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{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Melanelixia.fuliginosa2.-.lindsey.jpg
| image = California Camouflage Lichen (982123509).jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Melanelixia fuliginosa''
| image_caption = ''[[Melanelixia californica]]''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| taxon = Melanelixia
⚫
| authority = O.Blanco, [[A.Crespo]], Divakar, Essl., [[D.Hawksw.]] & Lumbsch (2004)
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| subdivisio = [[Pezizomycotina]]
| type_species = ''[[Melanelixia glabra]]''
⚫
| type_species_authority = ([[Schaer.]]) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch (2004)
| classis = [[Lecanoromycetes]]
| ordo = [[Lecanorales]]
⚫
| familia = [[Parmeliaceae]]
| genus = '''''Melanelixia'''''
⚫
| genus_authority = O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., [[D. Hawksw.]] & Lumbsch
| type_species = ''Melanelixia glabra''
⚫
| type_species_authority = (Schaer.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = ''M. albertana''<br>
| subdivision =
''M. fuliginosa'' subsp. ''fuliginosa'' <br>
''M. fuliginosa'' subsp. ''glabratula''<br>
''M. glabroides''<br>
''M. huei''<br>
''M. subvillosella''<br>
''M. villosella''
}}
}}


'''''Melanelixia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[foliose lichen]]s in the family [[Parmeliaceae]]. It contains 15 Northern Hemisphere species that grow on bark or on wood. The genus is characterized by a pored or fenestrate epicortex (a thin homogeneous [[polysaccharide]] layer on the surface of the [[cortex (botany)|cortex]]), and the production of [[lecanoric acid]] as the primary chemical constituent of the [[medulla (lichenology)|medulla]]. ''Melanelixia'' was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] in 2004 as a segregate of the related genus ''[[Melanelia]]''.
'''''Melanelixia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[lichen]]ized [[fungi]] within the [[Parmeliaceae]] family.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM |date=December 2007 |title=Outline of Ascomycota &ndash; 2007 |journal=Myconet |volume=13 |issue= |pages=1&ndash;58 |id= |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |accessdate= |publisher=The Field Museum, Department of Botany |location=Chicago, USA |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318003134/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |archivedate=March 18, 2009 }}</ref> The genus has a widespread distribution and contains 8 species.<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |year=2008|page=414|isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
''Melanelixia'' was circumscribed in 2004 as a segregate of the genus ''[[Melanelia]]''. ''Melanelixia'' originally contained eight species, including the [[type species|type]], ''[[Melanelixia glabra|M.&nbsp;glabra]]''. The genus name combines ''Melanelia'' with the name of lichenologist John A. Elix, "for his immense contributions to lichen systematics and chemistry, especially in Parmeliaceae."<ref name="Blanco et al. 2004"/>

Several species distributed in the Southern Hemisphere were removed from ''Melanelixia'' and transferred to the new genus ''[[Austromelanelixia]]'' in 2017. This group of species, which forms a distinct [[clade]] in ''Melanelixia'', produces [[gyrophoric acid]] rather than lecanoric acid in their medullae.<ref name="Divakar et al. 2017"/>

==Description==
''Melanelixia'' lichens are [[foliose lichen|foliose]] and have a loosely to moderately adnate attachment to their substrata. The [[thallus]] is made of plane to concave lobes with rounded tips that measure 1–6&nbsp;mm wide. The upper surface of the thallus ranges in colour from olive-green to dark brown, and has a smooth or wrinkled texture. Features that are variably present on the thallus include maculae (spots or stains), [[soredia]], [[isidia]], and cortical hairs. [[Pseudocyphella]]e are not present. Cell walls contain the [[Alpha glucan|α-glucan]] compound [[isolichenan]]. The [[apothecia]] of ''Melanelixia'' have an abundantly fenestrated or pored epicortex. [[Ascospore]]s are [[ellipsoid]] to ovoid in shape, thin-walled, and measure 9–15 by 5–11.5&nbsp;[[micrometre|μm]].<ref name="Blanco et al. 2004"/>

Lichens in the genus ''[[Pleurosticta]]'' are similar in appearance, but are distinguished from ''Melanelixia'' by their broader lobes, pores on the epicortex that are reticulated, a [[biological pigment|pigment]] that reacts violet in [[potassium|K]] and [[nitric acid|HNO<sub>3</sub>]], and the presence of [[depsidone]]s in the medulla.<ref name="Blanco et al. 2004"/>

==Habitat and distribution==
Found in the Northern Hemisphere, ''Melanelixia'' species grow on bark or wood.<ref name="Blanco et al. 2004"/>

==Species==
[[File:Melanelixia fuliginosa PR4 (1).JPG|thumb|right|''Melanelixia fuliginosa'']]
*''[[Melanelixia ahtii]]'' <small>S.D.Leav., Essl., Divakar, A.Crespo & Lumbsch (2016)</small><ref name="Leavitt et al. 2016"/>
*''[[Melanelixia albertana]]'' <small>(Ahti) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch (2004)</small>
*''[[Melanelixia californica]]'' <small>A.Crespo & Divakar (2010)</small>
*''[[Melanelixia epilosa]]'' <small>(J.Steiner) A.Crespo, Divakar, Gasparyan, V.J.Rico, Essl., S.D.Leav. & Lumbsch (2016)</small><ref name="Leavitt et al. 2016"/>
*''[[Melanelixia fuliginosa]]'' <small>(Fr. ex Duby) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch (2004)</small>
*''[[Melanelixia glabra]]'' <small>(Schaer.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch (2004)</small>
*''[[Melanelixia glabratula]]'' <small>(Lamy) Sandler & Arup (2011)</small><ref name="Arup & Berlin 2011"/>
*''[[Melanelixia glabroides]]'' <small>(Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch (2004)</small>
*''[[Melanelixia hawksworthii]]'' <small>S.D.Leav., Essl., Divakar, A.Crespo & Lumbsch (2016)</small><ref name="Leavitt et al. 2016"/>
*''[[Melanelixia huei]]'' <small>(Asahina) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch (2004)</small>
*''[[Melanelixia robertsoniorum]]'' <small>S.D.Leav., Essl., Divakar, A.Crespo & Lumbsch (2016)</small><ref name="Leavitt et al. 2016"/>
*''[[Melanelixia subargentifera]]'' <small>(Nyl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch (2004)</small>
*''[[Melanelixia subaurifera]]'' <small>(Nyl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch (2004)</small>
*''[[Melanelixia subvillosella]]'' <small>H.Y.Wang & J.C.Wei (2008)</small><ref name="Wang et al. 2008"/> – China
*''[[Melanelixia villosella]]'' <small>(Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch (2004)</small>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=


<ref name="Arup & Berlin 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Arup |first1=Ulf |last2=Berlin |first2=Emma Sandler |title=A taxonomic study of ''Melanelixia fuliginosa'' in Europe |journal=Lichenologist |volume=43 |issue=2 |year=2011 |pages=89–97 |doi=10.1017/S0024282910000678|s2cid=85051426 }}</ref>
==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|28882}}


<ref name="Blanco et al. 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Blanco |first1=Oscar |last2=Crespo |first2=Ana |last3=Divakar |first3=Pradeep K. |last4=Esslinger |first4=Theodore L. |last5=Hawksworth |first5=David L. |last6=Lumbsch |first6=H. Thorsten |title=''Melanelixia'' and ''Melanohalea'', two new genera segregated from ''Melanelia'' (Parmeliaceae) based on molecular and morphological data |journal=Mycological Research |volume=108 |issue=8 |year=2004 |pages=873–884 |doi=10.1017/S0953756204000723|pmid=15449592 |url=http://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/lav/RLL/PDF/Blanco%20et%20al.2004Mycological%20Research.pdf}}</ref>
⚫
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6811217}}


<ref name="Divakar et al. 2017">{{cite journal |first1=Pradeep K. |last1=Divakar |first2=Ana |last2=Crespo |first3=Ekaphan |last3=Kraichak |first4=Steven D. |last4=Leavitt |first5=Garima |last5=Singh |first6=Imke |last6=Schmitt |first7=H. Thorsten |last7=Lumbsch |title=Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family- and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi |journal=Fungal Diversity |year=2017 |volume=84 |pages=101–117 |doi=10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z|s2cid=40674310 }}</ref>
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[[Category:Parmeliaceae]]
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[[Category:Lichens]]


<ref name="Leavitt et al. 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Leavitt |first1=Steven D.|last2=Esslinger |first2=Theodore L. |last3=Divakar |first3=Pradeep K. |last4=Crespo |first4=Ana |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=Hidden diversity before our eyes: Delimiting and describing cryptic lichen-forming fungal species in camouflage lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) |journal=Fungal Biology |volume=120 |issue=11 |year=2016 |pages=1374–1391 |doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2016.06.001 |pmid=27742095 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


<ref name="Wang et al. 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Hai-Ying |last2=Chen |first2=Jian-Bin |last3=Wei |first3=Jiang-Chun |year=2008 |title=A new species of ''Melanelixia'' (Parmeliaceae) from China |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=104 |pages=185–188 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0104/0185.htm}}</ref>
{{Lecanoromycetes-stub}}

}}

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{{Taxonbar|from=Q6811217}}

⚫
[[Category:Parmeliaceae]]
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[[Category:Lichen genera]]
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[[Category:Lecanorales genera]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 2004]]
[[Category:Taxa named by David Leslie Hawksworth]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Helge Thorsten Lumbsch]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pradeep Kumar Divakar]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ana Crespo]]

Latest revision as of 22:00, 12 December 2024

Melanelixia
Melanelixia californica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Melanelixia
O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch (2004)
Type species
Melanelixia glabra
(Schaer.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch (2004)

Melanelixia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. It contains 15 Northern Hemisphere species that grow on bark or on wood. The genus is characterized by a pored or fenestrate epicortex (a thin homogeneous polysaccharide layer on the surface of the cortex), and the production of lecanoric acid as the primary chemical constituent of the medulla. Melanelixia was circumscribed in 2004 as a segregate of the related genus Melanelia.

Taxonomy

[edit]

Melanelixia was circumscribed in 2004 as a segregate of the genus Melanelia. Melanelixia originally contained eight species, including the type, M. glabra. The genus name combines Melanelia with the name of lichenologist John A. Elix, "for his immense contributions to lichen systematics and chemistry, especially in Parmeliaceae."[1]

Several species distributed in the Southern Hemisphere were removed from Melanelixia and transferred to the new genus Austromelanelixia in 2017. This group of species, which forms a distinct clade in Melanelixia, produces gyrophoric acid rather than lecanoric acid in their medullae.[2]

Description

[edit]

Melanelixia lichens are foliose and have a loosely to moderately adnate attachment to their substrata. The thallus is made of plane to concave lobes with rounded tips that measure 1–6 mm wide. The upper surface of the thallus ranges in colour from olive-green to dark brown, and has a smooth or wrinkled texture. Features that are variably present on the thallus include maculae (spots or stains), soredia, isidia, and cortical hairs. Pseudocyphellae are not present. Cell walls contain the α-glucan compound isolichenan. The apothecia of Melanelixia have an abundantly fenestrated or pored epicortex. Ascospores are ellipsoid to ovoid in shape, thin-walled, and measure 9–15 by 5–11.5 μm.[1]

Lichens in the genus Pleurosticta are similar in appearance, but are distinguished from Melanelixia by their broader lobes, pores on the epicortex that are reticulated, a pigment that reacts violet in K and HNO3, and the presence of depsidones in the medulla.[1]

Habitat and distribution

[edit]

Found in the Northern Hemisphere, Melanelixia species grow on bark or wood.[1]

Species

[edit]
Melanelixia fuliginosa

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Blanco, Oscar; Crespo, Ana; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Esslinger, Theodore L.; Hawksworth, David L.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2004). "Melanelixia and Melanohalea, two new genera segregated from Melanelia (Parmeliaceae) based on molecular and morphological data" (PDF). Mycological Research. 108 (8): 873–884. doi:10.1017/S0953756204000723. PMID 15449592.
  2. ^ Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Leavitt, Steven D.; Singh, Garima; Schmitt, Imke; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2017). "Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family- and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi". Fungal Diversity. 84: 101–117. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z. S2CID 40674310.
  3. ^ a b c d Leavitt, Steven D.; Esslinger, Theodore L.; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). "Hidden diversity before our eyes: Delimiting and describing cryptic lichen-forming fungal species in camouflage lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". Fungal Biology. 120 (11): 1374–1391. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2016.06.001. PMID 27742095.
  4. ^ Arup, Ulf; Berlin, Emma Sandler (2011). "A taxonomic study of Melanelixia fuliginosa in Europe". Lichenologist. 43 (2): 89–97. doi:10.1017/S0024282910000678. S2CID 85051426.
  5. ^ Wang, Hai-Ying; Chen, Jian-Bin; Wei, Jiang-Chun (2008). "A new species of Melanelixia (Parmeliaceae) from China". Mycotaxon. 104: 185–188.
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