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{{Short description|French general, founder of OAS (1899–1984)}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
|name= Raoul Salan
| name = Raoul Salan
|image= Generaal Salan, Bestanddeelnr 909-5643.jpg
| image = Generaal Salan, Bestanddeelnr 909-5643.jpg
|caption=
| caption =
|birth_name=Raoul Albin Louis Salan
| birth_name = Raoul Albin Louis Salan
|birth_date= {{birth date|1899|6|10|df=yes}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1899|6|10|df=yes}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1984|7|3|1899|6|10|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|7|3|1899|6|10|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Roquecourbe]], [[France]]
| birth_place = [[Roquecourbe]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
|death_place= [[Paris]], [[France]]
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
|nickname=
| nickname =
|allegiance= {{flag|France}}<br>{{flagicon image|OAS Flag.svg}} [[Organisation armée secrète]]
| allegiance = {{flag|France}}<br>{{flagicon image|OAS Flag.svg}} [[Organisation armée secrète]]
|branch= [[French Army]]
| branch = [[French Army]]
|serviceyears= 1917–1959
| serviceyears = 1917–1959
|rank=[[Army General (France)|Général d'Armée]]
| rank = [[Army General (France)|Général d'Armée]]
|unit=
| unit =
|commands=6th Senegalese Tirailleur Regiment<br>14th Infantry Division<br>[[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]]<br>French forces in Algeria
| commands = 6th Senegalese Tirailleur Regiment<br>[[14th Infantry Division (France)|14th Infantry Division]]<br>[[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]]<br>French forces in Algeria
|battles= [[World War I]]<br>[[World War II]]<br>[[First Indochina War]]<br>[[Algerian War]]<br/>[[Algiers putsch of 1961]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[World War I]]
* [[World War II]]
* [[First Indochina War]]
* [[Algerian War]]
** [[Algiers putsch of 1961]]
{{tree list/end}}
|awards=[[Légion d'honneur|Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor]]
| awards = [[Légion d'honneur|Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor]]
|laterwork= Leader of the [[Organisation armée secrète|OAS]]
| laterwork = Leader of the [[Organisation armée secrète|OAS]]
}}
}}
'''Raoul Albin Louis Salan''' ({{IPA-fr|ʁaul salɑ̃}}; 10 June 1899 &ndash; 3 July 1984) was a [[French Army]] general. He served as the fourth [[France|French]] commanding [[general]] during the [[First Indochina War]]. He was one of four retired generals who organized the 1961 [[Algiers putsch of 1961|Algiers Putsch]] operation.<ref name="nytimesobit" /> He was the founder of the [[Organisation armée secrète]] and the most decorated soldier in the French Army at the end of his military career.
'''Raoul Albin Louis Salan''' ({{IPA|fr|ʁaul salɑ̃}}; 10 June 1899 &ndash; 3 July 1984) was a [[French Army]] general and the founder of the [[Organisation armée secrète]], a clandestine [[terrorist]] organisation that sought to maintain [[French Algeria]] by preventing [[Algerian war|Algerian independence]]. He served as the fourth [[France|French]] commanding [[general]] during the [[First Indochina War]]. He was one of four retired generals who organized the [[Algiers putsch of 1961|1961 Algiers putsch]] operation.<ref name="nytimesobit" /> He was the most decorated soldier in the French Army at the end of his military career.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krebs |first=Albin |date=1984-07-04 |title=RAOUL SALAN DIES; LED ALGERIA PLOT |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/04/obituaries/raoul-salan-dies-led-algeria-plot.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


==World War I==
==World War I==
[[File:Jacquot elie 1945 14DI défilé paris 18 juin 1945.jpg|thumb|Raoul Salan parading on the [[Champs-Élysées]] at the head of the 14th Infantry Division, 18 June 1945. ([[:fr:14e division d'infanterie (France)|fr]])]]
[[File:Jacquot elie 1945 14DI défilé paris 18 juin 1945.jpg|thumb|Raoul Salan parading on the [[Champs-Élysées]] at the head of the 14th Infantry Division, 18 June 1945. ([[:fr:14e division d'infanterie (France)|fr]])]]
Salan was born on 10 June 1899 in [[Roquecourbe]], [[Tarn (department)|Tarn]].<ref name="nytimesobit">{{cite news|last1=Krebs|first1=Albin|title=RAOUL SALAN DIES; LED ALGERIA PLOT|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/04/obituaries/raoul-salan-dies-led-algeria-plot.html|access-date=June 5, 2016|work=The New York Times|date=July 4, 1984}}</ref> Enlisted in the [[French Army]] for the duration of the [[World War I|war]] on 2 August 1917, he was accepted in the [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr]]<ref name="nytimesobit" /> on 21 August 1917, being assigned to the cadet student platoon of the 16th Infantry Regiment stationed at Montbrison, as part of the ''promotion'' "de Saint-Odile et de [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|La Fayette]]" (1917-1918).<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2011|title=Saint-Cyr – Promotion « de Saint-Odile et de La Fayette » (1917~1918) - Forum PAGES 14-18|url=https://forum.pages14-18.com/viewtopic.php?t=17972|url-status=live|access-date=25 August 2021|website=forum.pages14-18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boÿ|first=Général de brigade (2s) Jean|date=25 October 2010|title=Historique des 101e et 102e promotions (1917-18), promotions de Sainte-Odile et de La Fayette|url=https://www.saint-cyr.org/medias/editor/files/1917-1918-101e-et-102e-promotions.pdf|journal=La Saint-Cyrienne|pages=11|via=Saint-Cyr.org}}</ref> Salan graduated as an ''aspirant'' on 25 July 1918, and was assigned to the 5th Colonial Infantry Regiment (5e RIC) in [[Lyon]] on 14 August 1918.
Salan was born on 10 June 1899 in [[Roquecourbe]], [[Tarn (department)|Tarn]].<ref name="nytimesobit">{{cite news|last1=Krebs|first1=Albin|title=RAOUL SALAN DIES; LED ALGERIA PLOT|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/04/obituaries/raoul-salan-dies-led-algeria-plot.html|access-date=June 5, 2016|work=The New York Times|date=July 4, 1984}}</ref> Enlisted in the [[French Army]] for the duration of the [[World War I|war]] on 2 August 1917, he was accepted in the [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr]]<ref name="nytimesobit" /> on 21 August 1917, being assigned to the cadet student platoon of the 16th Infantry Regiment stationed at Montbrison, as part of the ''promotion'' "de Saint-Odile et de [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|La Fayette]]" (1917-1918).<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2011|title=Saint-Cyr – Promotion « de Saint-Odile et de La Fayette » (1917~1918) - Forum PAGES 14-18|url=https://forum.pages14-18.com/viewtopic.php?t=17972|access-date=25 August 2021|website=forum.pages14-18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boÿ|first=Jean |date=25 October 2010|title=Historique des 101e et 102e promotions (1917-18), promotions de Sainte-Odile et de La Fayette|url=https://www.saint-cyr.org/medias/editor/files/1917-1918-101e-et-102e-promotions.pdf|journal=La Saint-Cyrienne|pages=11|via=Saint-Cyr.org}}</ref> Salan graduated as an ''aspirant'' on 25 July 1918, and was assigned to the 5th Colonial Infantry Regiment (5e RIC) in [[Lyon]] on 14 August 1918.


As a platoon leader in the 5e RIC's ''11e Compagnie'', he took part in the fighting in the [[Verdun]] region ([[Battle of Saint-Mihiel|Saint-Mihiel]], Les Éparges, Fort de Bois-Bourru, Côte de Oie, Cumières-le-Mort-Homme). He was mentioned in the Order of the Brigade by Order dated 29 December 1918.
As a platoon leader in the 5e RIC's ''11e Compagnie'', he took part in the fighting in the [[Verdun]] region ([[Battle of Saint-Mihiel|Saint-Mihiel]], Les Éparges, Fort de Bois-Bourru, Côte de Oie, Cumières-le-Mort-Homme). He was mentioned in the Order of the Brigade by Order dated 29 December 1918.


==World War II==
==World War II==
Until France's surrender in World War II, Colonel Salan commanded a battalion of Senegalese troops. At first he sided with the [[Vichy Government]], but when the tide turned to the Allied side, he campaigned hard and successfully in southern France with General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny's troops.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1984/07/04/043850.html?pageNumber=58 | title=Raoul Salan Dies; Led Algeria Plot | work=The New York Times }}</ref> Between the world wars he was attached in various capacities to the Ministry of Colonies, and in 1941–43 he served with the [[Free French forces]] in [[French West Africa in World War II|French West Africa]]. After participating in the Allied invasion of France in 1944, he went to Indochina in 1945 and was commander in chief there during 1952–53.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raoul-Albin-Louis-Salan | title=Raoul Salan &#124; French general &#124; Britannica | date=29 June 2023 }}</ref>
{{empty_section|date=November 2021}}


==Indochina and Algeria==
==Indochina and Algeria==
Salan served as the commander of French forces in Vietnam from 1945 to 1947.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul">{{cite news|title=Gen. Raoul Salan. France's most decorated soldier dies|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/62642860/?terms=%22Raoul%2BSalan%22|access-date=June 5, 2016|work=Santa Cruz Sentinel|location=Santa Cruz, California|date=July 4, 1984|page=10|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|url-access=registration }}</ref> By 1948, he was commander of all French land forces in East Asia, and after the death of [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]] in 1952, Salan became the commander-in-chief in Indochina.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/>
Salan served as the commander of French forces in [[Vietnam]] from 1945 to 1947.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul">{{cite news|title=Gen. Raoul Salan. France's most decorated soldier dies|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/62642860/?terms=%22Raoul%2BSalan%22|access-date=June 5, 2016|work=Santa Cruz Sentinel|location=Santa Cruz, California|date=July 4, 1984|page=10|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|url-access=registration }}</ref> By 1948, he was commander of all French land forces in [[East Asia]], and after the death of [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]] in 1952, Salan became the commander-in-chief in Indochina.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/>


[[File:FrenchLaos1953.png|thumb|right|French General Salan and the Lao Prince [[Sisavang Vatthana]] in [[Luang Prabang]], 4 May 1953]]
[[File:FrenchLaos1953.png|thumb|right|French General Salan and the Lao Prince [[Sisavang Vatthana]] in [[Luang Prabang]], 4 May 1953]]
Salan served as commander-in-chief of French forces in [[French Algeria]] in 1956.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/> In 1958, Salan called for the return to power of [[Charles De Gaulle]], believing that the latter would protect French Algeria.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/> He retired shortly after, first moving to Spain, then to mainland France.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/> He was banned from entering Algeria in 1960.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/>
Salan served as commander-in-chief of French forces in [[French Algeria]] in 1956.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/> In 1958, he established special military internment centers for PAM rebels. The Minister of Interior declared a state of emergency, while the army engaged in a "struggle against the terrorism" of the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]]. Special powers were devolved to the military and were returned to civilian powers only in September 1959, when [[Charles de Gaulle]] made his speech on self-determination. General Salan refused to apply the Geneva Conventions ratified by France in 1951 because the detainees were not POWs. The civil authorities had different attitudes concerning the use of torture by the military.


Nevertheless, Salan returned to Algeria to organize the putsch on 21 April 1961 with [[André Zeller]], [[Edmond Jouhaud]] and [[Maurice Challe]].<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/> After the failure of the putsch, he became the chief of [[Organisation armée secrète]] (OAS), which attempted to disrupt the April 1962 Peace [[Evian Accords]].<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/> He was arrested in April 1962.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/>
In 1958, Salan called for the return to power of Charles De Gaulle, believing that the latter would protect French Algeria.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul" /> He retired shortly after, first moving to Spain, then to mainland France.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul" /> He was banned from entering Algeria in 1960.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul" />


Salan was charged with treason<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090528123601/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896229,00.html Silence in the Dock] TIME Magazine Friday, 25 May 1962</ref> and condemned ''[[trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' to [[death penalty|death]]. Then, in April 1962, he was arrested<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090527081354/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896095,00.html To the guillotine] TIME Magazine Friday, 27 Apr 1962</ref> in Algiers. The death sentence on him was commuted to life imprisonment. He was pardoned in 1968.<ref name="nytimesobit"/>
Nevertheless, Salan returned to Algeria to organize the putsch on 21 April 1961 with [[André Zeller]], [[Edmond Jouhaud]] and [[Maurice Challe]].<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/> After the failure of the putsch, he became the chief of [[Organisation armée secrète]] (OAS), which attempted to disrupt the April 1962 Peace [[Evian Accords]].<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/> Salan, who was sentenced to death in absentia, was arrested in April 1962.<ref name="santacruzgenraoul"/> He was tried for treason and sentenced to life in prison.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090528123601/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896229,00.html Silence in the Dock] TIME Magazine Friday, 25 May 1962</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1962-05-23 |title=1962: Ex-general escapes death sentence |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/23/newsid_4340000/4340769.stm |access-date=2023-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=OBITUARIES Gen. Raoul Salan, French Leader In Algeria, Dies From News Services |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/07/04/obituaries-gen-raoul-salan-french-leader-in-algeria-dies-from-news-services/f3ae9889-2145-404a-bb9f-7b24d3d8db63/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Salan was pardoned and released from prison in June 1968.<ref name="nytimesobit" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090527081354/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896095,00.html To the guillotine] TIME Magazine Friday, 27 Apr 1962</ref> He was amnestied by the French parliament and re-instated to the rank of general in 1982.


==Death==
==Death==
[[File:Tombe du général Salan, pierre tombale, cimetière de Vichy.jpg|thumb|Grave.]]
[[File:Tombe du général Salan, pierre tombale, cimetière de Vichy.jpg|thumb|Grave.]]
Salan died on 3 July 1984. Every year, former members of the OAS bring flowers to his tomb on his death anniversary.<ref name="montagnelesfideles">{{cite news|last1=Cros|first1=Philippe|title=Les " fidèles " du chef de l’OAS commémorent|url=http://www.lamontagne.fr/auvergne/actualite/departement/allier/vichy/2014/06/11/les-fideles-du-chef-de-loas-commemorent_11036490.html|access-date=June 5, 2016|work=[[La Montagne (newspaper)|La Montagne]]|date=June 11, 2014}}</ref>
Salan died on 3 July 1984. Every year, former members of the OAS bring flowers to his tomb on his death anniversary.<ref name="montagnelesfideles">{{cite news|last1=Cros|first1=Philippe|title=Les " fidèles " du chef de l'OAS commémorent|url=http://www.lamontagne.fr/auvergne/actualite/departement/allier/vichy/2014/06/11/les-fideles-du-chef-de-loas-commemorent_11036490.html|access-date=June 5, 2016|work=[[La Montagne (newspaper)|La Montagne]]|date=June 11, 2014}}</ref>


==Decorations==
==Decorations==
Line 49: Line 56:


'''French and Colonial Decorations'''
'''French and Colonial Decorations'''
*[[Légion d'honneur]]
* [[Legion of Honour]]
**[[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|60px]]Knight (5 April 1922)
** [[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|60px]] Knight (5 April 1922)
**[[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|60px]]Officer (21 August 1940)
** [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|60px]] Officer (21 August 1940)
**[[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|60px]]Commander (10 February 1945)
** [[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|60px]] Commander (10 February 1945)
**[[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|60px]]Grand Officer (27 October 1948)
** [[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|60px]] Grand Officer (27 October 1948)
**[[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|60px]]Grand Cross (28 August 1952)
** [[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|60px]] Grand Cross (28 August 1952)
*[[File:Medaille militaire ribbon.svg|60px]][[Médaille militaire]] (12 July 1958)
* [[File:Medaille militaire ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Médaille militaire]] (12 July 1958)
*[[File:Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|60px]][[Croix de guerre 1914-1918 (France)|Croix de guerre 1914-1918 (1 citation)]]
* [[File:Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre 1914–1918]] (1 citation)
*[[File:Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 ribbon.svg|60px]][[Croix de guerre 1939-1945 (France)|Croix de guerre 1939-1945 (8 citations)]]
* [[File:Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Croix de Guerre 1939–1945]] (8 citations)
*[[File:Croix de Guerre des Theatres d'Operations Exterieurs ribbon.svg|60px]][[Croix de guerre des Théatres d'Opérations Exterieures|Croix de guerre des Théatres d'Opérations Exterieures (7 citations)]]
* [[File:Croix de Guerre des Theatres d'Operations Exterieurs ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures]] (7 citations)
*[[File:Croix de la Valeur Militaire ribbon.svg|60px]][[Croix de la Valeur Militaire|Croix de la Valeur Militaire (1 citation)]]
* [[File:Croix de la Valeur Militaire ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Cross for Military Valour]] (1 citation)
*[[File:Croix du Combattant Volontaire 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|60px]][[Volunteer combatant's cross 1914–1918|Volunteer combatant's cross]]
* [[File:Croix du Combattant Volontaire 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Volunteer Combatant's Cross 1914–1918]]
*[[File:Croix du Combattant (1930 France) ribbon.svg|60px]][[Combatant's Cross]]
* [[File:Croix du Combattant (1930 France) ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Combatant's Cross]]
*[[File:Medaille d'Outre-Mer (Coloniale) ribbon.svg|60px]][[Colonial Medal|Colonial Medal (Far East clasp)]]
* [[File:Medaille d'Outre-Mer (Coloniale) ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Colonial Medal]] (Far East clasp)
*[[File:Ordre de l'Etoile Noire GC ribbon.svg|60px]]Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Black Star]]
* [[File:Ordre de l'Etoile Noire GC ribbon.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Black Star]]
*[[File:Ordre du Dragon d'Annam (par le Gouvernement Francais) GC ribbon.svg|60px]][[File:Ordre du Dragon d'Annam (par l’Empereur d’Annam) Chevalier ribbon.svg|60px]](with GC rosette)Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Dragon of Annam|Order of the Dragon of Annam with Military and Civil title]]
* [[File:Ordre du Dragon d'Annam (par le Gouvernement Francais) GC ribbon.svg|60px]] [[File:Ordre du Dragon d'Annam (par l’Empereur d’Annam) Chevalier ribbon.svg|60px]] (with GC rosette) Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Dragon of Annam]] with Military and Civil title
*[[File:Ordre Royal du Cambodge Officier ribbon.svg|60px]]Officer and (later)[[File:Ordre Royal du Cambodge GC ribbon.svg|60px]]Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of Cambodia]]
* [[File:Ordre Royal du Cambodge Officier ribbon.svg|60px]] Officer and (later) [[File:Ordre Royal du Cambodge GC ribbon.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of Cambodia]]
*[[File:LAO Order of the a Million Elephants and the White Parasol - Grand Cross BAR.svg|60px]]Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol]]
* [[File:LAO Order of the a Million Elephants and the White Parasol - Grand Cross BAR.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol]]
*[[File:Barrette de Grand Croix du Merite civil Tai .png|60px]]Grand Cross of the Tai Order of Civil Merit ([[Sip Song Chau Tai]])
* [[File:Barrette de Grand Croix du Merite civil Tai .png|60px]] Grand Cross of the Tai Order of Civil Merit ([[Sip Song Chau Tai]])
*[[File:Ordre du Nichan Iftikhar GC ribbon (Tunisia).svg|60px]]Grand Cross of the [[Order of Glory (Tunisia)]]
* [[File:Ordre du Nichan Iftikhar GC ribbon (Tunisia).svg|60px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Glory (Tunisia)|Order of Glory]]
*[[File:Ordre de l'Ouissam Alaouite GC ribbon (Maroc).svg|60px]]Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Ouissam Alaouite]]
* [[File:Ordre de l'Ouissam Alaouite GC ribbon (Maroc).svg|60px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Ouissam Alaouite]]
*[[File:Ordre de l'Etoile d'Anjouan GC ribbon.svg|60px]]Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Star of Anjouan]]
* [[File:Ordre de l'Etoile d'Anjouan GC ribbon.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Star of Anjouan]]
*Grand Cross of the Étoile des Comores
* Grand Cross of the Étoile des Comores
*[[File:KHM Royal Order of Monisaraphon - Knight.png|60px]][[Royal Order of Monisaraphon]]
* [[File:KHM Royal Order of Monisaraphon - Knight.png|60px]] [[Royal Order of Monisaraphon]]
*[[File:Vietnam Gallantry Cross, with palm.svg|60px]][[Gallantry Cross (South Vietnam)]], with palm
* [[File:Vietnam Gallantry Cross, with palm.svg|60px]] [[Gallantry Cross (South Vietnam)|Gallantry Cross]], with palm
*[[File:KHM National Defence Medal - gold.png|60px]]National Defense Medal (Cambodia)
* [[File:KHM National Defence Medal - gold.png|60px]] National Defense Medal (Cambodia)
*[[File:Medaille commemorative de Syrie-Cilicie (Levant) ribbon.svg|60px]][[Syria-Cilicia commemorative medal]]
* [[File:Medaille commemorative de Syrie-Cilicie (Levant) ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Syria-Cilicia commemorative medal]]
*[[File:CivilMerit.Syria.png|60px]] [[Order of Civil Merit of the Syrian Arab Republic]]
* [[File:CivilMerit.Syria.png|60px]] [[Order of Civil Merit of the Syrian Arab Republic]]
*[[File:World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|60px]][[Médaille Interalliée 1914–1918|Médaille Interalliée de la Victoire]]
* [[File:World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|60px]] [[1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal]]
*[[File:Medaille commemorative de la Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|60px]][[Médaille commémorative de la guerre 1914–1918]]
* [[File:Medaille commemorative de la Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|60px]] [[1914–1918 Commemorative war medal (France)|1914–1918 Commemorative war medal]]
*[[File:Medaille commemorative de la Guerre 1939-1945 ribbon.svg|60px]][[1939–1945 Commemorative war medal (France)|Médaille commémorative de la guerre 1939–1945 with clasps "Africa", "Italy", "France", "Germany"]]
* [[File:Medaille commemorative de la Guerre 1939-1945 ribbon.svg|60px]] [[1939–1945 Commemorative war medal (France)|1939–1945 Commemorative war medal]] with "Africa", "Italy", "France", and "Germany" clasps
*[[File:Medaille de l'Aeronautique ribbon.svg|60px]][[Médaille de l'Aéronautique]]
* [[File:Medaille de l'Aeronautique ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Aeronautical Medal]]
*[[File:Medaille (Insigne) des Blesses Militaires ribbon.svg|60px]][[Medal for the War Wounded]]
* [[File:Medaille (Insigne) des Blesses Militaires ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Medal for the War Wounded]]
*Annam Order of Military Merit
* Annam Order of Military Merit
*Order of the Reign of King [[Savang Vatthana]]
* Order of the Reign of King [[Savang Vatthana]]
*[[File:Medaille commemorative de la Campagne d'Italie ribbon.svg|60px]][[1943–1944 Italian campaign medal|Médaille commémorative de la campagne d'Italie 1943-1944]]
* [[File:Medaille commemorative de la Campagne d'Italie ribbon.svg|60px]] [[1943–1944 Italian campaign medal]]
*[[File:Medaille commemorative de la Campagne d'Indochine ribbon.svg|60px]][[Indochina Campaign commemorative medal|Médaille commémorative de la campagne d'Indochine]]
* [[File:Medaille commemorative de la Campagne d'Indochine ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Indochina Campaign Commemorative Medal]]
*[[File:Medaille commemorative des Operations de securite et de Maintien de l'ordre ribbon.svg|60px]][[North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal|Médaille Commémorative des Opérations de Sécurité et de Maintien de l'Ordre en Afrique du Nord]] with "Algeria" clasp
* [[File:Medaille commemorative des Operations de securite et de Maintien de l'ordre ribbon.svg|60px]] [[North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal]] with "Algeria" clasp


'''Foreign Decorations'''
'''Foreign Decorations'''
*[[File:Distinguished Service Cross ribbon.svg|60px]][[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] (US)
* [[File:Distinguished Service Cross ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] (US)
*[[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg|60px]]Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) (UK)
* [[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg|60px]] Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] ({{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}}) (UK)
*Vietnam Campaign Medal (Thailand)
* [[Vietnam Campaign Medal]] (Thailand)
*[[File:KHM Sena Jayaseddh Medal.png|60px]]Sena Jayaseddh Medal(Cambodia)
* [[File:KHM Sena Jayaseddh Medal.png|60px]] Sena Jayaseddh Medal (Cambodia)


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*''Mémoires Fin d’un empire'' (4 volumes), Editions Presses de la Cité, 1970–74
*''Mémoires Fin d’un empire'' (4 volumes), Editions Presses de la Cité, 1970–74
**''Le sens d’ un engagement'', 1970
**''Le sens d’un engagement'', 1970
**''Le Viêt-minh mon adversaire'', 1971
**''Le Viêt-minh mon adversaire'', 1971
**''Algérie française'', 1972
**''Algérie française'', 1972
**''L'Algérie de Gaulle et moi'', 1974
**''L’Algérie, de Gaulle et moi'', 1974


==References==
==References==
Line 106: Line 113:
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Alexander, Martin S., and John FV Keiger, eds. ''France and the Algerian War, 1954-1962: Strategy, Operations and Diplomacy'' (Routledge, 2013)
* Alexander, Martin S., and John FV Keiger, eds. ''France and the Algerian War, 1954-1962: Strategy, Operations and Diplomacy'' (Routledge, 2013)
*General Paul Aussaresses, ''The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955-1957''. (New York: Enigma Books, 2010) {{ISBN|978-1-929631-30-8}}.
*General [[Paul Aussaresses]], ''The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955-1957''. (New York: Enigma Books, 2010) {{ISBN|978-1-929631-30-8}}.


==External links==
==External links==
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.salan.asso.fr/ Association of Friends of Raoul Salan]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.salan.asso.fr/ Association of Friends of Raoul Salan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081111154724/http://www.salan.asso.fr/ |date=2008-11-11 }}
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050428231829/http://www.ldh-toulon.net/article.php3?id_article=219 Raoul Salan, a colonial General] by Madeleine Rebérioux
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050428231829/http://www.ldh-toulon.net/article.php3?id_article=219 Raoul Salan, a colonial General] by Madeleine Rebérioux
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/23/newsid_4340000/4340769.stm BBC article on Salan's 1962 sentencing]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/23/newsid_4340000/4340769.stm BBC article on Salan's 1962 sentencing]
{{commons category|Raoul Salan }}
{{commons category|Raoul Salan }}

{{Organisation armée secrète}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:French generals]]
[[Category:French generals]]
[[Category:French military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:French military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:French military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:French Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:French military personnel of the First Indochina War]]
[[Category:French military personnel of the First Indochina War]]
[[Category:French military personnel of the Algerian War]]
[[Category:French military personnel of the Algerian War]]
[[Category:Members of the Organisation armée secrète]]
[[Category:French prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:People sentenced to death in absentia]]
[[Category:French torturers]]
[[Category:French war criminals]]
[[Category:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni]]
[[Category:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni]]
[[Category:Order of the Francisque recipients]]
[[Category:Order of the Francisque recipients]]
[[Category:Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Cross for Military Valour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cross for Military Valour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Aeronautical Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Aeronautical Medal]]
[[Category:Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Honorary commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Governors of Cochinchina]]
[[Category:Governors of Cochinchina]]
[[Category:OAS members convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:People convicted of treason against France]]
[[Category:People sentenced to death in absentia by France]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the French military]]
[[Category:Recipients of French presidential pardons]]
[[Category:War criminals of the Algerian War]]

Latest revision as of 23:57, 12 December 2024

Raoul Salan
Birth nameRaoul Albin Louis Salan
Born(1899-06-10)10 June 1899
Roquecourbe, France
Died3 July 1984(1984-07-03) (aged 85)
Paris, France
Allegiance France
Organisation armée secrète
Service / branchFrench Army
Years of service1917–1959
RankGénéral d'Armée
Commands6th Senegalese Tirailleur Regiment
14th Infantry Division
French Far East Expeditionary Corps
French forces in Algeria
Battles / wars
AwardsGrand Cross of the Legion of Honor
Other workLeader of the OAS

Raoul Albin Louis Salan (French pronunciation: [ʁaul salɑ̃]; 10 June 1899 – 3 July 1984) was a French Army general and the founder of the Organisation armée secrète, a clandestine terrorist organisation that sought to maintain French Algeria by preventing Algerian independence. He served as the fourth French commanding general during the First Indochina War. He was one of four retired generals who organized the 1961 Algiers putsch operation.[1] He was the most decorated soldier in the French Army at the end of his military career.[2]

World War I

[edit]
Raoul Salan parading on the Champs-Élysées at the head of the 14th Infantry Division, 18 June 1945. (fr)

Salan was born on 10 June 1899 in Roquecourbe, Tarn.[1] Enlisted in the French Army for the duration of the war on 2 August 1917, he was accepted in the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr[1] on 21 August 1917, being assigned to the cadet student platoon of the 16th Infantry Regiment stationed at Montbrison, as part of the promotion "de Saint-Odile et de La Fayette" (1917-1918).[3][4] Salan graduated as an aspirant on 25 July 1918, and was assigned to the 5th Colonial Infantry Regiment (5e RIC) in Lyon on 14 August 1918.

As a platoon leader in the 5e RIC's 11e Compagnie, he took part in the fighting in the Verdun region (Saint-Mihiel, Les Éparges, Fort de Bois-Bourru, Côte de Oie, Cumières-le-Mort-Homme). He was mentioned in the Order of the Brigade by Order dated 29 December 1918.

World War II

[edit]

Until France's surrender in World War II, Colonel Salan commanded a battalion of Senegalese troops. At first he sided with the Vichy Government, but when the tide turned to the Allied side, he campaigned hard and successfully in southern France with General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny's troops.[5] Between the world wars he was attached in various capacities to the Ministry of Colonies, and in 1941–43 he served with the Free French forces in French West Africa. After participating in the Allied invasion of France in 1944, he went to Indochina in 1945 and was commander in chief there during 1952–53.[6]

Indochina and Algeria

[edit]

Salan served as the commander of French forces in Vietnam from 1945 to 1947.[7] By 1948, he was commander of all French land forces in East Asia, and after the death of Jean de Lattre de Tassigny in 1952, Salan became the commander-in-chief in Indochina.[7]

French General Salan and the Lao Prince Sisavang Vatthana in Luang Prabang, 4 May 1953

Salan served as commander-in-chief of French forces in French Algeria in 1956.[7] In 1958, he established special military internment centers for PAM rebels. The Minister of Interior declared a state of emergency, while the army engaged in a "struggle against the terrorism" of the FLN. Special powers were devolved to the military and were returned to civilian powers only in September 1959, when Charles de Gaulle made his speech on self-determination. General Salan refused to apply the Geneva Conventions ratified by France in 1951 because the detainees were not POWs. The civil authorities had different attitudes concerning the use of torture by the military.

In 1958, Salan called for the return to power of Charles De Gaulle, believing that the latter would protect French Algeria.[7] He retired shortly after, first moving to Spain, then to mainland France.[7] He was banned from entering Algeria in 1960.[7]

Nevertheless, Salan returned to Algeria to organize the putsch on 21 April 1961 with André Zeller, Edmond Jouhaud and Maurice Challe.[7] After the failure of the putsch, he became the chief of Organisation armée secrète (OAS), which attempted to disrupt the April 1962 Peace Evian Accords.[7] Salan, who was sentenced to death in absentia, was arrested in April 1962.[7] He was tried for treason and sentenced to life in prison.[8][9][10] Salan was pardoned and released from prison in June 1968.[1][11] He was amnestied by the French parliament and re-instated to the rank of general in 1982.

Death

[edit]
Grave.

Salan died on 3 July 1984. Every year, former members of the OAS bring flowers to his tomb on his death anniversary.[12]

Decorations

[edit]

Salan was the most decorated soldier in the French Army.[7][13]

A ribbon bar featuring all decorations received by General Salan

French and Colonial Decorations

Foreign Decorations

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Mémoires Fin d’un empire (4 volumes), Editions Presses de la Cité, 1970–74
    • Le sens d’un engagement, 1970
    • Le Viêt-minh mon adversaire, 1971
    • Algérie française, 1972
    • L’Algérie, de Gaulle et moi, 1974

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Krebs, Albin (July 4, 1984). "RAOUL SALAN DIES; LED ALGERIA PLOT". The New York Times. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  2. ^ Krebs, Albin (1984-07-04). "RAOUL SALAN DIES; LED ALGERIA PLOT". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  3. ^ "Saint-Cyr – Promotion « de Saint-Odile et de La Fayette » (1917~1918) - Forum PAGES 14-18". forum.pages14-18.com. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  4. ^ Boÿ, Jean (25 October 2010). "Historique des 101e et 102e promotions (1917-18), promotions de Sainte-Odile et de La Fayette" (PDF). La Saint-Cyrienne: 11 – via Saint-Cyr.org.
  5. ^ "Raoul Salan Dies; Led Algeria Plot". The New York Times.
  6. ^ "Raoul Salan | French general | Britannica". 29 June 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Gen. Raoul Salan. France's most decorated soldier dies". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Santa Cruz, California. July 4, 1984. p. 10. Retrieved June 5, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ Silence in the Dock TIME Magazine Friday, 25 May 1962
  9. ^ "1962: Ex-general escapes death sentence". 1962-05-23. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  10. ^ "OBITUARIES Gen. Raoul Salan, French Leader In Algeria, Dies From News Services". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  11. ^ To the guillotine TIME Magazine Friday, 27 Apr 1962
  12. ^ Cros, Philippe (June 11, 2014). "Les " fidèles " du chef de l'OAS commémorent". La Montagne. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  13. ^ Krebs, Albin (1984-07-04). "RAOUL SALAN DIES; LED ALGERIA PLOT". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-01.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Alexander, Martin S., and John FV Keiger, eds. France and the Algerian War, 1954-1962: Strategy, Operations and Diplomacy (Routledge, 2013)
  • General Paul Aussaresses, The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955-1957. (New York: Enigma Books, 2010) ISBN 978-1-929631-30-8.
[edit]
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