erbil is another name that is called something within the indigenous people of that land, the Assyrians. [35] [36]

Erbil Province

[edit]
Erbil Province
Settlement Aramaic Province District Note(s)
Ankawa ܥܢܟܒܐ Erbil Erbil
Armota ܐܪܡܥܘܛܐ Erbil Koya
Batas ܒܬܣ Erbil Shaqlawa
Bidial ܒܕܝܠ Erbil Barzan 5 Assyrian families inhabit Bidial as of 1991[37]
Darbandokeh ܕܪܒܢܕܘܟܐ Erbil Shaqlawa
Diana ܕܝܢܐ Erbil Soran
Harir ܗܪܝܪ Erbil Shaqlawa
Hawdiyan Erbil Shaqlawa
Hinari Erbil
Koy Sanjaq ܟܘܝܐ Erbil
Rowanduz ܪܘܢܕܝܙ Erbil Soran
Seerishmi ܣܝܪܫܡܝ Erbil
Shaqlawa ܫܩܠܒܐ Erbil Shaqlawa
Qalata ܩܠܬܐ Erbil

Kirkuk Governorate

[edit]
Settlement Aramaic Province District Note(s)
Kirkuk ܟܪܟ Kirkuk Around 1,605 Assyrians lived there up until 1957

Nineveh Province

[edit]
Ninawa Province
Interior view of the Meskinta Assyrian-Chaldean Church in Mosul
Church of Saint Thomas, Mosul
Saint Michael's church in Alqosh
Settlement Aramaic Province District Note(s)
Mosul ܡܘܨܠ Nineveh Al-Mosul Assyrians have inhabited the city of Mosul for over a millennia.[38] Population records show a continuous Assyrian presence in Mosul from at least the 16th century.the famous monstery of Mar Matti an hour from the northern region of Erbil 
Many families across the globe visit to celebrate events such as Lent (Eid) and the day of Mar Matti [39][40] Assyrians from Mosul (known as Mawasli) are Arabic-speaking, their dialect belongs to North Mesopotamian Arabic.[41][42] Most belong to Syriac churches; the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, and the Chaldean Catholic Church.[43][44] A few having converted from Syriac churches to Protestantism starting in the mid 19th century.[45] The majority of Mosul Assyrians migrated south to Baghdad in the 1960s due to political unrest and persecution, (1959 Mosul Uprising).[46] However, Assyrians continued to live in Mosul until being fully driven out by ISIS in 2014.[47] After the recapturing of Mosul, only a few Assyrian families have returned to the city.[48]
Ain Sifni ܥܝܢ ܣܦܢܐ Nineveh Shekhan
Alqosh ܐܠܩܘܫ Nineveh Tel Keppe Ancient Assyrian tribe associated with Catholic Assyrians. It was also settled by Assyrians from Hakkari after 1914.
Bandwaya Nineveh Tel-Keppe
Bakhdida ܒܟܕܝܕܐ Nineveh Al-Hamdaniya Was an ancient, pre-Christian Assyrian town filled with historical artifacts. Always had a significant Christian minority in modern times. Was also settled by Assyrians from southeastern Turkey.
Balawat ܒܝܬ ܠܒܬ Nineveh Al-Hamdaniya
Baqofah ܒܬܢܝܐ Nineveh Tel Keppe
Bartella ܒܪܬܠܐ Nineveh Al-Hamdaniya Home to Oriental Orthodox Syriacs and Eastern Catholic Syriacs. Most emigrated out of the town due to Islamic terrorism and violence.
Batnaya ܒܬܢܝܐ Nineveh Tel Keppe Ancient Assyrian tribe associated with Catholic Assyrians. Partially resettled as of now, post-ISIS.
Dashqotan ܕܫܩܘܬܢ Nineveh Shekhan
Karamles ܟܪܡܠܝܣ Nineveh Al-Hamdaniya
Jambour[49] Nineveh Tel Keppe
Khorsabad Nineveh
Merki ܡܪܓܐ Nineveh Shekhan
Sharafiya ܫܪܦܝܐ Nineveh Tel Keppe Tyari Assyrian immigrated here from Hakkari province after persecution and violence by Ottomans in 1914
Tel Keppe ܬܠ ܟܐܦܐ Nineveh Tel Keppe Ancient Assyrian tribe populated by Catholic Assyrians (Chaldeans). Also has had Assyrian settlements from Hakkari.
Tesqopa ܬܠ ܝܣܩܘܦܐ Nineveh Tel Keppe As above.
Armash ܥܪܡܫ Nineveh Shekhan
Azakh ܐܕܟ Nineveh Shekhan
Beboze ܒܒܘܙܐ Nineveh Shekhan
Dize Nineveh Shekhan
Mala Barwan ܡܠܐ ܒܪܘܢ Nineveh Shekhan
Tilan ܬܠܐ Nineveh Shekhan

Abandoned villages

[edit]
Settlement Aramaic Province District Note(s)
Ashawa ܐܫܘܐ Dohuk Amadiya 619 Assyrians inhabited Ashawa in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[16]
Bebalok ܒܝܒܠܘܟ Dohuk Amadiya 25 Assyrian families inhabited Bebalok in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[23]
Botara ܒܘܬܪܐ Dohuk Amadiya 12 families inhabited Botara in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[27]
Dergny ܕܪܓܢܝ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Halwa ܗܠܘܐ Dohuk Amadiya 40 Assyrian families inhabited Halwa in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[27]
Hamziya ܗܡܙܝܐ Dohuk Amadiya 102 Assyrians inhabited Hamziya in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[16]
Khwara ܚܘܪܐ Dohuk Amadiya 92 Assyrians inhabited Khwara in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[23]
Magrebiya ܡܓܪܒܝܐ Dohuk Amadiya 18 Assyrians inhabited Magrebiya in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[24]
Malakhta ܡܐܠܟܬܐ Dohuk Amadiya 28 Assyrians inhabited Malakhta in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[24]
Argen ܐܪܓܢ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Atosh ܐܬܘܫ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Barzanke ܒܪܙܢܟܐ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Bash ܒܫ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Bobawa ܒܘܒܘܐ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Cham Eshrat ܟ̰ܡ ܐܝܫܪܬ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Cham Siny ܟ̰ܡ ܣܝܢܝ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Chamike ܟ̰ܡܝܟܐ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Chaqala ܟ̰ܩܠܐ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Chem Chale ܟ̰ܡ ܟ̰ܠܐ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Dohoke ܕܘܗܘܟܐ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Essan ܐܝܣܢ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Estep ܐܣܬܦ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Hawarke ܗܒܪܝܟܐ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Hawentka ܗܒܢܬܟܐ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Hish ܬܝܫ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Mahode ܡܗܘܕܐ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Maydan ܡܝܕܐܢ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Nerwa ܢܪܒܐ ܬܚܬܝܬܐ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited, see also Nerwa Rekan
Qaro ܩܪܘ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Sedar ܣܝܕܪ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Tashike ܬܫܝܟܐ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Wela ܘܝܠܐ Dohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Sharman ܫܪܡܢ Dohuk Aqrah Uninhabited
Shosh ܫܘܫ Dohuk Aqrah Uninhabited
Badaliya ܒܕܠܝܐ Dohuk Semel Uninhabited
Der Jondi ܕܝܪ ܓ̰ܢܕܝ Dohuk Semel Uninhabited
Hejirke ܗܫ̰ܝܪܟܐ Dohuk Semel Uninhabited
Mawana ܡܘܢܐ Dohuk Semel Uninhabited
Alanesh ܐܠܢܝܫ Dohuk Zakho Uninhabited
Bahnona ܒܗܢܘܢܐ Dohuk Zakho Uninhabited
Benekhre ܒܝܢܐ ܚܐܪܐ Dohuk Zakho Uninhabited
Bhere ܒܚܝܪܐ Dohuk Zakho Uninhabited
Der Hozan ܕܝܪ ܗܘܙܢ Dohuk Zakho Uninhabited
Istablan ܐܣܬܒܠܢ Dohuk Zakho Uninhabited
Malla Arap ܡܠܐ ܥܪܒ Dohuk Zakho Uninhabited
Margashish ܡܪܓܐ ܫܝܫ Dohuk Zakho Uninhabited
Sanat ܣܢܬ Dohuk Zakho Uninhabited
Shwadan ܫܘܕܢ Dohuk Zakho Uninhabited
Steblan ܣܬܒܠܢ Dohuk Zakho Uninhabited
Umra ܥܘܡܪܐ Dohuk Zakho Uninhabited

Iran

[edit]
West Azerbaijan, Iran
Tehran, Iran

West Azerbaijan Province

[edit]
Urmia County

Iranian Kurdistan

[edit]

Tehran Province

[edit]

Syria

[edit]
Al Hasakah, Syria

Assyrians immigrated to Syria during the 1930s and 1940s, from northern Iraq, after they were slaughtered and displaced during the Simele massacre perpetrated by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Iraq.[50] Many Assyrians in Syria did not have Syrian citizenship and title to their land until late 1940s.[51][52] The Assyrians who settled in the Khabour River Valley organized their villages according to their own tribal structure, with each village belonging to a single tribe.[53] As such, each village effectively has two names, the official Arabic name and the unofficial Assyrian name, with the latter being the name of the tribe that built the town.[54][55]

Al-Hasakah Governorate

[edit]

Villages in the Khabour River Valley

Cities and towns with Assyrian population

Villages

  • Berabeytê/Berebeyt (ܒܰܪ ܒܝܬܐܰ ,بره بيت)[56][57]
  • Ghardugah
  • Khanik
  • Kirku Shamu
  • Mahriqan
  • Qir Sharan
  • Safiyah
  • Tal Aluw
  • Tall Jana
  • Tell Halaf
  • Tirbekay

Turkey

[edit]
Some Assyrians from southeastern Turkey settled to a few nearby towns and cities in eastern Turkey after the genocide in 1914

Diyarbakır Province

[edit]

Batman Province

[edit]

Mardin province

[edit]
  • ʼArbo
  • ʼAnḥel
  • Beth Kustan
  • Beth Debe, Turkish: Dibek
  • Beth Man’am, Turkish: Bahminir
  • Birguriya, Turkish: Birigirya
  • Bnebil, Turkish: Benabil
  • Boté, Turkish: Bardakçı
  • Bsorino
  • Chtrako
  • Dara, Turkish: Oğuz
  • Derelya
  • Dayro Daslibo
  • Deyrqube
  • Ehwo, Turkish: Güzelsu
  • Eskikale
  • Habsus, Turkish: Mercimekli
  • Hah, Turkish: Anıtlı
  • Harabale/Arkah, Turkish: Üçköy
  • Harabémechka, Turkish: Dağiçi
  • Kafro Tahtayto
  • Iwardo
  • Keferb
  • Keferze
  • Kelith, Turkish: Dereiçi
  • Kerburan
  • Kfarbé, Turkish: Güngören
  • M’aré, Turkish: Eskihisar
  • Ma'asarte, Turkish: Ömerli[58]
  • Mardin
  • Midyat
  • Mor Bobo, Turkish: Günyurdu
  • Mzizah
  • Nusaybin
  • Qritho di‘Ito (Gundeké Sukru)
  • Qritho Hanna (Gundeké Hanna)
  • Saleh
  • Séderi, Turkish: Üçyol
  • Zaz

Şırnak Province

[edit]
  • Azakh, Turkish: İdil
  • Hoz, in Beytüşşebap
  • Meer, Turkish: Kovankaya
  • Öğündük
  • Sare/Ester/Gawayto, Turkish: Sarıköy

Hakkari Province

[edit]

The following is a list of Assyrian settlements in the Hakkari region prior to the Assyrian genocide of 1914. The Assyrian settlements in this region were divided into two groups, ashiret and rayyat. The ashiret settlements belonged to the five semi-independent tribes of Tyari, Tkhuma, Baz, Jilu, and Dez with each tribe presiding over its own district. The rayyat settlements were vassals to either the ashiret tribes or to Kurdish chieftains.[59]

Villages in the Lower Tyari District (Ashiret)[60]

  • Arosh
  • Ashita
  • Bet Alata
  • Bet Ragula
  • Bet Zizo
  • Challuk
  • Chamba d'Bet Susina
  • Chire Rezan
  • Geramon
  • Halmun
  • Hur
  • Kurhe
  • Karukta
  • Lagippa
  • Lizan
  • Mata d'Qasra
  • Minyanish
  • Ragula d'Salabakkan
  • Shurd
  • Umra Tahktaya
  • Zarni
  • Zawita

Villages in the Upper Tyari and Walto Districts (Ashiret and Rayyat)[61]

  • Aina d'Alile
  • Bet Dalyata
  • Bet Mariggo
  • Bet Nahra
  • Bet Zraqo
  • Chamba d'Bet Eliya
  • Chamba d'Hasso
  • Chamba Khadta
  • Chamba d'Kurkhe
  • Chamba d'Malik
  • Chamba d'Nene
  • Chamba d'Kurdaye
  • Dadosh
  • Darawa (Ishte d'Nahra)
  • Dura Ellaya
  • Jemiata
  • Khadiana
  • Ko
  • Mabbuwa
  • Ma'lota d'Malik
  • Mata d'Mart Maryam
  • Mazra'a
  • Mazra'a d'Qelayata
  • Mratita
  • Qelayata
  • Resha d'Nahra
  • Roma Smoqa
  • Rumta
  • Saraspidon
  • Serta
  • Shwawuta
  • Siyador
  • Zorawa

Villages in the Tkhuma District (Ashiret)[62]

  • Bet Arijai
  • Gissa
  • Gundikta
  • Khani
  • Mazra'a
  • Tkhuma Gawaya

Villages in the Baz District (Ashiret)[63]

  • Argeb
  • Bet Salam
  • Mata Takhtaita
  • Orwantus
  • Qojija
  • Shwawuta

Villages in the Jilu District (Ashiret)[63][64]

  • Alsan
  • Ammod
  • Bet Boqra
  • Bubawa
  • Marmuria
  • Mata d'Mar Zaya
  • Mata d'Oryaye
  • Matriya
  • Medhi
  • Muspiran
  • Nahra
  • Nirek
  • Omut
  • Ore
  • Samsekke
  • Sarpel
  • Saten (half Assyrian, half Kurd)
  • Talana
  • Zir
  • Zirine

Villages in the Dez, Shwawuta, and Billijnaye Districts (Ashiret and Rayyat)[65]

  • Alas
  • Alogippa
  • Aqose
  • Awert
  • Bet Respi (a)
  • Bet Respi (b)
  • Bet Shammasha
  • Chiri Chara
  • Chulchen
  • Daden
  • Dairikki
  • Derres
  • Golozor
  • Kursen
  • Mades
  • Makita
  • Mar Quriaqos
  • Nauberi
  • Rabban Dadisho
  • Saqerran
  • Saramos
  • Shwawuta
  • Suwwa

Villages in the Liwan and Norduz Districts (Rayyat)[66]

  • Bailekan
  • Billi
  • Daira d'Zengel
  • Erke
  • Gokhikki
  • Khandaqe
  • Khargel
  • Kanunta
  • Marwanan
  • Mata d'Umra
  • Nogwizan
  • Parhilan
  • Sekunis
  • Tel Jeri
  • Ulaman
  • Zaranis

Villages in the Qodchanis & Siwine Districts (Rayyat)[67]

  • Akhwanis
  • Bet Hajij
  • Bet Nano
  • Charos
  • Espen
  • Karme
  • Khardalanis
  • Kigar
  • Nerwa
  • Oret
  • Pekhen
  • Qodchanis
  • Qotranis
  • Quranis
  • Sallan
  • Shmuninis
  • Siwine
  • Sorlines
  • Tarmel
  • Tirqonis

Villages in the Chal, Raikan, & Tal Districts (Rayyat)[68]

  • Arewun
  • Bet Alata
  • Bet Aziza
  • Bet Biyya
  • Bet Daire
  • Bet Iqta
  • Bet Quraye
  • Bet Shuqa
  • Erbesh
  • Erk
  • Estep
  • Gebba
  • Hish
  • Merkanish
  • Qo
  • Rebbat
  • Shawreza
  • Talana

Villages in the Gawar District (Rayyat)[69]

  • Bashirga
  • Bet Rberre
  • Dara
  • Darawa
  • Diza Gawar
  • Gagoran
  • Karpel
  • Khulkhus
  • Kiyyet
  • Maken Awa
  • Manunan
  • Memekkan
  • Page
  • Pa'ilan
  • Pirzalan
  • Qadiyan
  • Qardiwar
  • Sardasht
  • Sinawa
  • Urisha
  • Wazirawa
  • Zirkanis
  • Zizan

Villages in the Albaq, Derrenaye, Khananis, and Artushi Kurdish Districts (Rayyat)[70]

  • Alamiyyan
  • Ates
  • Ayyel
  • Barwes
  • Basan
  • Bet Zeqte
  • Burduk
  • Erdshi
  • Gezna
  • Hoze
  • Khalila
  • Khananis Ellaita
  • Khananis Takhtaita
  • Kharaban
  • Kharalun
  • Mar Behisho
  • Menjilawa
  • Parrashin
  • Pusan
  • Ozan
  • Qalanis
  • Sharinis
  • Silmuan

Villages in the Shemsdin District (Rayyat)[71]

  • Baituta
  • Balqan
  • Bet Babe
  • Bet Daiwe
  • Bet Garde
  • Bet Tunyo
  • Dara
  • Daron
  • Duri
  • Duru
  • Gargane
  • Halana
  • Harbunan
  • Isira
  • Kek Perzan
  • Mar Denkha
  • Marta
  • Nairdusha
  • Qatuna
  • Rustaqa
  • Sarunis
  • Shaput
  • Sursire
  • Talana
  • Tis

Villages in the Baradost, Tergawar, & Mergawar Districts (Rayyat)[72]

Villages in the Taimar District (Rayyat)[73]

  • Aghjacha
  • Armanis
  • Gadalawa
  • Hawsheshur
  • Kharabsorik
  • Kharashik
  • Khinno
  • Pokhanis
  • Rushan
  • Satibak
  • Seel
  • Serai
  • Toan

Armenia

[edit]
A multilingual (Armenian, Assyrian, Russian) sign at the entrance of Arzni

The Assyrian population in Armenia is mainly rural. Out of 3,409 Assyrians in Armenia 2,885 (84.6%) was rural and 524 (15.4%) urban.[74] According to the Council of Europe European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages there were four rural settlements with significant Assyrian population.

Ararat Province

[edit]
  1. Verin Dvin - Assyrians and Armenians
  2. Dimitrov - Assyrians and Armenians

Armavir Province

[edit]
  1. Nor Artagers - Assyrians, Armenians and Yazidis

Kotayk Province

[edit]
  1. Arzni - Assyrians and Armenians

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Richard Spencer, Iraq crisis: The streets of Erbil’s newly Christian suburb are now full of helpless people, The Daily Telegraph, August 08, 2014
  2. ^ Wigram, W.A., "The Ashiret Highlands of Hakkari (Mesopotamia)," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1916, Vol. III, pg. 40. -- The Assyrians and their Neighbors (London, 1929)
  3. ^ M.Y.A . Lilian, Assyrians Of The Van District During The Rule Of Ottoman Turks, 1914
  4. ^ Map of Assyrian villages in Iraq http://aina.org/maps/villagesbyyear.htm
  5. ^ Giesel, Christoph (2017). Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom. Springer. p. 169. ISBN 9781137270269.
  6. ^ Information on Assyrians in Iraq
  7. ^ Smith, Gary N., From Urmia to the Stanislaus: a cultural-historical-geography of Assyrian Christians in the Middle East and America (Davis, 1981)
  8. ^ Dalley, Stephanie (1993). "Nineveh After 612 BC." Alt-Orientanlische Forshchungen 20. P.134.
  9. ^ Assyrian villages in Hakkari Assyrian villages in Hakkari
  10. ^ Costa-Roberts, Daniel (15 March 2015). "8 things you didn't know about Assyrian Christians". PBS. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  11. ^ a b The Telegraph: Iraq crisis: The Last Christians of Dora
  12. ^ Meho & Maglaughlin (2001), p. 267
  13. ^ a b c d Eshoo (2004), p. 9
  14. ^ OCP Media Network: Assyrian Church Prelates Visit the Historic Village of Sarsing in Northern Iraq
  15. ^ Eshoo (2004), p. 8
  16. ^ a b c d Eshoo (2004), p. 11
  17. ^ a b Eshoo (2004), p. 7
  18. ^ Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Baz
  19. ^ a b c Eshoo (2004), p. 10
  20. ^ Eshoo (2004), p. 13
  21. ^ Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Beqolke
  22. ^ a b Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Dere
  23. ^ a b c d Eshoo (2004), p. 5
  24. ^ a b c Eshoo (2004), p. 4
  25. ^ Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Ayit
  26. ^ Ishtar Broadcasting Corporations: Jelek
  27. ^ a b c Eshoo (2004), p. 6
  28. ^ Eshoo (2004), p. 12
  29. ^ Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Mangesh
  30. ^ Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Tashish
  31. ^ Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Mar Yakoo
  32. ^ Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Shezi or Sheyouz
  33. ^ Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Der Shish
  34. ^ Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: QaraWola
  35. ^ https://www.atour.com/news/assyria/20080813a.html
  36. ^ https://www.betnahrain.net/AssyriaLand/Iraq.htm
  37. ^ Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Bedyel
  38. ^ La Boda, Sharon (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. Taylor & Francis. p. 522. ISBN 9781884964039. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  39. ^ Masters, Bruce (25 Mar 2004). Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism. England: Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780521005821. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  40. ^ Soane, Ely Banister (December 2007). To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise. Cosimo, Inc. p. 52. ISBN 9781602069770. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  41. ^ Jeloo, Nicholas. Assyrian News. p. 5. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  42. ^ Iskender, Waseem. "برنامج من تراثنا الموصلي - اللهجة الموصلية + الفنان اسكندر الاعمى". YouTube. الفنان والاعلامي وسيم اسكندر, IshtarTV. Archived from the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  43. ^ Badger, George Percy (1852). The Nestorians and Their Rituals: With the Narrative of a Mission to Mesopotamia and Coordistan in 1842-1844, and of a Late Visit to Those Countries In 1850. London: London : Joseph Masters. pp. 82. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  44. ^ Filoni, Fernando (2017). The Church in Iraq. USA: Catholic University of America Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780813229652. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  45. ^ Joseph, John (January 1984). Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East : The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition. SUNY Press. pp. 56–78. ISBN 9781438408064.
  46. ^ Leustean, Lucian N. (2014). Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. p. 548. ISBN 978-1-317-81865-6. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  47. ^ Evans, Salman, Dominic, Raheem (July 21, 2014). "Iraq Catholic leader says Islamic State worse than Genghis Khan". Reuters. Retrieved 8 May 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ Cairns, Madoc (2 April 2020). Christians 'afraid to return' to northern Iraq. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  49. ^ Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Jambur
  50. ^ Rowlands, J., "The Khabur Valley," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1947, pp. 144-149.
  51. ^ Betts, Robert Brenton, Christians in the Arab East (Atlanta, 1978)
  52. ^ Dodge, Bayard (1 July 1940). "The settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 27 (3): 312. doi:10.1080/03068374008730969. ISSN 0035-8789.
  53. ^ Dodge, Bayard (1 July 1940). "The settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 27 (3): 318. doi:10.1080/03068374008730969. ISSN 0035-8789.
  54. ^ Dodge, Bayard (1 July 1940). "The settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 27 (3): 314. doi:10.1080/03068374008730969. ISSN 0035-8789.
  55. ^ Fernandez, Alberto M. (1998). "Dawn at Tell Tamir: The Assyrian Christian Survival on the Khabur River" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 12 (1): 41, 42.
  56. ^ "ديريك - قرية بره بيت : تحت حماية قوى الامن السريانية السوتورو". YouTube (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2021-12-19.
  57. ^ "قوات السوتورو تقوم بحماية احتفالات قرية بره بيت بمناسبة عيد السيدة العذرا لمباركة الزروع". YouTube (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2021-12-19.
  58. ^ Mardin Travel. "Ömerli". Mardin Travel.
  59. ^ Wilmshurst, David (2000). The ecclesiastical organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913. University of Virginia: Peeters. p. 285. ISBN 9782877235037.
  60. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 288.
  61. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 291.
  62. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 297.
  63. ^ a b Wilmshurst 2000, p. 300.
  64. ^ Percy, Henry George (1901). Highlands of Asiatic Turkey. E. Arnold. p. 191.
  65. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 294.
  66. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 293.
  67. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 295.
  68. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 299.
  69. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 302.
  70. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 303.
  71. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 305.
  72. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 307.
  73. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 311.
  74. ^ COE - Ethnic minorities in Armenia

Bibliography

[edit]
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