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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Ingush
| name = Ingush
| nativename = гӏалгӏай мотт (''Ghalghaj mott'')
| nativename = {{lang|inh|Гӏалгӏай мотт}}<br>{{tlit|inh|Ghalghai mott}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[ˈʁəlʁɑj mot]}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|cau|ˈʁəlʁɑj mot|}}
| states = [[Russia]]
| states = [[North Caucasus]]
| region = [[Ingushetia]], [[Chechnya]]
| region = [[Ingushetia]], [[Chechnya]]
| ethnicity = [[Ingush people|Ingush]]
| ethnicity = [[Ingush people|Ingush]]
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| fam1 = [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]]
| fam1 = [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]]
| fam2 = [[Nakh languages|Nakh]]
| fam2 = [[Nakh languages|Nakh]]
| fam3 = [[Vainakh languages|Vainakh]]
| fam3 = [[Vainakh languages|Vainakh]]
| fam4 = [[Vainakh languages|Chechen–Ingush]]
| script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] <small>(current)</small> <br />[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Latin script|Latin]] <small>(historical)</small>
| script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] <small>(current)</small> <br />[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Latin script|Latin]] <small>(historical)</small>
| nation = {{flag|Russia}}<ul><li>{{flag|Ingushetia}}</li></ul>
| nation = {{flag|Russia}}<ul><li>{{flag|Ingushetia}}</li></ul>
Line 21: Line 22:
| glottorefname = Ingush
| glottorefname = Ingush
| notice = IPA
| notice = IPA
| map = File:Northeast Caucasus languages map en.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#ACC934|Ingush}}
| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Ingush is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/ingush |title=Ingush in Russian Federation
|work=UNESCO WAL |access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref>}}}}
}}
}}
'''Ingush''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|g|ʊ|ʃ}}; {{lang|inh|Гӏалгӏай мотт}}, {{transliteration|inh|Ghalghaj mott}}, pronounced {{IPA|cau|ˈʁəlʁɑj mot|}}) is a [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian language]] spoken by about 500,000 people, known as the [[Ingush people|Ingush]], across a region covering the [[Russia]]n republics of [[Ingushetia]] and [[Chechnya]].
'''Ingush''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|g|ʊ|ʃ}}; {{lang|inh|Гӏалгӏай мотт}}, {{transliteration|inh|Ghalghai mott}}, pronounced {{IPA|cau|ˈʁəlʁɑj mot|}}) is a [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian language]] spoken by about 350,000 people,<ref name=e27/> known as the [[Ingush people|Ingush]], across a region covering the [[Russia]]n republics of [[Ingushetia]], [[Chechnya]], [[North Ossetia]], as well as the countries [[Turkey]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], et al.<ref name= "1:">{{cite web|title=Ингушский язык|trans-title=The Ingush language|url=https://minlang.iling-ran.ru/en/node/74|website=minlang.iling-ran.ru|publisher=Minority languages of Russia: A project of the Institute of Linguistics (Russian Academy of Sciences)|access-date=August 4, 2024}}</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
Ingush and [[Chechen language|Chechen]], together with [[Bats language|Bats]], constitute the [[Nakh languages|Nakh]] branch of the [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian language family]]. There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen.<ref>Johanna Nichols, Ronald L. Sprouse, Ingush-English and English-Ingush dictionary. p 1</ref>
Ingush and [[Chechen language|Chechen]], together with [[Bats language|Bats]], constitute the [[Nakh languages|Nakh]] branch of the [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian language family]]. There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen.{{sfnp|Nichols|Sprouse|2004|p=1}}


==Geographic distribution==
==Geographic distribution==
Ingush is spoken by about 353,000 people (2020),<ref name=e27/> primarily across a region in the [[Caucasus]] covering parts of [[Russia]], primarily [[Ingushetia]] and [[Chechnya]]. Speakers can also be found in [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Belgium]], [[Norway]], [[Turkey]] and [[Jordan]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
Ingush is spoken by about 350,000-400,000 people (2020) in [[Russia]], primarily in the [[North Caucasus|North Caucasian]] republics of [[Ingushetia]], [[North Ossetia]] and [[Chechnya]]. Speakers can also be found in [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Belgium]], [[Norway]], [[Turkey]] and [[Jordan]].<ref name=e27/><ref name= "1:"/>


===Official status===
===Official status===
Line 34: Line 40:


==Writing system==
==Writing system==
It is possible that during the period of 8–12th century, when the Temples like [[Tkhaba-Yerdy]] emerged in Ingushetia, a writing system based off a [[Georgian scripts|Georgian script]] emerged. This is attested by the fact that a non-[[Georgian language|Georgian]] name, 'Enola', was found written on the arc of Tkhaba-Yerdy.{{sfn|Chentieva|1958|p=13}} Furthermore, Georgian text was found on archaeological items in Ingushetia that could not be deciphered.{{sfn|Chentieva|1958|p=14}}
It is possible that during the period of 8–12th century, when the Temples like [[Tkhaba-Yerdy]] emerged in Ingushetia, a writing system based on a [[Georgian scripts|Georgian script]] emerged. This is attested by the fact that a non-[[Georgian language|Georgian]] name, 'Enola', was found written on the arc of Tkhaba-Yerdy.{{sfn|Chentieva|1958|p=13}} Furthermore, Georgian text was found on archaeological items in Ingushetia that could not be deciphered.{{sfn|Chentieva|1958|p=14}}


Ingush became a [[written language]] with an [[Arabic script|Arabic]]-based [[writing system]] at the beginning of the 20th century. After the [[October Revolution]] it first used a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]], which was later replaced by [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]].
Ingush became a [[written language]] with an [[Arabic script|Arabic]]-based [[writing system]] at the beginning of the 20th century. After the [[October Revolution]] it first used a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]], which was later replaced by [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]].
Line 120: Line 126:
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===


The [[consonant]]s of Ingush are as follows,<ref>[[Johanna Nichols]], ''Ingush Grammar'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011) {{ISBN|978-0-520-09877-0}}.</ref> including the Latin orthography developed by [[Johanna Nichols]]:<ref>[[Johanna Nichols]], ''Ingush Grammar'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 19-21 {{ISBN|978-0-520-09877-0}}.</ref>
The [[consonant]]s of Ingush are as follows,{{sfnp|Nichols|2011|p=20}} including the Latin orthography developed by [[Johanna Nichols]]:{{sfnp|Nichols|2011|pp=19-21}}


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar/]]<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Epiglottal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! {{small|[[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]}}
! <small>central</small>
! <small>sibilant</small>
! {{small|plain}}
|-
! <small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]</small>
! <small>plain</small>
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| м '''m''' {{IPAblink|m}}
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|м, m}}
| н '''n''' {{IPAblink|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! <small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
| пӏ '''pʼ''' {{IPAblink|pʼ}}
| тӏ '''tʼ''' {{IPAblink|tʼ}}
| цӏ '''cʼ''' {{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}}
| чӏ '''ch’''' {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}}
| кӏ '''jkʼ''' {{IPAblink|kʲʼ}}
| кӏ '''kʼ''' {{IPAblink|kʼ}}
| къ '''qʼ''' {{IPAblink|qʼ}}
|
|
|-
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| п '''p''' {{IPAblink|p}}
| т '''t''' {{IPAblink|t}}
| ц '''c''' {{IPAblink|t͡s}}
| ч '''ch''' {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}
| к '''jk''' {{IPAblink|kʲ}}
| к '''k''' {{IPAblink|k}}
| кх '''q''' {{IPAblink|q}}
| ӏ '''w''' {{IPAblink|ʡ}}
| ъ '''ʼ''' {{IPAblink|ʔ}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| б '''b''' {{IPAblink|b}}
| д '''d''' {{IPAblink|d}}
|
|
| г '''jg''' {{IPAblink|ɡʲ}}
| г '''g''' {{IPAblink|ɡ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| ф '''f''' {{IPAblink|f}}
|
|
| с '''s''' {{IPAblink|s}}
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|н, n}}
|ш '''sh''' {{IPAblink|ʃ}}
|
|
| colspan="2" |х '''x'''{{IPAblink|χ}}
| хь '''hw''' {{IPAblink|ʜ}}
|хӏ '''h''' {{IPAblink|h}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| rowspan="2" | в '''v''' {{IPAblink|ʋ}}
|
|
| з '''z''' {{IPAblink|z}}
| ж '''zh''' {{IPAblink|ʒ}}
|
|
| colspan="2" |гӏ '''gh''' {{IPAblink|ʁ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| л '''l''' {{IPAblink|l}}
|
|
|-
| й '''j''' {{IPAblink|j}}
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|п, p}}
| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|т, t}}
| {{IPA link|t͡s}} {{angbr|ц, c}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{angbr|ч, ch}}
| {{IPA link|kʲ}} {{angbr|к, jk}}
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|к, k}}
| {{IPA link|q}} {{angbr|кх, q}}
| {{IPA link|ʡ}} {{angbr|ӏ, w}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|ъ, ʼ}}
|-
! {{small|[[ejective consonant|ejective]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʼ}} {{angbr|пӏ, pʼ}}
| {{IPA link|tʼ}} {{angbr|тӏ, tʼ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡sʼ}} {{angbr|цӏ, cʼ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʼ}} {{angbr|чӏ, ch’}}
| {{IPA link|kʲʼ}} {{angbr|кӏ, jkʼ}}
| {{IPA link|kʼ}} {{angbr|кӏ, kʼ}}
| {{IPA link|qʼ}} {{angbr|къ, qʼ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|б, b}}
| {{IPA link|d}} {{angbr|д, d}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɡʲ}} {{angbr|г, jg}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|г, g}}
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|f}} {{angbr|ф, f}}
|
| {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|с, s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|ш, sh}}
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|χ}} {{angbr|х, x}}
| {{IPA link|ʜ}} {{angbr|хь, hw}}
| {{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|хӏ, h}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʋ}} {{angbr|в, v}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}} {{angbr|з, z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}} {{angbr|ж, zh}}
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʁ}} {{angbr|гӏ, gh}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|л, l}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|й, j}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
|
| рхӏ '''rh''' {{IPAblink|r̥}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|r̥}} {{angbr|рхӏ, rh}}
|
|
|
|
Line 224: Line 229:
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|
| р '''r''' {{IPAblink|r}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|р, r}}
|
|
|
|
Line 236: Line 241:
|
|
|}
|}

Single consonants can be [[gemination|geminated]] by various morphophonemic processes.


==Dialects==
==Dialects==
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Ingush is a [[nominative–accusative language]] in its [[syntax]], though it has [[ergative–absolutive alignment#Morphological ergativity|ergative morphology]].<ref>[[Johanna Nichols]], ''Case in Ingush Syntax'' and Johanna Nichols, ''Ingush Grammar'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010). {{ISBN|0-520-09877-3}}.</ref>
Ingush is a [[nominative–accusative language]] in its [[syntax]], though it has [[ergative–absolutive alignment#Morphological ergativity|ergative morphology]].{{sfnp|Nichols|2008}}{{sfnp|Nichols|2011}}


===Case===
===Case===
The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language<ref>[[Johanna Nichols]], ''Ingush Grammar''.</ref> shows eight cases: [[absolutive case|absolutive]], [[ergative case|ergative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]], [[allative case|allative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]], [[lative case|lative]] and [[comparative case|comparative]].
The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language{{sfnp|Nichols|2011}} shows eight cases: [[absolutive case|absolutive]], [[ergative case|ergative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]], [[allative case|allative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]], [[lative case|lative]] and [[comparative case|comparative]].


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Cases
! Singular
! Plural
|-
|-
| Absolutive
! Cases !! Singular !! Plural
| -⌀
| -azh / -ii, -i{{efn|The choice of ''-azh'' vs. ''-ii'' is lexically determined for the nominative, but other cases are predictable.}}
|-
|-
| Ergative
| Absolutive || -⌀ || -azh / -ii, -i<sup>3</sup>
| -uo / -z, -aa{{efn|''-uo'' is the only productive form. ''-z'' appears with personal names, kin terms, and other nouns referring to humans. ''-aa'' occurs with some declensions and is increasingly unproductive in colloquial use.}}
| –azh
|-
|-
| Genitive
| Ergative || -uo / -z, -aa<sup>1</sup> || –azh
| -a, -n{{efn|name=allomorph|Allomorph after vowels}}
| -ii, -i
|-
|-
| Dative
| Genitive || -a, -n<sup>2</sup> || -ii, -i
| -aa, -na{{efn|name=allomorph}}
| -azh-ta
|-
|-
| Allative
| Dative || -na, aa<sup>2</sup> || -azh-ta
| -ga
| -azh-ka
|-
|-
| Instrumental
| Allative || -ga || -azh-ka
|-
| -ca
| Instrumental || -ca || -azh-ca
| -azh-ca
|-
|-
| Lative || -gh || -egh
| Lative
| -gh
| -egh
|-
|-
| Comparative || -l || -el
| Comparative
| -l
| -el
|}
|}
{{notelist}}
{{smalldiv|
# ''-uo'' is the only productive form. ''-z'' appears with personal names, kin terms, and other nouns referring to humans. ''-aa'' occurs with some declensions and is increasingly unproductive in colloquial use.
# Allomorph after vowels
# The choice of ''-azh'' vs. ''-ii'' is lexically determined for the nominative, but other cases are predictable.
}}


===Tenses===
===Tenses===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ {{sfnp|Handel|2003|p=6}}
! Stem !! Suffix !! Tense !! Example
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | Infinitive Stem<br />(INFS)
! Stem<ref>Zev Handel, ''Ingush inflectional verb morphology: a synchronic classification and historical analysis with comparison to Chechen'' http://faculty.washington.edu/zhandel/Handel_Ingush.pdf.</ref> !! Suffix !! Tense !! Example
|-
| {-a}
| Infinitive Stem || {-a} || Infinitive (INF) || laaca
| Infinitive (INF)
| laaca
|-
|-
| (INFS) || {-a} || Imperative (IMP) || laaca
| {-a}
| Imperative (IMP)
| laaca
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" | Present Stem<br />(unmarked)
| Present Stem || --- || Generic Present (PRES) || loac
| ---
| Generic Present (PRES)
| loac
|-
|-
| (unmarked) || {-az&} || Simultaneous Converb (SCV) || loacaz&
| {-az&}
| Simultaneous Converb (SCV)
| loacaz&
|-
|-
| || {-ar} || Imperfect (IMPF) || loacar
| {-ar}
| Imperfect (IMPF)
| loacar
|-
|-
| || {-agDa} || FUTURE (FUT) || loacadda
| {-agDa}
| Future (FUT)
| loacadda
|-
|-
| Past Stem || {-ar} || Witnessed Past (WIT) || leacar
| rowspan="4" | Past Stem<br />(PAST)
| {-ar}
| Witnessed Past (WIT)
| leacar
|-
|-
| (PAST) || {-aa}/{-na} || Anterior Converb (ACV) || leacaa
| {-aa}/{-na}
| Anterior Converb (ACV)
| leacaa
|-
|-
| || {-aa} + {-D} / {-na} + {-D} || Perfect (PERF) || leacaad
| {-aa} + {-D} / {-na} + {-D}
| Perfect (PERF)
| leacaad
|-
|-
| || {-aa} + {-Dar} / {-na} + {-Dar} || Pluperfect (PLUP) || leacaadar
| {-aa} + {-Dar} / {-na} + {-Dar}
| Pluperfect (PLUP)
| leacaadar
|}
|}


Line 357: Line 400:
| ezar || [ɛzər] || 1000 || loan from Persian
| ezar || [ɛzər] || 1000 || loan from Persian
|}
|}
# Note that "four" and its derivatives begin with noun-class marker. ''d-'' is merely the default value.
# Note that "four" and its derivatives begin with noun-[[class marker (morphology)|class marker]]. ''d-'' is merely the default value.


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ {{sfnp|Nichols|2011|p=174-175}}
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | 1st person
! colspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="2" | 3rd person
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | singular
! !! 1sg !! 1plexcl !! 1plincl !! 2sg !! 2pl !! 3sg !! 3pl
! colspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" | singular
! rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" | singular
! rowspan="2" | plural
|-
|-
! {{small|[[Clusivity|exclusive]]}}
| '''Nom.''' || so || txo || vai || hwo || sho/shu || yz || yzh
! {{small|[[Clusivity|inclusive]]}}
|-
|-
! [[Nominative case|Nominative]]
| Gen. || sy || txy || vai || hwa|| shyn || cyn/cun || caar
| {{transl|inh|so}}
| {{transl|inh|txo}}
| {{transl|inh|vai}}
| {{transl|inh|hwo}}
| {{transl|inh|sho/shu}}
| {{transl|inh|yz}}
| {{transl|inh|yzh}}
|-
|-
! [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
| Dat. || suona || txuona || vaina || hwuona || shoana || cynna || caana
| {{transl|inh|sy}}
| {{transl|inh|txy}}
| {{transl|inh|vai}}
| {{transl|inh|hwa}}
| {{transl|inh|shyn}}
| {{transl|inh|cyn/cun}}
| {{transl|inh|caar}}
|-
|-
! [[Dative case|Dative]]
| Erg. || aaz || oaxa || vai || wa || oasha || cuo || caar
| {{transl|inh|suona}}
| {{transl|inh|txuona}}
| {{transl|inh|vaina}}
| {{transl|inh|hwuona}}
| {{transl|inh|shoana}}
| {{transl|inh|cynna}}
| {{transl|inh|caana}}
|-
|-
! [[Ergative case|Ergative]]
| All. || suoga || txuoga || vaiga || hwuoga || shuoga || cynga || caarga
| {{transl|inh|aaz}}
| {{transl|inh|oaxa}}
| {{transl|inh|vai}}
| {{transl|inh|wa}}
| {{transl|inh|oasha}}
| {{transl|inh|cuo}}
| {{transl|inh|caar}}
|-
|-
! [[Allative case|Allative]]
| Abl. || suogara || txuogara || vaigara || hwuogara || shuogara || cyngara || caargara
| {{transl|inh|suoga}}
| {{transl|inh|txuoga}}
| {{transl|inh|vaiga}}
| {{transl|inh|hwuoga}}
| {{transl|inh|shuoga}}
| {{transl|inh|cynga}}
| {{transl|inh|caarga}}
|-
|-
! [[Ablative case|Ablative]]
| Instr. || suoca(a) || txuoca(a) || vaica(a) || hwuoca || shuoca(a) || cynca || caarca(a)
| {{transl|inh|suogara}}
| {{transl|inh|txuogara}}
| {{transl|inh|vaigara}}
| {{transl|inh|hwuogara}}
| {{transl|inh|shuogara}}
| {{transl|inh|cyngara}}
| {{transl|inh|caargara}}
|-
|-
! [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
| Lat. || sogh || txogh || vaigh || hwogh || shogh || cogh || caaregh
| {{transl|inh|suoca(a)}}
| {{transl|inh|txuoca(a)}}
| {{transl|inh|vaica(a)}}
| {{transl|inh|hwuoca}}
| {{transl|inh|shuoca(a)}}
| {{transl|inh|cynca}}
| {{transl|inh|caarca(a)}}
|-
|-
! [[Lative case|Lative]]
| Csn. || sol || txol || vail || hwol || shol || cul/cyl || caarel
| {{transl|inh|sogh}}
| {{transl|inh|txogh}}
| {{transl|inh|vaigh}}
| {{transl|inh|hwogh}}
| {{transl|inh|shogh}}
| {{transl|inh|cogh}}
| {{transl|inh|caaregh}}
|-
! [[Comparative case|Comparative]]
| {{transl|inh|sol}}
| {{transl|inh|txol}}
| {{transl|inh|vail}}
| {{transl|inh|hwol}}
| {{transl|inh|shol}}
| {{transl|inh|cul/cyl}}
| {{transl|inh|caarel}}
|}
|}


===Word order===
===Word order===
In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, [[v2 word order|verb-second]] order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause".<ref>Nichols, Johanna. (2011). ''Ingush Grammar''. Berkeley: The University of California Press. Pp. 678ff.</ref>
In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, [[v2 word order|verb-second]] order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause".{{sfnp|Nichols|2011|pp=678ff}}


{{interlinear |indent=2
Muusaa '''vy''' hwuona telefon '''jettazh'''
|Muusaa '''vy''' hwuona telefon '''jettazh'''

|Musa V.PROG 2sg.DAT telephone striking
|Musa {{gcl|V|gender agreement marker; gender class (marker is /v/) }}.PROG 2S.DAT telephone strike.{{gcl|CVsim|simultaeous converb}}
|It's Musa on the phone for you. (After answering the phone.)

}}
|It's Musa. It's Musa on the phone for you. (After answering the phone.)


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|20em}}


== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
=== English sources ===
=== English sources ===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
* {{Cite book|last=Nichols|first=Johanna|author-link=Johanna Nichols|date=2011-03-15|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3nn7z6w5/qt3nn7z6w5.pdf|title=Ingush Grammar|location=[[Berkeley, California]]; [[Los Angeles]]; [[London]]|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|pages=1–806}}
|first = Zev |last = Handel
|date = 2003
|chapter = Ingush inflectional verb morphology: a synchronic classification and historical analysis with comparison to Chechen
|title = Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics
|pages = 123–175
|doi = 10.1075/cilt.246.11han
|chapter-url = http://faculty.washington.edu/zhandel/Handel_Ingush.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170201161051/https://faculty.washington.edu/zhandel/Handel_Ingush.pdf
|archive-date = Feb 1, 2017
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
|title = Ingush-English and English-Ingush Dictionary
|date = 2004
|first1 = Johanna |last1 = Nichols |author-link = Johanna Nichols
|first2 = Ronald L. |last2 = Sprouse
|publisher= Routledge
}}
* {{Cite book
|last = Nichols |first = Johanna |author-link = Johanna Nichols
|date = 2008
|chapter = Case in Ingush syntax
|title = Case and Grammatical Relations
|series = Typological Studies in Language |volume = 81 |location =
|publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Company
|pages = 57–74
|doi = 10.1075/tsl.81.04nic
|isbn = 978-90-272-2994-6 |chapter-url = {{google books URL|IBtKVxlOSigC|p=57}}
}}
* {{Cite book
|last = Nichols |first = Johanna |author-link = Johanna Nichols
|date = 2011-03-15
|title = Ingush Grammar
|location = [[Berkeley, California]]; [[Los Angeles]]; [[London]]
|publisher = [[University of California Press]]
|pages = 1–806
|url = https://escholarship.org/content/qt3nn7z6w5/qt3nn7z6w5.pdf
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


=== Russian sources ===
=== Russian sources ===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book|last=Chentieva|first=Maryam|year=1958|editor-last=Oshaev|editor-first=Khalid|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/chentieva-m-d-istoriya-checheno-ngushskoj/|title=История Чечено-Ингушской письменности|trans-title=The History of Checheno-Ingush writing|language=ru|location=Grozny|publisher=Checheno-Ingush Book Publishing House|pages=1–86}}
|last=Chentieva |first=Maryam
* {{Cite book|last=Dudarov|first=Abdul-Mazhit|year=2017|editor-last=Akieva|editor-first=Petimat|url=https://ingnii.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/evoluciya_ing_pisma.pdf|title=История эволюции ингушского письма|trans-title=History of the evolution of Ingush writing|language=ru|location=Nazran|publisher=Kep|pages=1–224|isbn=978-5-4482-0015-1}}
|year=1958
* {{Cite book|last=Koryakov|first=Yuriy|year=2006|chapter-url=http://lingvarium.org/raznoe/publications/caucas/alw-cau-reestr.pdf|chapter=Реестр Кавказских языков|trans-chapter=Register of Caucasian languages|url=https://studizba.com/pdf_reader/web/viewer.html?file=/uploads/unziped/real/236617/pdf/63058-53938.pdf|title=Атлас кавказских языков|trans-title=Atlas of Caucasian languages|language=ru|location=[[Moscow]]|publisher=Piligrim|pages=21–41|isbn=5-9900772-1-1}}
|editor-last=Oshaev |editor-first=Khalid
|title=История Чечено-Ингушской письменности
|trans-title=The History of Checheno-Ingush writing
|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/chentieva-m-d-istoriya-checheno-ngushskoj/
|language=ru
|location=Grozny
|publisher=Checheno-Ingush Book Publishing House
|pages=1–86
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Dudarov |first=Abdul-Mazhit
|year=2017
|editor-last=Akieva |editor-first=Petimat
|title=История эволюции ингушского письма
|trans-title=History of the evolution of Ingush writing
|url=https://ingnii.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/evoluciya_ing_pisma.pdf
|language=ru
|location=Nazran
|publisher=Kep
|pages=1–224
|isbn=978-5-4482-0015-1
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Koryakov |first=Yuriy
|year=2006
|chapter=Реестр Кавказских языков
|trans-chapter=Register of Caucasian languages
|chapter-url=http://lingvarium.org/raznoe/publications/caucas/alw-cau-reestr.pdf
|title=Атлас кавказских языков
|trans-title=Atlas of Caucasian languages
|url=https://studizba.com/pdf_reader/web/viewer.html?file=/uploads/unziped/real/236617/pdf/63058-53938.pdf
|language=ru
|location=[[Moscow]]
|publisher=Piligrim
|pages=21–41
|isbn=5-9900772-1-1
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}



Revision as of 22:35, 12 December 2024

Ingush
Гӏалгӏай мотт
Ghalghai mott
Pronunciation[ˈʁəlʁɑj mot]
Native toNorth Caucasus
RegionIngushetia, Chechnya
EthnicityIngush
Native speakers
350,000 (2020)[1]
Cyrillic (current)
Georgian, Arabic, Latin (historical)
Official status
Official language in
 Russia
Language codes
ISO 639-2inh
ISO 639-3inh
Glottologingu1240
  Ingush
Ingush is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[2]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Ingush (/ˈɪŋɡʊʃ/; Гӏалгӏай мотт, Ghalghai mott, pronounced [ˈʁəlʁɑj mot]) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 350,000 people,[1] known as the Ingush, across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia, Chechnya, North Ossetia, as well as the countries Turkey, Kazakhstan, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, et al.[3]

Classification

Ingush and Chechen, together with Bats, constitute the Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen.[4]

Geographic distribution

Ingush is spoken by about 350,000-400,000 people (2020) in Russia, primarily in the North Caucasian republics of Ingushetia, North Ossetia and Chechnya. Speakers can also be found in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Belgium, Norway, Turkey and Jordan.[1][3]

Official status

Ingush is, alongside Russian, an official language of Ingushetia, a federal subject of Russia.

Writing system

It is possible that during the period of 8–12th century, when the Temples like Tkhaba-Yerdy emerged in Ingushetia, a writing system based on a Georgian script emerged. This is attested by the fact that a non-Georgian name, 'Enola', was found written on the arc of Tkhaba-Yerdy.[5] Furthermore, Georgian text was found on archaeological items in Ingushetia that could not be deciphered.[6]

Ingush became a written language with an Arabic-based writing system at the beginning of the 20th century. After the October Revolution it first used a Latin alphabet, which was later replaced by Cyrillic.

А а Аь аь Б б В в Г г Гӏ гӏ Д д Е е
Ё ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Кх кх Къ къ
Кӏ кӏ Л л М м Н н О о П п Пӏ пӏ Р р
С с Т т Тӏ тӏ У у Ф ф Х х Хь хь Хӏ хӏ
Ц ц Цӏ цӏ Ч ч Чӏ чӏ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы
Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я Яь яь Ӏ ӏ

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
High и/i [ɪ] varies [ɨ] у/u [ʊ]
Mid э/e [e] varies [ə] о/o [o]
Low аь/ea [æ] а/a [ɑː]

The diphthongs are иэ /ie/, уо /uo/, оа /oɑ/, ий /ij/, эи /ei/, ои /oi/, уи /ui/, ов /ow/, ув /uw/.

Consonants

The consonants of Ingush are as follows,[7] including the Latin orthography developed by Johanna Nichols:[8]

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
palatalized plain
Nasal m ⟨м, m⟩ n ⟨н, n⟩
Plosive voiceless p ⟨п, p⟩ t ⟨т, t⟩ t͡s ⟨ц, c⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ч, ch⟩ ⟨к, jk⟩ k ⟨к, k⟩ q ⟨кх, q⟩ ʡ ⟨ӏ, w⟩ ʔ ⟨ъ, ʼ⟩
ejective ⟨пӏ, pʼ⟩ ⟨тӏ, tʼ⟩ t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ, cʼ⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨чӏ, ch’⟩ kʲʼ ⟨кӏ, jkʼ⟩ ⟨кӏ, kʼ⟩ ⟨къ, qʼ⟩
voiced b ⟨б, b⟩ d ⟨д, d⟩ ɡʲ ⟨г, jg⟩ ɡ ⟨г, g⟩
Fricative voiceless f ⟨ф, f⟩ s ⟨с, s⟩ ʃ ⟨ш, sh⟩ χ ⟨х, x⟩ ʜ ⟨хь, hw⟩ h ⟨хӏ, h⟩
voiced ʋ ⟨в, v⟩ z ⟨з, z⟩ ʒ ⟨ж, zh⟩ ʁ ⟨гӏ, gh⟩
Approximant l ⟨л, l⟩ j ⟨й, j⟩
Trill voiceless ⟨рхӏ, rh⟩
voiced r ⟨р, r⟩

Single consonants can be geminated by various morphophonemic processes.

Dialects

Ingush is not divided into dialects with the exception of Galanchoz [ru] (native name: Галай-Чӏож/Галайн-Чӏаж), which is considered to be transitional between Chechen and Ingush.[9]

Grammar

Ingush is a nominative–accusative language in its syntax, though it has ergative morphology.[10][11]

Case

The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language[11] shows eight cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, dative, allative, instrumental, lative and comparative.

Cases Singular Plural
Absolutive -⌀ -azh / -ii, -i[a]
Ergative -uo / -z, -aa[b] –azh
Genitive -a, -n[c] -ii, -i
Dative -aa, -na[c] -azh-ta
Allative -ga -azh-ka
Instrumental -ca -azh-ca
Lative -gh -egh
Comparative -l -el
  1. ^ The choice of -azh vs. -ii is lexically determined for the nominative, but other cases are predictable.
  2. ^ -uo is the only productive form. -z appears with personal names, kin terms, and other nouns referring to humans. -aa occurs with some declensions and is increasingly unproductive in colloquial use.
  3. ^ a b Allomorph after vowels

Tenses

[12]
Stem Suffix Tense Example
Infinitive Stem
(INFS)
{-a} Infinitive (INF) laaca
{-a} Imperative (IMP) laaca
Present Stem
(unmarked)
--- Generic Present (PRES) loac
{-az&} Simultaneous Converb (SCV) loacaz&
{-ar} Imperfect (IMPF) loacar
{-agDa} Future (FUT) loacadda
Past Stem
(PAST)
{-ar} Witnessed Past (WIT) leacar
{-aa}/{-na} Anterior Converb (ACV) leacaa
{-aa} + {-D} / {-na} + {-D} Perfect (PERF) leacaad
{-aa} + {-Dar} / {-na} + {-Dar} Pluperfect (PLUP) leacaadar

Numerals

Like many Northeast Caucasian languages, Ingush uses a vigesimal system, where numbers lower than twenty are counted as in a base-ten system, but higher decads are base-twenty.

Orthography Phonetic Value Composition
cwa [t͡sʕʌ] 1
shi [ʃɪ] 2
qo [qo] 3
d.i'1 [dɪʔ] 4
pxi [pxɪ] 5
jaalx [jalx] 6
vorh [vʷor̥] 7
baarh [bar̥] 8
iis [is] 9
itt [itː] 10
cwaitt [t͡sʕɛtː] 11 1+10
shiitt [ʃitː] 12 2+10
qoitt [qoitː] 13 3+10
d.iitt1 [ditː] 14 4+10
pxiitt [pxitː] 15 5+10
jalxett [jʌlxɛtː] 16 6+10
vuriit [vʷʊritː] 17 7+10
bareitt [bʌreitː] 18 8+10
tq'iesta [tqʼiːestə̆] 19
tq'o [tqʼo] 20
tq'ea itt [tqʼɛ̯æjitː] 30 20+10
shouztq'a [ʃouztqʼə̆] 40 2×20
shouztq'aj itt [ʃouztqʼetː] 50 2×20+10
bwea [bʕɛ̯æ] 100
shi bwea [ʃɪ bʕɛ̯æ] 200 2×100
ezar [ɛzər] 1000 loan from Persian
  1. Note that "four" and its derivatives begin with noun-class marker. d- is merely the default value.

Pronouns

[13]
1st person 2nd person 3rd person
singular plural singular plural singular plural
exclusive inclusive
Nominative so txo vai hwo sho/shu yz yzh
Genitive sy txy vai hwa shyn cyn/cun caar
Dative suona txuona vaina hwuona shoana cynna caana
Ergative aaz oaxa vai wa oasha cuo caar
Allative suoga txuoga vaiga hwuoga shuoga cynga caarga
Ablative suogara txuogara vaigara hwuogara shuogara cyngara caargara
Instrumental suoca(a) txuoca(a) vaica(a) hwuoca shuoca(a) cynca caarca(a)
Lative sogh txogh vaigh hwogh shogh cogh caaregh
Comparative sol txol vail hwol shol cul/cyl caarel

Word order

In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, verb-second order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause".[14]

Muusaa

Musa

vy

V.PROG

hwuona

2S.DAT

telefon

telephone

jettazh

strike.CVsim

Muusaa vy hwuona telefon jettazh

Musa V.PROG 2S.DAT telephone strike.CVsim

It's Musa on the phone for you. (After answering the phone.)

References

  1. ^ a b c Ingush at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Closed access icon
  2. ^ "Ingush in Russian Federation". UNESCO WAL. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Ингушский язык" [The Ingush language]. minlang.iling-ran.ru. Minority languages of Russia: A project of the Institute of Linguistics (Russian Academy of Sciences). Retrieved August 4, 2024.
  4. ^ Nichols & Sprouse (2004), p. 1.
  5. ^ Chentieva 1958, p. 13.
  6. ^ Chentieva 1958, p. 14.
  7. ^ Nichols (2011), p. 20.
  8. ^ Nichols (2011), pp. 19–21.
  9. ^ Koryakov 2006, p. 25.
  10. ^ Nichols (2008).
  11. ^ a b Nichols (2011).
  12. ^ Handel (2003), p. 6.
  13. ^ Nichols (2011), p. 174-175.
  14. ^ Nichols (2011), pp. 678ff.

Bibliography

English sources

Russian sources