Ingush language: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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| name = Ingush |
| name = Ingush |
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| nativename = |
| nativename = {{lang|inh|Гӏалгӏай мотт}}<br>{{tlit|inh|Ghalghai mott}} |
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| pronunciation = {{IPA| |
| pronunciation = {{IPA|cau|ˈʁəlʁɑj mot|}} |
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| states = [[ |
| states = [[North Caucasus]] |
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| region = [[Ingushetia]], [[Chechnya]] |
| region = [[Ingushetia]], [[Chechnya]] |
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| ethnicity = [[Ingush people|Ingush]] |
| ethnicity = [[Ingush people|Ingush]] |
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| fam1 = [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] |
| fam1 = [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] |
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| fam2 = [[Nakh languages|Nakh]] |
| fam2 = [[Nakh languages|Nakh]] |
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| fam3 = [[Vainakh languages|Vainakh]] |
| fam3 = [[Vainakh languages|Vainakh]] |
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| fam4 = [[Vainakh languages|Chechen–Ingush]] |
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| script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] <small>(current)</small> <br />[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Latin script|Latin]] <small>(historical)</small> |
| script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] <small>(current)</small> <br />[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Latin script|Latin]] <small>(historical)</small> |
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| nation = {{flag|Russia}}<ul><li>{{flag|Ingushetia}}</li></ul> |
| nation = {{flag|Russia}}<ul><li>{{flag|Ingushetia}}</li></ul> |
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| glottorefname = Ingush |
| glottorefname = Ingush |
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| notice = IPA |
| notice = IPA |
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| map = File:Northeast Caucasus languages map en.svg |
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| mapcaption = {{legend|#ACC934|Ingush}} |
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| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg |
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| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Ingush is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/ingush |title=Ingush in Russian Federation |
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|work=UNESCO WAL |access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref>}}}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Ingush''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|g|ʊ|ʃ}}; {{lang|inh|Гӏалгӏай мотт}}, {{transliteration|inh| |
'''Ingush''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|g|ʊ|ʃ}}; {{lang|inh|Гӏалгӏай мотт}}, {{transliteration|inh|Ghalghai mott}}, pronounced {{IPA|cau|ˈʁəlʁɑj mot|}}) is a [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian language]] spoken by about 350,000 people,<ref name=e27/> known as the [[Ingush people|Ingush]], across a region covering the [[Russia]]n republics of [[Ingushetia]], [[Chechnya]], [[North Ossetia]], as well as the countries [[Turkey]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], et al.<ref name= "1:">{{cite web|title=Ингушский язык|trans-title=The Ingush language|url=https://minlang.iling-ran.ru/en/node/74|website=minlang.iling-ran.ru|publisher=Minority languages of Russia: A project of the Institute of Linguistics (Russian Academy of Sciences)|access-date=August 4, 2024}}</ref> |
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==Classification== |
==Classification== |
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Ingush and [[Chechen language|Chechen]], together with [[Bats language|Bats]], constitute the [[Nakh languages|Nakh]] branch of the [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian language family]]. There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen. |
Ingush and [[Chechen language|Chechen]], together with [[Bats language|Bats]], constitute the [[Nakh languages|Nakh]] branch of the [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian language family]]. There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen.{{sfnp|Nichols|Sprouse|2004|p=1}} |
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==Geographic distribution== |
==Geographic distribution== |
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Ingush is spoken by about |
Ingush is spoken by about 350,000-400,000 people (2020) in [[Russia]], primarily in the [[North Caucasus|North Caucasian]] republics of [[Ingushetia]], [[North Ossetia]] and [[Chechnya]]. Speakers can also be found in [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Belgium]], [[Norway]], [[Turkey]] and [[Jordan]].<ref name=e27/><ref name= "1:"/> |
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===Official status=== |
===Official status=== |
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==Writing system== |
==Writing system== |
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It is possible that during the period of 8–12th century, when the Temples like [[Tkhaba-Yerdy]] emerged in Ingushetia, a writing system based |
It is possible that during the period of 8–12th century, when the Temples like [[Tkhaba-Yerdy]] emerged in Ingushetia, a writing system based on a [[Georgian scripts|Georgian script]] emerged. This is attested by the fact that a non-[[Georgian language|Georgian]] name, 'Enola', was found written on the arc of Tkhaba-Yerdy.{{sfn|Chentieva|1958|p=13}} Furthermore, Georgian text was found on archaeological items in Ingushetia that could not be deciphered.{{sfn|Chentieva|1958|p=14}} |
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Ingush became a [[written language]] with an [[Arabic script|Arabic]]-based [[writing system]] at the beginning of the 20th century. After the [[October Revolution]] it first used a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]], which was later replaced by [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]. |
Ingush became a [[written language]] with an [[Arabic script|Arabic]]-based [[writing system]] at the beginning of the 20th century. After the [[October Revolution]] it first used a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]], which was later replaced by [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]. |
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=== Consonants === |
=== Consonants === |
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The [[consonant]]s of Ingush are as follows, |
The [[consonant]]s of Ingush are as follows,{{sfnp|Nichols|2011|p=20}} including the Latin orthography developed by [[Johanna Nichols]]:{{sfnp|Nichols|2011|pp=19-21}} |
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{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | |
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! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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! |
! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]] |
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! rowspan="2" | [[ |
! rowspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
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! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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! rowspan="2" | |
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] |
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! rowspan="2" | |
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] |
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! rowspan="2" | |
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! {{small|[[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]}} |
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! <small>central</small> |
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! |
! {{small|plain}} |
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|- |
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! <small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]</small> |
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! <small>plain</small> |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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| |
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|м, m}} |
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| н '''n''' {{IPAblink|n}} |
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! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] |
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! <small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small> |
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| пӏ '''pʼ''' {{IPAblink|pʼ}} |
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| тӏ '''tʼ''' {{IPAblink|tʼ}} |
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| цӏ '''cʼ''' {{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}} |
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| чӏ '''ch’''' {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}} |
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| кӏ '''jkʼ''' {{IPAblink|kʲʼ}} |
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| кӏ '''kʼ''' {{IPAblink|kʼ}} |
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| къ '''qʼ''' {{IPAblink|qʼ}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> |
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| п '''p''' {{IPAblink|p}} |
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| т '''t''' {{IPAblink|t}} |
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| ц '''c''' {{IPAblink|t͡s}} |
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| ч '''ch''' {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} |
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| к '''jk''' {{IPAblink|kʲ}} |
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| к '''k''' {{IPAblink|k}} |
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| кх '''q''' {{IPAblink|q}} |
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| ӏ '''w''' {{IPAblink|ʡ}} |
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| ъ '''ʼ''' {{IPAblink|ʔ}} |
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|- |
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! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> |
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| б '''b''' {{IPAblink|b}} |
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| д '''d''' {{IPAblink|d}} |
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| |
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| г '''jg''' {{IPAblink|ɡʲ}} |
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| г '''g''' {{IPAblink|ɡ}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
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! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> |
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| ф '''f''' {{IPAblink|f}} |
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| |
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|н, n}} |
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|ш '''sh''' {{IPAblink|ʃ}} |
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| colspan="2" |х '''x'''{{IPAblink|χ}} |
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| хь '''hw''' {{IPAblink|ʜ}} |
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|хӏ '''h''' {{IPAblink|h}} |
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|- |
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! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> |
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| rowspan="2" | в '''v''' {{IPAblink|ʋ}} |
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| з '''z''' {{IPAblink|z}} |
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| ж '''zh''' {{IPAblink|ʒ}} |
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| colspan="2" |гӏ '''gh''' {{IPAblink|ʁ}} |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
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| л '''l''' {{IPAblink|l}} |
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|- |
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| й '''j''' {{IPAblink|j}} |
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! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]] |
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! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
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| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|п, p}} |
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| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|т, t}} |
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| {{IPA link|t͡s}} {{angbr|ц, c}} |
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| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{angbr|ч, ch}} |
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| {{IPA link|kʲ}} {{angbr|к, jk}} |
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| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|к, k}} |
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| {{IPA link|q}} {{angbr|кх, q}} |
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| {{IPA link|ʡ}} {{angbr|ӏ, w}} |
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| {{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|ъ, ʼ}} |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[ejective consonant|ejective]]}} |
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| {{IPA link|pʼ}} {{angbr|пӏ, pʼ}} |
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| {{IPA link|tʼ}} {{angbr|тӏ, tʼ}} |
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| {{IPA link|t͡sʼ}} {{angbr|цӏ, cʼ}} |
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| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʼ}} {{angbr|чӏ, ch’}} |
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| {{IPA link|kʲʼ}} {{angbr|кӏ, jkʼ}} |
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| {{IPA link|kʼ}} {{angbr|кӏ, kʼ}} |
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| {{IPA link|qʼ}} {{angbr|къ, qʼ}} |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} |
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| {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|б, b}} |
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| {{IPA link|d}} {{angbr|д, d}} |
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| {{IPA link|ɡʲ}} {{angbr|г, jg}} |
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| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|г, g}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]] |
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! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
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| {{IPA link|f}} {{angbr|ф, f}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|с, s}} |
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| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|ш, sh}} |
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| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|χ}} {{angbr|х, x}} |
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| {{IPA link|ʜ}} {{angbr|хь, hw}} |
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| {{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|хӏ, h}} |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} |
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| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʋ}} {{angbr|в, v}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA link|z}} {{angbr|з, z}} |
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| {{IPA link|ʒ}} {{angbr|ж, zh}} |
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| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʁ}} {{angbr|гӏ, gh}} |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]] |
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| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|л, l}} |
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| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|й, j}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]] |
! rowspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]] |
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! |
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
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| рхӏ '''rh''' {{IPAblink|r̥}} |
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| {{IPA link|r̥}} {{angbr|рхӏ, rh}} |
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|- |
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! |
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} |
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| р '''r''' {{IPAblink|r}} |
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| {{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|р, r}} |
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Single consonants can be [[gemination|geminated]] by various morphophonemic processes. |
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==Dialects== |
==Dialects== |
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==Grammar== |
==Grammar== |
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Ingush is a [[nominative–accusative language]] in its [[syntax]], though it has [[ergative–absolutive alignment#Morphological ergativity|ergative morphology]]. |
Ingush is a [[nominative–accusative language]] in its [[syntax]], though it has [[ergative–absolutive alignment#Morphological ergativity|ergative morphology]].{{sfnp|Nichols|2008}}{{sfnp|Nichols|2011}} |
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===Case=== |
===Case=== |
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The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language |
The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language{{sfnp|Nichols|2011}} shows eight cases: [[absolutive case|absolutive]], [[ergative case|ergative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]], [[allative case|allative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]], [[lative case|lative]] and [[comparative case|comparative]]. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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! Cases |
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! Singular |
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! Plural |
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|- |
|- |
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| Absolutive |
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! Cases !! Singular !! Plural |
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| -⌀ |
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| -azh / -ii, -i{{efn|The choice of ''-azh'' vs. ''-ii'' is lexically determined for the nominative, but other cases are predictable.}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| Ergative |
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| Absolutive || -⌀ || -azh / -ii, -i<sup>3</sup> |
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| -uo / -z, -aa{{efn|''-uo'' is the only productive form. ''-z'' appears with personal names, kin terms, and other nouns referring to humans. ''-aa'' occurs with some declensions and is increasingly unproductive in colloquial use.}} |
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| –azh |
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| Genitive |
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| Ergative || -uo / -z, -aa<sup>1</sup> || –azh |
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| -a, -n{{efn|name=allomorph|Allomorph after vowels}} |
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| -ii, -i |
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|- |
|- |
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| Dative |
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| Genitive || -a, -n<sup>2</sup> || -ii, -i |
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| -aa, -na{{efn|name=allomorph}} |
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| -azh-ta |
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|- |
|- |
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| Allative |
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| Dative || -na, aa<sup>2</sup> || -azh-ta |
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| -ga |
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| -azh-ka |
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|- |
|- |
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| Instrumental |
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| Allative || -ga || -azh-ka |
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|- |
| -ca |
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| -azh-ca |
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|- |
|- |
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| Lative |
| Lative |
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| -gh |
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| -egh |
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|- |
|- |
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| Comparative |
| Comparative |
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| -l |
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| -el |
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{{notelist}} |
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{{smalldiv| |
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# ''-uo'' is the only productive form. ''-z'' appears with personal names, kin terms, and other nouns referring to humans. ''-aa'' occurs with some declensions and is increasingly unproductive in colloquial use. |
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# Allomorph after vowels |
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# The choice of ''-azh'' vs. ''-ii'' is lexically determined for the nominative, but other cases are predictable. |
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}} |
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===Tenses=== |
===Tenses=== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|+ {{sfnp|Handel|2003|p=6}} |
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! Stem !! Suffix !! Tense !! Example |
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| rowspan="2" | Infinitive Stem<br />(INFS) |
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! Stem<ref>Zev Handel, ''Ingush inflectional verb morphology: a synchronic classification and historical analysis with comparison to Chechen'' http://faculty.washington.edu/zhandel/Handel_Ingush.pdf.</ref> !! Suffix !! Tense !! Example |
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| {-a} |
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| Infinitive (INF) |
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| laaca |
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| {-a} |
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| Imperative (IMP) |
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| laaca |
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| rowspan="4" | Present Stem<br />(unmarked) |
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| Present Stem || --- || Generic Present (PRES) || loac |
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| --- |
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| Generic Present (PRES) |
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| loac |
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|- |
|- |
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| {-az&} |
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| Simultaneous Converb (SCV) |
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| loacaz& |
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|- |
|- |
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| {-ar} |
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| Imperfect (IMPF) |
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| loacar |
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|- |
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| {-agDa} |
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| Future (FUT) |
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| loacadda |
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|- |
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| Past Stem |
| rowspan="4" | Past Stem<br />(PAST) |
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| {-ar} |
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| Witnessed Past (WIT) |
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| leacar |
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|- |
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| {-aa}/{-na} |
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| Anterior Converb (ACV) |
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| leacaa |
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|- |
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| {-aa} + {-D} / {-na} + {-D} |
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| Perfect (PERF) |
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| leacaad |
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|- |
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| {-aa} + {-Dar} / {-na} + {-Dar} |
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| Pluperfect (PLUP) |
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| leacaadar |
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| ezar || [ɛzər] || 1000 || loan from Persian |
| ezar || [ɛzər] || 1000 || loan from Persian |
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# Note that "four" and its derivatives begin with noun-class marker. ''d-'' is merely the default value. |
# Note that "four" and its derivatives begin with noun-[[class marker (morphology)|class marker]]. ''d-'' is merely the default value. |
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===Pronouns=== |
===Pronouns=== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|+ {{sfnp|Nichols|2011|p=174-175}} |
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! rowspan="3" | |
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! colspan="3" | 1st person |
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! colspan="2" | 2nd person |
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! colspan="2" | 3rd person |
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|- |
|- |
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! rowspan="2" | singular |
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! !! 1sg !! 1plexcl !! 1plincl !! 2sg !! 2pl !! 3sg !! 3pl |
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! colspan="2" | plural |
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! rowspan="2" | singular |
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! rowspan="2" | plural |
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! rowspan="2" | singular |
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! rowspan="2" | plural |
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|- |
|- |
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! {{small|[[Clusivity|exclusive]]}} |
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| '''Nom.''' || so || txo || vai || hwo || sho/shu || yz || yzh |
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! {{small|[[Clusivity|inclusive]]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[Nominative case|Nominative]] |
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| Gen. || sy || txy || vai || hwa|| shyn || cyn/cun || caar |
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| {{transl|inh|so}} |
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| {{transl|inh|txo}} |
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| {{transl|inh|vai}} |
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| {{transl|inh|hwo}} |
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| {{transl|inh|sho/shu}} |
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| {{transl|inh|yz}} |
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| {{transl|inh|yzh}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[Genitive case|Genitive]] |
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| Dat. || suona || txuona || vaina || hwuona || shoana || cynna || caana |
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| {{transl|inh|sy}} |
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| {{transl|inh|txy}} |
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| {{transl|inh|vai}} |
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| {{transl|inh|hwa}} |
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| {{transl|inh|shyn}} |
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| {{transl|inh|cyn/cun}} |
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| {{transl|inh|caar}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[Dative case|Dative]] |
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| Erg. || aaz || oaxa || vai || wa || oasha || cuo || caar |
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| {{transl|inh|suona}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|txuona}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|vaina}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|hwuona}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|shoana}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|cynna}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|caana}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Ergative case|Ergative]] |
|||
| All. || suoga || txuoga || vaiga || hwuoga || shuoga || cynga || caarga |
|||
| {{transl|inh|aaz}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|oaxa}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|vai}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|wa}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|oasha}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|cuo}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|caar}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Allative case|Allative]] |
|||
| Abl. || suogara || txuogara || vaigara || hwuogara || shuogara || cyngara || caargara |
|||
| {{transl|inh|suoga}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|txuoga}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|vaiga}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|hwuoga}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|shuoga}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|cynga}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|caarga}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Ablative case|Ablative]] |
|||
| Instr. || suoca(a) || txuoca(a) || vaica(a) || hwuoca || shuoca(a) || cynca || caarca(a) |
|||
| {{transl|inh|suogara}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|txuogara}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|vaigara}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|hwuogara}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|shuogara}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|cyngara}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|caargara}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]] |
|||
| Lat. || sogh || txogh || vaigh || hwogh || shogh || cogh || caaregh |
|||
| {{transl|inh|suoca(a)}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|txuoca(a)}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|vaica(a)}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|hwuoca}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|shuoca(a)}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|cynca}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|caarca(a)}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Lative case|Lative]] |
|||
| Csn. || sol || txol || vail || hwol || shol || cul/cyl || caarel |
|||
| {{transl|inh|sogh}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|txogh}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|vaigh}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|hwogh}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|shogh}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|cogh}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|caaregh}} |
|||
|- |
|||
! [[Comparative case|Comparative]] |
|||
| {{transl|inh|sol}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|txol}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|vail}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|hwol}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|shol}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|cul/cyl}} |
|||
| {{transl|inh|caarel}} |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
===Word order=== |
===Word order=== |
||
In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, [[v2 word order|verb-second]] order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause". |
In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, [[v2 word order|verb-second]] order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause".{{sfnp|Nichols|2011|pp=678ff}} |
||
{{interlinear |indent=2 |
|||
Muusaa '''vy''' hwuona telefon '''jettazh''' |
|||
|Muusaa '''vy''' hwuona telefon '''jettazh''' |
|||
|Musa V.PROG |
|Musa {{gcl|V|gender agreement marker; gender class (marker is /v/) }}.PROG 2S.DAT telephone strike.{{gcl|CVsim|simultaeous converb}} |
||
|It's Musa on the phone for you. (After answering the phone.) |
|||
}} |
|||
|It's Musa. It's Musa on the phone for you. (After answering the phone.) |
|||
== References == |
== References == |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist|20em}} |
||
== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
||
=== English sources === |
=== English sources === |
||
{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
||
* {{cite book |
|||
* {{Cite book|last=Nichols|first=Johanna|author-link=Johanna Nichols|date=2011-03-15|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3nn7z6w5/qt3nn7z6w5.pdf|title=Ingush Grammar|location=[[Berkeley, California]]; [[Los Angeles]]; [[London]]|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|pages=1–806}} |
|||
|first = Zev |last = Handel |
|||
|date = 2003 |
|||
|chapter = Ingush inflectional verb morphology: a synchronic classification and historical analysis with comparison to Chechen |
|||
|title = Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics |
|||
|pages = 123–175 |
|||
|doi = 10.1075/cilt.246.11han |
|||
|chapter-url = http://faculty.washington.edu/zhandel/Handel_Ingush.pdf |
|||
|url-status = dead |
|||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170201161051/https://faculty.washington.edu/zhandel/Handel_Ingush.pdf |
|||
|archive-date = Feb 1, 2017 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite encyclopedia |
|||
|title = Ingush-English and English-Ingush Dictionary |
|||
|date = 2004 |
|||
|first1 = Johanna |last1 = Nichols |author-link = Johanna Nichols |
|||
|first2 = Ronald L. |last2 = Sprouse |
|||
|publisher= Routledge |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Nichols |first = Johanna |author-link = Johanna Nichols |
|||
|date = 2008 |
|||
|chapter = Case in Ingush syntax |
|||
|title = Case and Grammatical Relations |
|||
|series = Typological Studies in Language |volume = 81 |location = |
|||
|publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Company |
|||
|pages = 57–74 |
|||
|doi = 10.1075/tsl.81.04nic |
|||
|isbn = 978-90-272-2994-6 |chapter-url = {{google books URL|IBtKVxlOSigC|p=57}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Nichols |first = Johanna |author-link = Johanna Nichols |
|||
|date = 2011-03-15 |
|||
|title = Ingush Grammar |
|||
|location = [[Berkeley, California]]; [[Los Angeles]]; [[London]] |
|||
|publisher = [[University of California Press]] |
|||
|pages = 1–806 |
|||
|url = https://escholarship.org/content/qt3nn7z6w5/qt3nn7z6w5.pdf |
|||
}} |
|||
{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
||
=== Russian sources === |
=== Russian sources === |
||
{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
||
* {{Cite book |
|||
* {{Cite book|last=Chentieva|first=Maryam|year=1958|editor-last=Oshaev|editor-first=Khalid|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/chentieva-m-d-istoriya-checheno-ngushskoj/|title=История Чечено-Ингушской письменности|trans-title=The History of Checheno-Ingush writing|language=ru|location=Grozny|publisher=Checheno-Ingush Book Publishing House|pages=1–86}} |
|||
|last=Chentieva |first=Maryam |
|||
* {{Cite book|last=Dudarov|first=Abdul-Mazhit|year=2017|editor-last=Akieva|editor-first=Petimat|url=https://ingnii.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/evoluciya_ing_pisma.pdf|title=История эволюции ингушского письма|trans-title=History of the evolution of Ingush writing|language=ru|location=Nazran|publisher=Kep|pages=1–224|isbn=978-5-4482-0015-1}} |
|||
|year=1958 |
|||
* {{Cite book|last=Koryakov|first=Yuriy|year=2006|chapter-url=http://lingvarium.org/raznoe/publications/caucas/alw-cau-reestr.pdf|chapter=Реестр Кавказских языков|trans-chapter=Register of Caucasian languages|url=https://studizba.com/pdf_reader/web/viewer.html?file=/uploads/unziped/real/236617/pdf/63058-53938.pdf|title=Атлас кавказских языков|trans-title=Atlas of Caucasian languages|language=ru|location=[[Moscow]]|publisher=Piligrim|pages=21–41|isbn=5-9900772-1-1}} |
|||
|editor-last=Oshaev |editor-first=Khalid |
|||
|title=История Чечено-Ингушской письменности |
|||
|trans-title=The History of Checheno-Ingush writing |
|||
|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/chentieva-m-d-istoriya-checheno-ngushskoj/ |
|||
|language=ru |
|||
|location=Grozny |
|||
|publisher=Checheno-Ingush Book Publishing House |
|||
|pages=1–86 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last=Dudarov |first=Abdul-Mazhit |
|||
|year=2017 |
|||
|editor-last=Akieva |editor-first=Petimat |
|||
|title=История эволюции ингушского письма |
|||
|trans-title=History of the evolution of Ingush writing |
|||
|url=https://ingnii.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/evoluciya_ing_pisma.pdf |
|||
|language=ru |
|||
|location=Nazran |
|||
|publisher=Kep |
|||
|pages=1–224 |
|||
|isbn=978-5-4482-0015-1 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last=Koryakov |first=Yuriy |
|||
|year=2006 |
|||
|chapter=Реестр Кавказских языков |
|||
|trans-chapter=Register of Caucasian languages |
|||
|chapter-url=http://lingvarium.org/raznoe/publications/caucas/alw-cau-reestr.pdf |
|||
|title=Атлас кавказских языков |
|||
|trans-title=Atlas of Caucasian languages |
|||
|url=https://studizba.com/pdf_reader/web/viewer.html?file=/uploads/unziped/real/236617/pdf/63058-53938.pdf |
|||
|language=ru |
|||
|location=[[Moscow]] |
|||
|publisher=Piligrim |
|||
|pages=21–41 |
|||
|isbn=5-9900772-1-1 |
|||
}} |
|||
{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
||
Revision as of 22:35, 12 December 2024
Ingush | |
---|---|
Гӏалгӏай мотт Ghalghai mott | |
Pronunciation | [ˈʁəlʁɑj mot] |
Native to | North Caucasus |
Region | Ingushetia, Chechnya |
Ethnicity | Ingush |
Native speakers | 350,000 (2020)[1] |
Cyrillic (current) Georgian, Arabic, Latin (historical) | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Russia |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | inh |
ISO 639-3 | inh |
Glottolog | ingu1240 |
Ingush | |
Ingush is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[2] | |
Ingush (/ˈɪŋɡʊʃ/; Гӏалгӏай мотт, Ghalghai mott, pronounced [ˈʁəlʁɑj mot]) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 350,000 people,[1] known as the Ingush, across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia, Chechnya, North Ossetia, as well as the countries Turkey, Kazakhstan, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, et al.[3]
Classification
Ingush and Chechen, together with Bats, constitute the Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen.[4]
Geographic distribution
Ingush is spoken by about 350,000-400,000 people (2020) in Russia, primarily in the North Caucasian republics of Ingushetia, North Ossetia and Chechnya. Speakers can also be found in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Belgium, Norway, Turkey and Jordan.[1][3]
Official status
Ingush is, alongside Russian, an official language of Ingushetia, a federal subject of Russia.
Writing system
It is possible that during the period of 8–12th century, when the Temples like Tkhaba-Yerdy emerged in Ingushetia, a writing system based on a Georgian script emerged. This is attested by the fact that a non-Georgian name, 'Enola', was found written on the arc of Tkhaba-Yerdy.[5] Furthermore, Georgian text was found on archaeological items in Ingushetia that could not be deciphered.[6]
Ingush became a written language with an Arabic-based writing system at the beginning of the 20th century. After the October Revolution it first used a Latin alphabet, which was later replaced by Cyrillic.
А а | Аь аь | Б б | В в | Г г | Гӏ гӏ | Д д | Е е |
Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Кх кх | Къ къ |
Кӏ кӏ | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Пӏ пӏ | Р р |
С с | Т т | Тӏ тӏ | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Хь хь | Хӏ хӏ |
Ц ц | Цӏ цӏ | Ч ч | Чӏ чӏ | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | Яь яь | Ӏ ӏ |
Phonology
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | и/i [ɪ] | varies [ɨ] | у/u [ʊ] |
Mid | э/e [e] | varies [ə] | о/o [o] |
Low | аь/ea [æ] | а/a [ɑː] |
The diphthongs are иэ /ie/, уо /uo/, оа /oɑ/, ий /ij/, эи /ei/, ои /oi/, уи /ui/, ов /ow/, ув /uw/.
Consonants
The consonants of Ingush are as follows,[7] including the Latin orthography developed by Johanna Nichols:[8]
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
palatalized | plain | |||||||||
Nasal | m ⟨м, m⟩ | n ⟨н, n⟩ | ||||||||
Plosive | voiceless | p ⟨п, p⟩ | t ⟨т, t⟩ | t͡s ⟨ц, c⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч, ch⟩ | kʲ ⟨к, jk⟩ | k ⟨к, k⟩ | q ⟨кх, q⟩ | ʡ ⟨ӏ, w⟩ | ʔ ⟨ъ, ʼ⟩ |
ejective | pʼ ⟨пӏ, pʼ⟩ | tʼ ⟨тӏ, tʼ⟩ | t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ, cʼ⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨чӏ, ch’⟩ | kʲʼ ⟨кӏ, jkʼ⟩ | kʼ ⟨кӏ, kʼ⟩ | qʼ ⟨къ, qʼ⟩ | |||
voiced | b ⟨б, b⟩ | d ⟨д, d⟩ | ɡʲ ⟨г, jg⟩ | ɡ ⟨г, g⟩ | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f ⟨ф, f⟩ | s ⟨с, s⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш, sh⟩ | χ ⟨х, x⟩ | ʜ ⟨хь, hw⟩ | h ⟨хӏ, h⟩ | |||
voiced | ʋ ⟨в, v⟩ | z ⟨з, z⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж, zh⟩ | ʁ ⟨гӏ, gh⟩ | ||||||
Approximant | l ⟨л, l⟩ | j ⟨й, j⟩ | ||||||||
Trill | voiceless | r̥ ⟨рхӏ, rh⟩ | ||||||||
voiced | r ⟨р, r⟩ |
Single consonants can be geminated by various morphophonemic processes.
Dialects
Ingush is not divided into dialects with the exception of Galanchoz (native name: Галай-Чӏож/Галайн-Чӏаж), which is considered to be transitional between Chechen and Ingush.[9]
Grammar
Ingush is a nominative–accusative language in its syntax, though it has ergative morphology.[10][11]
Case
The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language[11] shows eight cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, dative, allative, instrumental, lative and comparative.
Cases | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Absolutive | -⌀ | -azh / -ii, -i[a] |
Ergative | -uo / -z, -aa[b] | –azh |
Genitive | -a, -n[c] | -ii, -i |
Dative | -aa, -na[c] | -azh-ta |
Allative | -ga | -azh-ka |
Instrumental | -ca | -azh-ca |
Lative | -gh | -egh |
Comparative | -l | -el |
- ^ The choice of -azh vs. -ii is lexically determined for the nominative, but other cases are predictable.
- ^ -uo is the only productive form. -z appears with personal names, kin terms, and other nouns referring to humans. -aa occurs with some declensions and is increasingly unproductive in colloquial use.
- ^ a b Allomorph after vowels
Tenses
Stem | Suffix | Tense | Example |
---|---|---|---|
Infinitive Stem (INFS) |
{-a} | Infinitive (INF) | laaca |
{-a} | Imperative (IMP) | laaca | |
Present Stem (unmarked) |
--- | Generic Present (PRES) | loac |
{-az&} | Simultaneous Converb (SCV) | loacaz& | |
{-ar} | Imperfect (IMPF) | loacar | |
{-agDa} | Future (FUT) | loacadda | |
Past Stem (PAST) |
{-ar} | Witnessed Past (WIT) | leacar |
{-aa}/{-na} | Anterior Converb (ACV) | leacaa | |
{-aa} + {-D} / {-na} + {-D} | Perfect (PERF) | leacaad | |
{-aa} + {-Dar} / {-na} + {-Dar} | Pluperfect (PLUP) | leacaadar |
Numerals
Like many Northeast Caucasian languages, Ingush uses a vigesimal system, where numbers lower than twenty are counted as in a base-ten system, but higher decads are base-twenty.
Orthography | Phonetic | Value | Composition |
---|---|---|---|
cwa | [t͡sʕʌ] | 1 | |
shi | [ʃɪ] | 2 | |
qo | [qo] | 3 | |
d.i'1 | [dɪʔ] | 4 | |
pxi | [pxɪ] | 5 | |
jaalx | [jalx] | 6 | |
vorh | [vʷor̥] | 7 | |
baarh | [bar̥] | 8 | |
iis | [is] | 9 | |
itt | [itː] | 10 | |
cwaitt | [t͡sʕɛtː] | 11 | 1+10 |
shiitt | [ʃitː] | 12 | 2+10 |
qoitt | [qoitː] | 13 | 3+10 |
d.iitt1 | [ditː] | 14 | 4+10 |
pxiitt | [pxitː] | 15 | 5+10 |
jalxett | [jʌlxɛtː] | 16 | 6+10 |
vuriit | [vʷʊritː] | 17 | 7+10 |
bareitt | [bʌreitː] | 18 | 8+10 |
tq'iesta | [tqʼiːestə̆] | 19 | |
tq'o | [tqʼo] | 20 | |
tq'ea itt | [tqʼɛ̯æjitː] | 30 | 20+10 |
shouztq'a | [ʃouztqʼə̆] | 40 | 2×20 |
shouztq'aj itt | [ʃouztqʼetː] | 50 | 2×20+10 |
bwea | [bʕɛ̯æ] | 100 | |
shi bwea | [ʃɪ bʕɛ̯æ] | 200 | 2×100 |
ezar | [ɛzər] | 1000 | loan from Persian |
- Note that "four" and its derivatives begin with noun-class marker. d- is merely the default value.
Pronouns
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
exclusive | inclusive | ||||||
Nominative | so | txo | vai | hwo | sho/shu | yz | yzh |
Genitive | sy | txy | vai | hwa | shyn | cyn/cun | caar |
Dative | suona | txuona | vaina | hwuona | shoana | cynna | caana |
Ergative | aaz | oaxa | vai | wa | oasha | cuo | caar |
Allative | suoga | txuoga | vaiga | hwuoga | shuoga | cynga | caarga |
Ablative | suogara | txuogara | vaigara | hwuogara | shuogara | cyngara | caargara |
Instrumental | suoca(a) | txuoca(a) | vaica(a) | hwuoca | shuoca(a) | cynca | caarca(a) |
Lative | sogh | txogh | vaigh | hwogh | shogh | cogh | caaregh |
Comparative | sol | txol | vail | hwol | shol | cul/cyl | caarel |
Word order
In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, verb-second order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause".[14]
Muusaa
Musa
vy
V.PROG
hwuona
2S.DAT
telefon
telephone
jettazh
strike.CVsim
It's Musa on the phone for you. (After answering the phone.)
References
- ^ a b c Ingush at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ "Ingush in Russian Federation". UNESCO WAL. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Ингушский язык" [The Ingush language]. minlang.iling-ran.ru. Minority languages of Russia: A project of the Institute of Linguistics (Russian Academy of Sciences). Retrieved August 4, 2024.
- ^ Nichols & Sprouse (2004), p. 1.
- ^ Chentieva 1958, p. 13.
- ^ Chentieva 1958, p. 14.
- ^ Nichols (2011), p. 20.
- ^ Nichols (2011), pp. 19–21.
- ^ Koryakov 2006, p. 25.
- ^ Nichols (2008).
- ^ a b Nichols (2011).
- ^ Handel (2003), p. 6.
- ^ Nichols (2011), p. 174-175.
- ^ Nichols (2011), pp. 678ff.
Bibliography
English sources
- Handel, Zev (2003). "Ingush inflectional verb morphology: a synchronic classification and historical analysis with comparison to Chechen" (PDF). Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics. pp. 123–175. doi:10.1075/cilt.246.11han. Archived from the original (PDF) on Feb 1, 2017.
- Nichols, Johanna; Sprouse, Ronald L. (2004). Ingush-English and English-Ingush Dictionary. Routledge.
- Nichols, Johanna (2008). "Case in Ingush syntax". Case and Grammatical Relations. Typological Studies in Language. Vol. 81. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 57–74. doi:10.1075/tsl.81.04nic. ISBN 978-90-272-2994-6.
- Nichols, Johanna (2011-03-15). Ingush Grammar (PDF). Berkeley, California; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. pp. 1–806.
Russian sources
- Chentieva, Maryam (1958). Oshaev, Khalid (ed.). История Чечено-Ингушской письменности [The History of Checheno-Ingush writing] (in Russian). Grozny: Checheno-Ingush Book Publishing House. pp. 1–86.
- Dudarov, Abdul-Mazhit (2017). Akieva, Petimat (ed.). История эволюции ингушского письма [History of the evolution of Ingush writing] (PDF) (in Russian). Nazran: Kep. pp. 1–224. ISBN 978-5-4482-0015-1.
- Koryakov, Yuriy (2006). "Реестр Кавказских языков" [Register of Caucasian languages] (PDF). Атлас кавказских языков [Atlas of Caucasian languages] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Piligrim. pp. 21–41. ISBN 5-9900772-1-1.